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Article(id=1322595329866838659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260899273, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260899273, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260899273, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260899273, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=66, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595330307240580, articleId=1322595329866838659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization and Application of Medium and Deep Hole Blasting Parameters in Sanguikou Lead-Zinc Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problems such as high block rate, severe damage to the filling bodies and top pillars on both sides during the two-step mining process, and high ore impoverishment rate encountered during the mining by sublevel drilling and stage open stope with subsequent filling method in Sanguikou lead-zinc mine, optimization research was conducted on the original blasting parameters. Using a diameter of the blast hole of 76 mm and based on the analysis of rock drillability and blastability, through theoretical calculation, it is determined that the row spacing is 1.8 m and the hole bottom spacing is 2.1 m; alternatively, the row spacing is 1.9 m and the hole bottom spacing is 2.0 m. According to on-site industrial tests, compared with the stope using the original blasting parameters, the optimized blasting parameters reduced ore impoverishment rate by 19.8%, ore loss rate by 4.6%, the explosive consumption by 12.2%, and the block rate by 34.8%. The simulation analysis of the blasting effect before and after optimization of blasting parameters was conducted using LS-DYNA finite element software, and the simulation results showed that when using optimized blasting parameters for blasting, the ore block rate is lower, and the damage to the filling body on both sides, top pillar, and rock drilling roadway arch line is minimal.

, authors=Qingjie FENG1, 2, 3, Yazhou GU1, 2, 3, Yanjun ZHOU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Qingjie FENG, Yazhou GU, Yanjun ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595338125423262, articleId=1322595329866838659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=三贵口铅锌矿中深孔爆破参数优化研究与应用, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决三贵口铅锌矿采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法回采矿块时大块率较高、二步骤回采时两侧充填体及顶柱破坏严重、矿石贫化率较大等问题，对原有爆破参数进行了优化研究。采用76 mm的炮孔直径，基于岩石可钻性及可爆性分析，通过理论计算得到排距为1.8 m，孔底距为2.1 m；或者排距为1.9 m，孔底距为2.0 m。由现场工业试验可知，与使用原爆破参数的采场相比，采用优化后的爆破参数，矿石贫化率降低了19.8%，损失率降低了4.6%，炸药单耗降低了12.2%，大块率降低了34.8%。应用LS-DYNA有限元软件对爆破参数优化前后的爆破效果进行模拟分析，结果表明，采用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破时，矿石大块率较小，爆破作用对两侧的充填体、顶柱及凿岩巷道眉线的损伤也较小。

, authors=冯庆杰1, 2, 3, 谷亚州1, 2, 3, 周颜军1, 2, 3, authorsList=冯庆杰, 谷亚州, 周颜军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

冯庆杰（1995—），男，内蒙古赤峰人，工程师，主要从事矿山采矿科研与设计工作。E-mail:

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2.Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian 361008, China
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2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　厦门市　361008
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冯庆杰（1995—），男，内蒙古赤峰人，工程师，主要从事矿山采矿科研与设计工作。E-mail:

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冯庆杰（1995—），男，内蒙古赤峰人，工程师，主要从事矿山采矿科研与设计工作。E-mail:

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2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　厦门市　361008
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2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　厦门市　361008
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Numerical simulation of homogeneous rock mass damage caused by two-hole simultaneous blasting based on RHT model[J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2022, 30(3):414-426., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of homogeneous rock mass damage caused by two-hole simultaneous blasting based on RHT model, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322595703466087342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595703474475951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, companyId=1322595703466087342, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low-Grade Refractory Gold Ores, Shanghang, Fujian 364200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595703482864560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, companyId=1322595703466087342, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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ArticleFig(id=1322595708172096484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Powder factor for different stoping schemes by medium and deep hole blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔底距/m排距/m炸药单耗/(kg/t)
2.01.80.38
2.01.90.36
2.02.00.34
2.11.80.36
2.11.90.34
2.12.00.32
2.21.80.33
2.21.90.31
2.22.00.30
), ArticleFig(id=1322595708255982565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同中深孔回采方案的炸药单耗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔底距/m排距/m炸药单耗/(kg/t)
2.01.80.38
2.01.90.36
2.02.00.34
2.11.80.36
2.11.90.34
2.12.00.32
2.21.80.33
2.21.90.31
2.22.00.30
), ArticleFig(id=1322595708516029414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters and state equation parameters of porous granular ANFO explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g/cm3)D/(m/s)PCJ/GPaA/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE/(kJ/cm3)
0.93141605.1649.461.893.9071.1180.32.48
), ArticleFig(id=1322595708604109799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多孔粒状铵油炸药的材料参数及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g/cm3)D/(m/s)PCJ/GPaA/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE/(kJ/cm3)
0.93141605.1649.461.893.9071.1180.32.48
), ArticleFig(id=1322595708671218664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

HJC model parameters of ore

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ0/(g/cm3)G/MPaPc/MPaA′B′C′NSmaxD1D2
2 30010 093200.551.230.009 70.89200.041
T/MPaμcK1/GPaK2/GPaK3/GPaεfminμ1ε0/s–1
40.001 2539–2235500.010.1741E-6
), ArticleFig(id=1322595708956431337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矿石 HJC 模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ0/(g/cm3)G/MPaPc/MPaA′B′C′NSmaxD1D2
2 30010 093200.551.230.009 70.89200.041
T/MPaμcK1/GPaK2/GPaK3/GPaεfminμ1ε0/s–1
40.001 2539–2235500.010.1741E-6
), ArticleFig(id=1322595709048706026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of backfill model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m–3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa切线模量/GPa抗压强度/MPa硬化指数失效应变
1 8000.650.221.50.0651.80.50.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322595709124203499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

充填体模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m–3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa切线模量/GPa抗压强度/MPa硬化指数失效应变
1 8000.650.221.50.0651.80.50.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322595711028417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of technical and economic indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破参数方案贫化率/%损失率/%大块率/%炸药单耗/(kg/t)
原参数方案12.619.516.10.41
优化后的参数方案10.118.610.50.36
), ArticleFig(id=1322595711108109293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595329866838659, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

技术经济指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破参数方案贫化率/%损失率/%大块率/%炸药单耗/(kg/t)
原参数方案12.619.516.10.41
优化后的参数方案10.118.610.50.36
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三贵口铅锌矿中深孔爆破参数优化研究与应用
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冯庆杰 1, 2, 3 , 谷亚州 1, 2, 3 , 周颜军 1, 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(3): 66-73
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (3) : 66 -73
三贵口铅锌矿中深孔爆破参数优化研究与应用
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冯庆杰1, 2, 3 , 谷亚州1, 2, 3, 周颜军1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室，福建　上杭县　364200
  • 2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　厦门市　361008
  • 3.紫金（长沙）工程技术有限公司，湖南　长沙　410114
作者简介:

冯庆杰（1995—），男，内蒙古赤峰人，工程师，主要从事矿山采矿科研与设计工作。E-mail:

Optimization and Application of Medium and Deep Hole Blasting Parameters in Sanguikou Lead-Zinc Mine
Qingjie FENG1, 2, 3 , Yazhou GU1, 2, 3, Yanjun ZHOU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low-Grade Refractory Gold Ores, Shanghang, Fujian 364200, China
  • 2.Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian 361008, China
  • 3.Zijin （Changsha） Engineering Technology Co.，Ltd.，Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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为解决三贵口铅锌矿采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法回采矿块时大块率较高、二步骤回采时两侧充填体及顶柱破坏严重、矿石贫化率较大等问题，对原有爆破参数进行了优化研究。采用76 mm的炮孔直径，基于岩石可钻性及可爆性分析，通过理论计算得到排距为1.8 m，孔底距为2.1 m；或者排距为1.9 m，孔底距为2.0 m。由现场工业试验可知，与使用原爆破参数的采场相比，采用优化后的爆破参数，矿石贫化率降低了19.8%，损失率降低了4.6%，炸药单耗降低了12.2%，大块率降低了34.8%。应用LS-DYNA有限元软件对爆破参数优化前后的爆破效果进行模拟分析，结果表明，采用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破时，矿石大块率较小，爆破作用对两侧的充填体、顶柱及凿岩巷道眉线的损伤也较小。

爆破效果  /  中深孔爆破  /  参数优化  /  数值模拟  /  充填体

In order to solve the problems such as high block rate, severe damage to the filling bodies and top pillars on both sides during the two-step mining process, and high ore impoverishment rate encountered during the mining by sublevel drilling and stage open stope with subsequent filling method in Sanguikou lead-zinc mine, optimization research was conducted on the original blasting parameters. Using a diameter of the blast hole of 76 mm and based on the analysis of rock drillability and blastability, through theoretical calculation, it is determined that the row spacing is 1.8 m and the hole bottom spacing is 2.1 m; alternatively, the row spacing is 1.9 m and the hole bottom spacing is 2.0 m. According to on-site industrial tests, compared with the stope using the original blasting parameters, the optimized blasting parameters reduced ore impoverishment rate by 19.8%, ore loss rate by 4.6%, the explosive consumption by 12.2%, and the block rate by 34.8%. The simulation analysis of the blasting effect before and after optimization of blasting parameters was conducted using LS-DYNA finite element software, and the simulation results showed that when using optimized blasting parameters for blasting, the ore block rate is lower, and the damage to the filling body on both sides, top pillar, and rock drilling roadway arch line is minimal.

Blasting effect  /  Medium and deep hole blasting  /  Parameter optimization  /  Numerical simulation  /  Filling body
冯庆杰, 谷亚州, 周颜军. 三贵口铅锌矿中深孔爆破参数优化研究与应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 66 -73 .
Qingjie FENG, Yazhou GU, Yanjun ZHOU. Optimization and Application of Medium and Deep Hole Blasting Parameters in Sanguikou Lead-Zinc Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 66 -73 .
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0　引言
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我国虽然矿产资源储量丰富，矿石种类繁多，但大部分矿产具有埋藏较深、赋存条件复杂、品位低等特点，多属于难采矿体[1]。随着我国工业化程度的不断发展，对各种矿产资源的需求量均不断增加，而且大部分矿山由露天开采转向地下开采[2]，为保证地下矿山的生产能力，阶段空场采矿法得到了广泛应用[3]。阶段空场采矿法又分为分段凿岩阶段空场法和阶段凿岩阶段空场法[4-5]，其中分段凿岩法较阶段凿岩法更能适应大部分矿体复杂的赋存形态，且损失贫化率较低[6]，能够充分回收矿产资源。分段凿岩阶段空场采矿法的广泛应用对矿产资源的充分利用具有重要意义[7]。
分段凿岩阶段空场采矿法多采用中深孔进行爆破落矿，为降低矿山生产成本、改善爆破效果，国内外学者针对中深孔爆破参数优化做了很多研究[8-11]，主要通过对孔网几何参数[12]、装填参数[13]和起爆参数[14]进行调整，寻求性价比最高的爆破方案。例如，陈昌民等[15]运用传统经验公式并结合极限学习机理论，建立了上向扇形中深孔爆破参数优化的预测模型，可根据输入的矿岩参数确定爆破参数；张松涛等[16]在与采场相似岩性的巷道内进行爆破漏斗试验，对井下中深孔爆破参数进行优化，成功降低了凿岩爆破成本；KE等[17]通过一系列爆破漏斗试验来反演出最优爆破参数，并采用PSO-BP神经网络对爆破块度进行预测，提高了爆破效率；林海祥等[18]采用数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对银山矿多种中深孔爆破网格参数及布置方式进行比较，最终确定了最佳爆破参数方案。
三贵口铅锌矿采用垂直走向布置的分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法回采主矿体，分段内采用上向扇形中深孔爆破落矿。随着矿岩条件的变化，采场爆破参数已无法继续使用，出现了大块率高、贫化严重、炸药单耗高、顶柱破坏严重、二步骤采场爆破落矿后相邻采场充填体频繁出现片落现象等问题。为解决三贵口铅锌矿上向中深孔凿岩爆破落矿目前存在的问题，基于矿岩体可钻性及可爆性分析结果，计算并推荐凿岩爆破参数，并通过数值模拟和现场试验检验优化后的爆破效果。
1　爆破现状分析
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三贵口铅锌矿主矿体的直接顶底板围岩主要为白云石大理岩和绢云石墨片岩，间接围岩为片岩与石英岩，大部分主矿体厚度大于15 m，属于厚矿体。采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法进行回采，矿块垂直矿体走向布置，阶段高度为50 m，阶段内划分为3个分段，每分段高14~16 m，矿块宽度为12~16 m，长度为矿体厚度，采用堑沟结构出矿，留设顶柱，顶柱高3~8 m。矿块分两步骤回采，为了确保开采安全，一步骤回采按照“隔一采一”的原则进行。采矿方法布置如图1所示。
三贵口铅锌矿在凿岩爆破技术手段方面延用施工单位惯用方法，在各分段凿岩巷道内采用YQZ-90潜孔钻机凿上向扇形中深孔，炮孔直径为90 mm，炮孔排距为1.5~2.0 m，孔底距为2.0~2.8 m。每次爆破2~3排，排与排之间炮孔错开布置。采用BQF-100型装药器往炮孔装填多孔粒状铵油炸药，在炮孔内采用数码雷管孔底反向起爆，并采用导爆索辅助起爆，相邻炮孔的孔口不装药段长度分别为1.5 m和3 m，且孔间崩矿步距为2~3排，即3.0~6.0 m。
根据矿山实际生产数据统计，在上述凿岩爆破参数下，采场的贫化率约为8%~12%，损失率约为20%~30%，大块率约为15%，凿岩机效率约为50 m/台班，延米炮孔崩矿量为6~7 t/m，炸药单耗约为0.38~0.45 kg/t。由于炮孔直径较大，二步骤回采爆破落矿后相邻采场充填体频繁出现片落现象，采场贫化率升高，且顶柱受爆破影响严重，顶柱厚度较小，薄厚不均。三贵口铅锌矿目前爆破所采用的炮孔直径过大、爆破参数不合理，爆破的整体效果较为一般，存在优化空间，因此考虑采用YGZ-90潜孔钻机穿凿孔径为76 mm的炮孔，在此基础上对凿岩爆破参数进行优化研究。
2　爆破参数计算
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2.1　矿岩可钻性及可爆性分析
三贵口铅锌矿矿岩的坚固性系数（普氏系数f）为3.5~4.5，坚固程度为中等坚固至较坚固，岩石级别为Ⅳ~Ⅴ级。岩石的凿碎比能为140~180 J/cm3，根据岩石凿碎比能分级标准，岩石被归为Ⅰ类。矿体及其顶底板各类矿岩抗压强度较大，多属完整坚硬、半坚硬工程地质岩组，稳固性较好，一般无不良工程地质现象，由此判断可钻性属于极易至易类型。
炸药爆破在岩体内引起的扰动以冲击波的形式在靠近药包区域传播、以应力波的形式向更大的区域传播。在无限均匀弹性体中，岩石中的纵波波速起主导作用。
式中：Cp为岩石的弹性纵波波速，km/s;E为弹性模量，MPa;ρ为岩石的密度，t/m3；v为泊松比。
将三贵口铅锌矿矿岩的岩石力学参数代入公式(1)得Cp≈3.88 km/s，波阻抗Z=Cp·ρ=11.29×105 g/(cm2·s)。通过岩石力学试验测定的矿岩纵波波速为3.00 km/s，计算得到波阻抗为8.73×105 g/(cm2·s)。根据普氏系数值与波阻抗可得，三贵口铅锌矿矿岩的总体爆破性属于难爆型。
综合上述计算与分析，得出三贵口铅锌矿矿岩为易钻难爆型。
2.2　最小抵抗线计算
硬度不同的矿岩，其爆破最小抵抗线W与孔径d的比值不同。对于坚硬的矿岩，W=(23~30)d；中硬的矿岩，W=(30~35)d；较软的矿岩，W=(35~40)d。
根据三贵口铅锌矿的矿岩性质取W=1.75~2.28 m(孔径d为76 mm)。
扇形中深孔的密集系数取值一般为m=1.1~1.3，矿岩越坚固，要求炮孔越密集，则m值越小。
最小抵抗线的计算公式如下：
式中：d为炮孔直径，取0.076 m;Δ为装药密度，取1 000 kg/m3;τ为深孔装药系数，取0.7~0.8;m为炮孔密集系数，取1.1;q为炸药单耗，取1.05 kg/m3。
计算可得，W=1.79~1.91 m。
综上所述，三贵口铅锌矿的最小抵抗线W取1.8~2.0 m。
2.3　孔底距
扇形中深孔的孔间距分为邻炮孔孔底间距（即孔底距a1）和控制装药量的孔口距（即a2），其中孔底距的计算公式如下。
根据计算结果，三贵口铅锌矿扇形中深孔的孔底距应取1.98~2.20 m。
2.4　填塞长度
为了避免扇形孔孔口部位因装药过于集中而出现太多粉矿，因此，应选择合理的堵塞长度，保证爆破效果，保护后排炮孔不被破坏。
孔口采用交错装药，降低扇形孔孔口处的炸药集中度，防止眉线破坏和矿石粉碎，炮孔孔口不装药长度为1.5~5.0 m，各孔均交错增加填塞长度，孔口采用长度不小于200 mm的炮泥装填。
2.5　炸药单耗
炮孔装药量计算公式如下。
当采用直径为76 mm的炮孔时，三贵口铅锌矿每米炮孔装药量Q1为4.54 kg。
一般来讲，扇形中深孔的边孔角越大，越有利于提高钻孔效率和减少炮孔数目。但边孔角的增加将增加扇形孔的深度，孔深大时需要更先进的凿岩设备。三贵口铅锌矿采用YGZ-90钻机凿岩时，宜采用较小的边孔角，这样可以有效崩落矿石，使上部矿石冒落，并降低下分段炮孔长度。
根据前述参数绘制出三贵口铅锌矿分段回采爆破炮孔布置图（以分段高度为15 m，矿块宽度为13 m作为案例，见图2）。
由图2可得出每排面炮孔的可装药长度，因此每排面炮孔的装药量可采用式(5)计算。
式中：Qs为炮孔可装药量，kg；C为每排炮孔可装药长度，m；Q1为单位长度炮孔装药量，kg/m。
垂直上向扇形中深孔爆破采用数码雷管引爆，通过逐孔微差起爆的方式进行孔底起爆。根据不同孔底距和排距，得出各方案的凿岩爆破参数及炸药单耗，见表1。
由各方案炸药单耗数据可以看出，孔底距相同时，随着排距的增加，炸药单耗不断减小；排距相同时，随着孔底距的增加，炸药单耗不断减小。根据相关矿山经验，炸药单耗为0.35~0.37 kg/t时，爆破块度、粉矿率和技术经济性较好。因此，三贵口铅锌矿采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法回采矿块，当炮孔直径为76 mm时，建议采用的凿岩爆破参数为：排距1.8 m，孔底距2.1 m；或者，排距1.9 m，孔底距2.0 m。
3　数值模拟
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为了探究爆破参数优化后的采场爆破效果，采用LS-DYNA有限元软件对回采过程中的爆破效果进行模拟。三贵口铅锌矿采用垂直走向的分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法回采，矿块回采遵循“隔一采一”原则，二步骤回采时是在两侧为尾砂充填体的情况下进行中深孔爆破，在回采时需要保证充填体与顶柱的稳定性，因此，对二步骤回采时的爆破效果进行模拟分析。
3.1　数值模型
三贵口铅锌矿分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法二步骤采场的计算模型如图3所示，模型宽33 m、高25 m。二步骤采场的两侧为充填体，顶柱高度为10 m，采用耦合装药方式，孔底与矿块边界留有0.5 m的距离。
3.2　材料参数
炸药材料模型关键字段为“* MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSION_BURN”，状态方程关键字段为“* EOS_JWL”。多孔粒状铵油炸药的参数见表2，矿石的参数见表3，充填体的参数见表4。
3.3　模拟结果
根据三贵口铅锌矿目前所采用的爆破方式，分别对炮孔直径为90 mm时的布孔方式和炮孔直径为76 mm的布孔方式进行爆破模拟分析，爆破的压应力传导过程如图4和图5所示。从模拟结果可以看出，不同炮孔直径的布孔方案，均能够有效破碎矿房范围内的矿体。但采用优化后的爆破参数时，爆破后的矿石破碎边界较为规整，炮孔底部附近的矿石破碎效果较好。同时，根据最终有效应力的分布范围可知，采用炮孔直径为76 mm的爆破参数时，对充填体的损伤略小于炮孔直径为90 mm的布孔方式，所形成的顶板较为平整。
炸药在岩石中爆炸后，所产生的压碎区、裂隙区和弹性振动区分别对应岩石不同的损伤程度。在压碎区内的岩石会被破碎成小块，而在裂隙区和弹性振动区的岩石只会形成裂隙，破碎效果较差。通常采用设定损伤阈值的方式来确定岩石是否损伤，当岩石的损伤值达到阈值时，岩石才会发生损伤而破坏。王卫华等[19]通过研究发现当岩石的损伤阈值为0.6时，损伤范围与岩石的压缩破坏区大致一致。因此，采用损伤阈值为0.6时的岩石损伤云图对爆破参数优化前后的爆破效果进行对比，如图6所示（蓝色区域为未损伤，白色区域为完全损伤，颜色标识见电子版）。通过对比发现，采用优化后的爆破参数时（炮孔参数为76 mm），采场两侧的未损伤区域面积较小，爆破后所形成的大块较少，两侧充填体的损伤范围比优化前略小，爆破所形成的顶柱更加平整。除此之外，优化后的爆破参数方案在凿岩巷道上方形成部分板状未损伤区域，说明该方案对凿岩巷道眉线处损伤较小，且板状块体在落矿过程会受到矿石挤压而破碎，不会形成大块。
通过数值模拟可知，将炮孔直径调整为76 mm，采用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破，在降低大块率、减少对两侧充填体和顶柱的损伤以及保护凿岩巷道眉线方面均有显著效果。
4　现场工业试验
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为了验证优化后爆破参数的合理性，采用优化后的爆破参数在三贵口铅锌矿580 m中段9-12号采场614 m分段进行了现场工业试验。根据理论计算和数值模拟结果，工业试验采场采用YGZ-90钻机钻凿炮孔，炮孔直径为76 mm，排距为1.9 m，孔底距为2.0 m，排与排之间炮孔错开布置。采用多孔粒状铵油炸药，用BQF-100型装药器装药，孔口交错装药，不装药长度为1.5~5 m，炮孔内采用数码雷管孔底反向起爆，崩矿步距为3排，即5.7 m。在该矿580 m中段“二步采”9-10号采场614 m分段进行对比试验，该采场采用YQZ-90钻机钻凿炮孔，炮孔直径为90 mm，并沿用原有的爆破参数，即排距为2.0 m，孔底距为2.5 m，崩矿步距为4.0 m。爆破后对两个采场的技术经济指标进行统计分析，结果见表5。
通过现场工业试验，将爆破参数优化前后的爆破效果、技术经济指标进行对比，可得到如下结论。
（1）与优化前相比，爆破参数优化后，矿石损失率和贫化率、炸药单耗均有所降低，其中贫化率由12.6%降低至10.1%，降幅为19.8%；损失率由19.5%降至18.6%，降幅为4.6%；炸药单耗由0.41 kg/t降至0.36 kg/t，降幅为12.2%。
（2）爆破参数优化后，矿石块度较为均匀，大块率由优化前的16.1%降至10.5%，降幅为34.8%。爆破参数优化后爆落矿石的块度如图7所示。
（3）通过出矿监测和后期空区扫描发现，爆破参数优化后，充填体片落较少，顶柱厚度与设计的接近，采空区形态与设计的吻合。
5　结论
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（1）基于岩石可钻性及可爆性分析，通过理论计算，对三贵口铅锌矿分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法的爆破参数进行优化，优化后的爆破参数为：炮孔直径76 mm；炮孔排距1.8 m、孔底距2.1 m，或者排距1.9 m、孔底距2.0 m。
（2）根据LS-DYNA有限元软件的模拟结果可知，采用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破时，矿石块度均匀，大块率较小，爆破作用对两侧的充填体、顶柱及凿岩巷道眉线的损伤较小。
（3）现场工业试验验证了优化后的爆破参数的合理性，相对于使用原爆破参数的采场，贫化率降低了19.8%，损失率降低了4.6%，炸药单耗降低了12.2%，大块率降低了34.8%，爆破效果大为改善，且爆破对充填体与顶柱的破坏较小。

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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间：2024-05-23
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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    1.低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室，福建　上杭县　364200
    2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　厦门市　361008
    3.紫金（长沙）工程技术有限公司，湖南　长沙　410114
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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