Article(id=1322595297788801474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733328000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260891625, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260891625, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260891625, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260891625, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595298011099587, articleId=1322595297788801474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on Safety Thickness of Goaf Roof Based on Cusp Mutation Theory, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional theoretical methods mostly use semi-quantitatively to analyze the safety thickness of the goaf roof, which can not fully reflect the stress and failure mode of the roof. Therefore, the cusp mutation theory was introduced to study the safety thickness of the goaf roof, the research model of the safety thickness of the roof was established, and the formula of the minimum safety thickness of the roof was derived. Based on the occurrence status of goaf in Dabaoshan Mine, the theoretical values of safety thickness of goaf roof under different lithology and different span conditions were calculated. Finally, the formula was verified by the traditional theory and the finite element numerical simulation method. The research results show that it is feasible to introduce the cusp mutation theory into the study of the safety thickness of the goaf roof, and the derived formula of the minimum safety thickness of the goaf roof is reasonable and reliable. Under the conditions of the slightly weathered limestone, slightly weathered secondary dacite-porphyry, copper-sulfur ore body, and sandstone-rock group in Dabaoshan Mine, the safety thickness of the goaf roof calculated based on the cusp mutation theory is 7.3 m, 12.5 m, 9.5 m, and 22.1 m, respectively, which can be used as the basis for on-site goaf treatment.

, authors=Guangmu CHEN1, Chunhui SUN2, 3, Xing ZHAO1, Xiaoming NIU2, 3, Xuejun CHEN1, Hanqiang FEI2, 3, Zeng MA2, 3, authorsList=Guangmu CHEN, Chunhui SUN, Xing ZHAO, Xiaoming NIU, Xuejun CHEN, Hanqiang FEI, Zeng MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunhui SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595311458038286, articleId=1322595297788801474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于尖点突变理论的采空区顶板安全厚度的研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统理论方法多以半定量分析采空区顶板安全厚度,存在不能全面反映顶板受力情况及其破坏模式等问题,为此将尖点突变理论引入采空区顶板安全厚度的研究中,建立了顶板安全厚度研究模型,推导得到了顶板最小安全厚度公式。基于大宝山矿采空区赋存现状,计算得到不同岩性不同跨度条件下采空区顶板安全厚度理论值。最后,采用传统理论与有限元数值模拟的方法对公式进行了验证,研究结果表明:将尖点突变理论引入采空区顶板安全厚度的研究是可行的,推导得到的采空区顶板最小安全厚度公式是合理及可靠的,该矿山微风化灰岩、微风化次应安斑岩、铜硫矿体和砂岩岩组条件下,基于尖点突变理论计算得到的采空区顶板安全厚度分别为7.3 m、12.5 m、9.5 m、22.1 m,可作为现场采空区处置依据。

, authors=陈光木1, 孙春辉2, 3, 赵兴1, 牛小明2, 3, 陈学军1, 费汉强2, 3, 马增2, 3, authorsList=陈光木, 孙春辉, 赵兴, 牛小明, 陈学军, 费汉强, 马增, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙春辉, authorNote=

陈光木(1982—),男,重庆人,正高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术与现场管理方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙春辉(1994—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学及矿山安全、地质灾害治理研究。E-mail:
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陈光木(1982—),男,重庆人,正高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术与现场管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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陈光木(1982—),男,重庆人,正高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术与现场管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=F2FMrTlCj7MkyhbuqQqcbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595907225366548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=CN, label=图1, caption=尖点突变模型分叉集和平衡曲面, figureFileSmall=JK8b0Bdlf+oKo866w69ntA==, figureFileBig=F2FMrTlCj7MkyhbuqQqcbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595908919865365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Research model of goaf roof thickness, figureFileSmall=WOK3ZcI88hFjoy1EWn06jA==, figureFileBig=QszpeGYNIkpXy8lWqCgWYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595908986974230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=CN, label=图2, caption=采空区顶板厚度研究模型, figureFileSmall=WOK3ZcI88hFjoy1EWn06jA==, figureFileBig=QszpeGYNIkpXy8lWqCgWYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595909049888791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1322595297788801474, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各采空区有限元计算结果, figureFileSmall=P9G9TW1kBoqDffW+QQcaeA==, figureFileBig=RzrFhVRO/AD+gtVbyuf+jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595909305741340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of rock mass

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岩性容重γ/(kN/m3)弹性模量E/MPa泊松比μ黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)抗拉强度Rm/MPa
微风化灰岩29.456 009.3100.2070.42736.80.631
微风化次英安斑岩28.286 934.7300.2300.49738.40.712
铜硫矿体32.207 451.5200.1820.47832.40.897
砂岩27.772 439.2300.2400.31029.00.398
), ArticleFig(id=1322595909372850205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩体力学参数

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岩性容重γ/(kN/m3)弹性模量E/MPa泊松比μ黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)抗拉强度Rm/MPa
微风化灰岩29.456 009.3100.2070.42736.80.631
微风化次英安斑岩28.286 934.7300.2300.49738.40.712
铜硫矿体32.207 451.5200.1820.47832.40.897
砂岩27.772 439.2300.2400.31029.00.398
), ArticleFig(id=1322595909444153374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation results of safety thickness of goaf roof based on cusp mutation theory

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性不同跨度条件下顶板安全厚度/m
10 m15 m20 m25 m30 m35 m40 m45 m50 m
微风化灰岩4.97.39.611.914.116.218.220.121.9
微风化次英安斑岩4.56.78.911.013.014.916.818.620.2
铜硫矿体4.87.19.411.613.815.817.819.721.5
砂岩5.88.611.414.116.719.221.623.826.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322595909515456543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于尖点突变理论的采空区顶板安全厚度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性不同跨度条件下顶板安全厚度/m
10 m15 m20 m25 m30 m35 m40 m45 m50 m
微风化灰岩4.97.39.611.914.116.218.220.121.9
微风化次英安斑岩4.56.78.911.013.014.916.818.620.2
铜硫矿体4.87.19.411.613.815.817.819.721.5
砂岩5.88.611.414.116.719.221.623.826.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322595909599342624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Calculation results of safety thickness of goaf roof based on traditional theory methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性传统理论方法不同跨度条件下顶板安全厚度/m
10 m15 m20 m25 m30 m35 m40 m45 m50 m
微风化灰岩荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法5.27.910.513.115.818.421.023.726.3
按破裂拱概念估算法7.98.59.09.610.210.711.311.812.4
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.66.09.313.518.624.631.539.348.0
均值5.57.710.112.615.418.321.424.728.1
微风化次英安斑岩荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法4.97.49.912.214.817.319.822.324.8
按破裂拱概念估算法7.58.08.58.99.49.810.310.811.2
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.14.97.510.914.919.725.231.438.3
均值5.37.39.511.814.316.919.722.625.6
铜硫矿体荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法4.46.68.811.013.215.417.619.922.1
按破裂拱概念估算法8.18.79.39.910.411.011.612.212.7
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.96.610.415.221.027.835.744.554.4
均值5.47.610.012.615.418.421.625.028.6
砂岩荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法6.69.913.216.519.923.226.529.933.2
按破裂拱概念估算法7.98.48.99.49.910.410.911.411.9
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.25.28.011.615.921.026.833.440.8
均值5.77.910.312.915.618.421.524.627.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322595909683228705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于传统理论方法的采空区顶板安全厚度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性传统理论方法不同跨度条件下顶板安全厚度/m
10 m15 m20 m25 m30 m35 m40 m45 m50 m
微风化灰岩荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法5.27.910.513.115.818.421.023.726.3
按破裂拱概念估算法7.98.59.09.610.210.711.311.812.4
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.66.09.313.518.624.631.539.348.0
均值5.57.710.112.615.418.321.424.728.1
微风化次英安斑岩荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法4.97.49.912.214.817.319.822.324.8
按破裂拱概念估算法7.58.08.58.99.49.810.310.811.2
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.14.97.510.914.919.725.231.438.3
均值5.37.39.511.814.316.919.722.625.6
铜硫矿体荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法4.46.68.811.013.215.417.619.922.1
按破裂拱概念估算法8.18.79.39.910.411.011.612.212.7
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.96.610.415.221.027.835.744.554.4
均值5.47.610.012.615.418.421.625.028.6
砂岩荷载传递线交汇法5.88.711.514.417.320.223.126.028.9
厚跨比法5.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.0
结构力学梁理论法6.69.913.216.519.923.226.529.933.2
按破裂拱概念估算法7.98.48.99.49.910.410.911.411.9
K.B.鲁别涅依他估算法3.25.28.011.615.921.026.833.440.8
均值5.77.910.312.915.618.421.524.627.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322595909779697698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595297788801474, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Geological information of each goaf

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采空区编号岩性剖面跨度/m现状采空区顶板厚度/m基于尖点突变理论计算得到采空区顶板安全厚度/m
12-618微风化灰岩15.026.37.3
72-619微风化次英安斑岩29.345.212.5
35-584铜硫矿体20.427.59.5
6-618砂岩41.429.822.1
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各采空区地质信息

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采空区编号岩性剖面跨度/m现状采空区顶板厚度/m基于尖点突变理论计算得到采空区顶板安全厚度/m
12-618微风化灰岩15.026.37.3
72-619微风化次英安斑岩29.345.212.5
35-584铜硫矿体20.427.59.5
6-618砂岩41.429.822.1
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基于尖点突变理论的采空区顶板安全厚度的研究
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陈光木 1 , 孙春辉 2, 3 , 赵兴 1 , 牛小明 2, 3 , 陈学军 1 , 费汉强 2, 3 , 马增 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(3): 83-90
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (3) : 83 -90
基于尖点突变理论的采空区顶板安全厚度的研究
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陈光木1 , 孙春辉2, 3 , 赵兴1, 牛小明2, 3, 陈学军1, 费汉强2, 3, 马增2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.广东省大宝山矿业有限公司,广东 韶关市 512127
  • 2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
通讯作者:
孙春辉(1994—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学及矿山安全、地质灾害治理研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

陈光木(1982—),男,重庆人,正高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术与现场管理方面的研究。E-mail:

Research on Safety Thickness of Goaf Roof Based on Cusp Mutation Theory
Guangmu CHEN1 , Chunhui SUN2, 3 , Xing ZHAO1, Xiaoming NIU2, 3, Xuejun CHEN1, Hanqiang FEI2, 3, Zeng MA2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Dabaoshan Mining Co., Ltd., Shaoguan, Guangdong 512127, China
  • 2.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Safety Technology of Metal Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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传统理论方法多以半定量分析采空区顶板安全厚度,存在不能全面反映顶板受力情况及其破坏模式等问题,为此将尖点突变理论引入采空区顶板安全厚度的研究中,建立了顶板安全厚度研究模型,推导得到了顶板最小安全厚度公式。基于大宝山矿采空区赋存现状,计算得到不同岩性不同跨度条件下采空区顶板安全厚度理论值。最后,采用传统理论与有限元数值模拟的方法对公式进行了验证,研究结果表明:将尖点突变理论引入采空区顶板安全厚度的研究是可行的,推导得到的采空区顶板最小安全厚度公式是合理及可靠的,该矿山微风化灰岩、微风化次应安斑岩、铜硫矿体和砂岩岩组条件下,基于尖点突变理论计算得到的采空区顶板安全厚度分别为7.3 m、12.5 m、9.5 m、22.1 m,可作为现场采空区处置依据。

采空区  /  尖点突变理论  /  顶板安全厚度  /  数值模拟

The traditional theoretical methods mostly use semi-quantitatively to analyze the safety thickness of the goaf roof, which can not fully reflect the stress and failure mode of the roof. Therefore, the cusp mutation theory was introduced to study the safety thickness of the goaf roof, the research model of the safety thickness of the roof was established, and the formula of the minimum safety thickness of the roof was derived. Based on the occurrence status of goaf in Dabaoshan Mine, the theoretical values of safety thickness of goaf roof under different lithology and different span conditions were calculated. Finally, the formula was verified by the traditional theory and the finite element numerical simulation method. The research results show that it is feasible to introduce the cusp mutation theory into the study of the safety thickness of the goaf roof, and the derived formula of the minimum safety thickness of the goaf roof is reasonable and reliable. Under the conditions of the slightly weathered limestone, slightly weathered secondary dacite-porphyry, copper-sulfur ore body, and sandstone-rock group in Dabaoshan Mine, the safety thickness of the goaf roof calculated based on the cusp mutation theory is 7.3 m, 12.5 m, 9.5 m, and 22.1 m, respectively, which can be used as the basis for on-site goaf treatment.

Goaf  /  Cusp mutation theory  /  Safety thickness of roof  /  Numerical simulation
陈光木, 孙春辉, 赵兴, 牛小明, 陈学军, 费汉强, 马增. 基于尖点突变理论的采空区顶板安全厚度的研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 83 -90 .
Guangmu CHEN, Chunhui SUN, Xing ZHAO, Xiaoming NIU, Xuejun CHEN, Hanqiang FEI, Zeng MA. Research on Safety Thickness of Goaf Roof Based on Cusp Mutation Theory[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 83 -90 .
根据矿产资源的赋存深度,金属非金属矿山开采方式主要分为露天开采和地下开采。对于浅部资源通常采用露天开采方式,采场会形成多级边坡,具有生产规模大、回采率高、开采强度大、资源利用率高、工艺简单等优点,但部分露天矿山存在历史民采区域,导致生产边坡下方赋存采空区,影响作业人员及设备的安全,采空区顶板厚度预留过大会制约矿山的生产,预留过小则可能会造成顶板坍塌,导致安全事故的发生。
目前常用于计算采空区顶板安全厚度的传统理论方法主要有荷载传递线交汇法、厚跨比法、按破裂拱概念估算法、结构力学梁理论法等[1-5],传统理论方法多在经验基础上分析计算或对采空区顶板构建简化力学模型进行半定量分析,存在对采空区稳定性影响因素考虑不足,不能全面反映顶板受力情况及其破坏模式等问题[6-7]。地下矿体回采结束形成采空区后,顶板岩层会受到垂直及侧向应力的作用,逐渐积聚能量,一旦超过顶板岩层的承受能力,在某个不确定时间会突然释放,造成顶板垮塌、开裂等问题,具有突变性[8]。突变理论是指研究系统随着外界骤变而不连续变化的一门学科,也常用于阐释非线性系统如何从平稳的、逐渐的量变,跨越到突然的、根本性的质变阶段的动态过程[9]。从采空区顶板能量聚集到释放的角度,将突变理论引入到顶板安全厚度的研究具有一定的可行性。莫阳春等[10]应用突变理论研究得到了溶洞顶板失稳的充要条件及安全厚度公式;潘岳等[11]建立了煤壳失稳解体的突变模型,研究了偏应力对其解体机制的影响,给出了失稳瞬间偏应力应变能表达式;张建华[12]引进突变理论,提出了岩溶区路基下伏溶洞顶板安全厚度的确定方法;陈娇等[13]根据改进突变级数法,得到了采空区稳定性评价指标体系;孙洪硕等[14]通过建立隧道底部采空区顶板岩层失稳力学模型,推导了采空区顶板岩层的总势能函数表达式,通过Tschirnhaus变换,得到了采空区顶板岩层的尖点突变模型;张成良等[15]基于尖点突变理论构建了稳定性判定的数学模型,明确了综合考虑拉、压、剪切屈服且将单值的塑性应变能作为顶板失稳的合理判据;尚向凡等[16]基于尖点突变理论和强度折减法研究了西石门铁矿采空区顶板安全系数与其厚度的函数关系,提出了顶板安全厚度判断方法。
近些年,随着计算机的飞速发展,数值模拟日益成熟,通过建立矿山实际采空区模型,并结合精细化网格,得到的数值模拟结果与矿山实际也比较接近。因此,本文根据大宝山矿边坡实际赋存采空区现状,引入尖点突变理论,建立采空区顶板厚度研究模型,推导采空区顶板最小安全厚度公式,并采用传统理论方法及Phase2 8.0数值模拟软件进行校核,验证推导公式的合理性及可靠性。
广东省大宝山矿按照初期规划露天开采结束后转入地下开采,20世纪80年代,周边民采严重,井下民窿最多达112条,为了治理民采及保护铜硫铅锌矿产资源,1997年大宝山矿中止采剥露天铜矿,转入地下开采,2004年发生了3次大塌方,严重影响了地下矿产资源的安全回采,为此,大宝山矿地下开采于2005年8月15日停产整顿。目前,露天采场境界处于原有民采和公司地采范围15~312线之上,井下生产也已全面停止,但民采、井采遗留的采空区仍持续威胁露天开采的安全生产。
大宝山矿对于采空区专项钻孔发现的异常孔,采用C-ALS 3D激光扫描系统对采空区形态进行扫描,截至2023年5月,露天采场内存在已通过三维激光扫描探明的采空区共62个,总面积2.9 万 m2,总体积14.1 万 m3。
根据工程地质资料,大宝山矿水文地质条件、工程地质条件为中等,矿区环境地质条件属中等复杂类型,结合采空区扫描资料,现存采空区主要赋存于微风化灰岩、微风化次英安斑岩、铜硫矿体、砂岩岩组。
目前,大多数地下工程常采用尖点突变模型进行理论分析,并经过现场验证基本与实际问题相符。尖点突变模型的势函数有两个控制变量,其标准形式为:
式中:x为状态变量;i和j为控制变量。
令Ⅱ(x)′=0,即可得出系统平衡曲面方程:
尖点突变模型呈现为一个具有褶皱特征的曲面M(见图1),曲面上任意一点都代表着研究系统的某种平衡状态。平衡曲面M分为上叶、中叶和下叶三部分,在平衡曲面M的不同区域中,平衡位置可能为一个或多个。令Ⅱ(x)″=0,则:
平衡曲面M上叶与下叶上的平衡位置,满足条件Ⅱ(x)″>0,即系统势能取极小值,平衡位置处于稳定状态;而对于中叶上的平衡位置,满足条件Ⅱ(x)″<0,即系统势能取极大值,平衡位置处于不稳定状态。
联立式(2)和式(3)消去x,可得到系统突变时的分叉集方程:
据此,判断系统是否发生突变的主要依据为:Δ<0,系统处于不稳定状态;Δ=0,系统处于临界状态;Δ>0,系统处于稳定状态。
根据大宝山矿目前现存采空区资料分析,台阶下伏的采空区可简化为周边固支的椭圆形板结构,计算模型见图2。
根据弹性力学理论知识,椭圆形板力学模型边界条件及顶板挠度表达式为:
式中:ur为径向位移,m;r0为椭圆边任意点圆心距,m;r为椭圆范围任意点圆心距,m;θ为椭圆边任意点与x轴夹角,(°);w为顶板挠度,m;D为顶板的抗挠刚度,D=EI=EH3/12(1−μ2), kN·m2;E为围岩弹性模量,kPa;I为惯性矩,m4;H为顶板厚度,m;a、b分别为采空区1/2跨度与高度(即模型长半轴与短半轴),m;μ为顶板岩层泊松比;q为作用在顶板上的总荷载,由自重及施工荷载组成,kPa。
令,将式(6)转化为极坐标形式:
根据边界条件及弹性力学变分法,径向位移求得为:
假定采空区顶板岩层为弹塑性介质,基于尖点突变模型,采空区顶板岩层总势能V应包括顶板岩层的弯曲变形势能Ue、顶板岩层中面应变势能Us、顶板自重及施工荷载组成的作用力q在轴向及径向位移上所做的功Wq和Wr,因此总势能可表示为:
其中:
将式(10)至式(13)代入式(9),可得到采空区顶板岩层系统的总势能函数为:
其中:
对式(14)采用契尔恩豪森(Tschirnhaus)变换,令wm=x−n,n=α3/4α4,式(14)可化简为:
式中:
则:
令,,,可得尖点突变的标准函数式:
根据尖点突变理论,对式(16)求一阶导数等于0,则系统的平衡曲面M方程为:
对式(17)求二阶导数:
联立式(17)和式(18)消去x可得到分叉点集方程为:
由尖点突变理论可知,只有当且仅当Δ≤0时,系统才可能跨越分歧点,产生突变,故将A、B数值代入式(19)可得到采空区顶板失稳判别条件为:
求解式(20),得到采空区顶板最小安全厚度表达式为:
式中:h为顶板最小安全厚度,m;k为安全系数。
通过室内岩石力学试验得到了各岩组岩石力学参数,采用费辛柯法、格吉(Georgi)法、GSI岩体强度指标法等[17-20]对岩石参数进行工程化处理,得到了相应岩体参数,以用于采空区顶板安全厚度计算,最终岩体参数汇总见表1。
假设大宝山矿采空区顶部作业设备为1台485挖机(48.5 t)、2台885A汽车(70×2 t)及1台SD22推土机(23.45 t),考虑均布荷载及对采空区稳定最不利,采空区地表静荷载q′计算如下:
式中:G为露天采空区工作设备的重力,kN;A′为作业面积,m2。
采空区地表的大型挖机,因持续的铲装作业,巨型铲臂会呈现不断回摆状态且装车瞬间会对采空区顶板造成一定的冲击效应,因此,如果单纯在采空区上部施加静荷载,会忽略动荷载对采空区顶板的冲击作用,参考建筑结构中荷载值大于4 kN/m2时,动荷载分项系数取1.3,经计算得出施加于采空区顶板荷载为0.09 MPa。
爆破震动对采空区的影响比较复杂,其受到爆破方法、最大单段起爆药量、爆破位置与空区及岩体的空间分布关系影响,需根据爆破测震拟合关系确定,根据现场试验及室内拟合计算结果,爆破影响指数为0.070,方向向下。
通过采用公式(21),分析赋存于各岩组的采空区在不同跨度条件下,顶板安全厚度与跨度的关系,取保安层安全系数为1.5,计算结果见表2,其中任一跨度下采空区顶板安全厚度可采用插值法求得。
传统理论方法多以半定量分析采空区顶板的安全厚度,是比较成熟且被大众较为认可的技术手段,基于尖点突变理论从能量聚集到释放的角度去研究采空区顶板的破坏,进而得到采空区顶板安全厚度理论公式,是一种比较贴合顶板破坏机制的新技术手段。本小节将基于尖点突变理论计算得到的顶板安全厚度与传统理论方法所得结果进行对比分析,验证其可靠性与合理性。传统理论方法计算时,取保安层安全系数为1.5,在不同跨度条件下,得到了采空区顶板安全厚度与跨度的关系,计算结果见表3。
将采用传统理论方法与基于尖点突变理论计算得到的大宝山矿采空区顶板安全厚度进行对比分析,结果见图3。
根据表3和图3可知:当采空区跨度小于30 m时,基于尖点突变理论计算得到的采空区顶板安全厚度均小于或接近传统理论方法计算得到的均值,当采空区跨度大于30 m时,二者之间差值逐渐增大,在一定程度上表明基于尖点突变理论得到的采空区顶板安全厚度是合理且可靠的,论结论可为矿山合理减小采空区顶板厚度,节省处置费用提供依据。
为进一步验证式(21)的准确性,采用岩土工程分析软件Phase2 8.0,建立不同岩性条件下采空区二维有限元数值分析模型,利用最大拉应力判据,结合Mohr-Coulumb屈服准则检验单个采空区顶板安全厚度与拉应力的关系。数值模拟计算时,根据大宝山矿采空区现状,选取跨度较大、不同岩性、预计稳定性较差的采空区进行模拟研究,最终选定4个采空区,地质信息见表4,有限元计算结果见图4。
根据表4和图4可得:12-618、72-619、35-584、6-618采空区分别赋存于微风化灰岩、微风化次英安斑岩、铜硫矿体、砂岩岩组,基于尖点突变理论计算得到的顶板安全厚度分别为7.3 m、12.5 m、9.5 m、22.1 m。根据理论顶板安全厚度数值,对各采空区完成了地质建模,通过施加地表荷载0.09 MPa,对各采空区进行了有限元数值模拟,计算得到了各采空区周边拉应力,呈“千层饼”状,符合地应力分布规律。采空区距离岩组界线较远时,周边应力分布较为均匀,其中各采空区周边最大拉应力分别为0.515 MPa、0.687 MPa、0.310 MPa、0.343 MPa,均比相应的岩组允许最大拉应力0.631 MPa、0.712 MPa、0.897 MPa、0.398 MPa要小。根据最小拉应力判据,各采空区均未发生破坏,且数值模拟计算得到的各采空区周边最大拉应力数值与允许值较为接近,通过数值模拟验证了基于尖点突变理论计算得到的采空区顶板安全厚度理论数值是较为准确的。
综上所述,通过采用传统理论与数值模拟的方法对式(21)的准确性进行验证,表明基于尖点突变理论得到的采空区顶板最小安全厚度是合理及可靠的,可作为矿山处理采空区问题的依据,同时,将尖点突变理论引入采空区顶板安全厚度的研究是可行的。
本文基于尖点突变理论,对大宝山矿采空区顶板安全厚度进行了理论研究与分析,得到如下结论。
(1)通过引进尖点突变理论,建立了采空区顶板厚度研究模型,推导得到了考虑安全系数条件下的采空区顶板最小安全厚度公式,并基于大宝山矿采空区赋存岩性,计算得到了不同跨度条件下各岩组采空区顶板安全厚度理论值。
(2)根据大宝山矿采空区赋存现状,建立了不同岩性条件下的地质模型,采用传统理论与有限元数值模拟的方法对采空区顶板最小安全厚度公式的合理性与可靠性进行了验证,研究结果表明:将尖点突变理论引入采空区顶板安全厚度的研究是可行的,推导得到的顶板最小安全厚度公式是合理且可靠的。
(3)12-618、72−619、35-584、6-618采空区分别赋存于微风化灰岩、微风化次英安斑岩、铜硫矿体、砂岩岩组,基于尖点突变理论计算得到的顶板安全厚度分别为7.3 m、12.5 m、9.5 m、22.1 m,可作为现场采空区处置依据。

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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-05
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    1.广东省大宝山矿业有限公司,广东 韶关市 512127
    2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012

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孙春辉(1994—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学及矿山安全、地质灾害治理研究。E-mail:
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