Article(id=1322595293477061599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260890597, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260890597, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260890597, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260890597, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=196, endPage=205, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595293619667936, articleId=1322595293477061599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Design and Demonstration of Soil Sampling Point Layout Scheme in Mining Activities Affected Area, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mining activities will cause contamination to the mining area and the surrounding soil. Reasonable layout of sampling points is very important for mastering the soil environmental conditions and using remote sensing to invert the spatial pattern of soil contamination. Taking an iron mine area in Luanzhou and the surrounding area affected by mining activities as the sampling area, according to the principle of zoning control, the study area was divided into mining activities directly affected area and mining activities indirectly affected area. The classical statistical analysis method was used to calculate the reasonable sampling number and layout the sampling grid. Based on landscape diversity index and weighted average method, the layout scheme of soil heavy metal monitoring sampling points was designed. The results show that 215 sampling points are calculated by reasonable sampling number in different precision partitions. Among them, 34 grids are selected by landscape diversity index in mining activities directly affected area, and a total of 196 sampling points are allocated. The mining activities indirectly affected area uses the weighted average method to allocate 19 sampling points through the area of land-use type. After different precision, different methods to determine the distribution of forest land sampling number 39, farmland sampling number 95, bare land sampling number 20, river beach sampling number 16, tailings and mining area stope sampling number 45. The sampling scheme is based on remote sensing images, combined with the geographical location of the study area and the distribution characteristics of land-use types, taking into account the actual situation of sampling costs, which helps to reduce the sampling workload. There may be uncertain factors such as mining activities, topography and hydrology in the actual sampling work, so the sampling scheme needs to be adjusted in combination with the on-site situation.

, authors=Yintong ZHANG1, Lina GUO1, 2, 3, Yuna JIA1, Ling WANG1, Liuna GUO1, Haihong GU1, authorsList=Yintong ZHANG, Lina GUO, Yuna JIA, Ling WANG, Liuna GUO, Haihong GU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lina GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595297344209912, articleId=1322595293477061599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=矿业活动影响区土壤采样点布设方案设计与实证, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

矿业活动会对矿区及周边土壤造成污染,合理布设采样点对于掌握土壤环境状况、利用遥感反演土壤污染空间格局至关重要。以滦州市某铁矿矿区及周边受矿业活动影响的区域为采样区,按照分区控制原则,将研究区划分为矿业活动直接影响区和矿业活动间接影响区,利用经典统计分析方法计算合理采样数并布设采样格网,基于景观多样性指数和加权平均法,设计土壤重金属监测采样点的布设方案。结果表明:通过不同精度分区合理采样数计算得到215个采样点,其中矿业活动直接影响区通过景观多样性指数筛选出34个格网,共分配196个采样点;矿业活动间接影响区则直接利用加权平均法,通过土地利用类型面积分配19个采样点;经过不同精度、不同方法确定分配林地采样数39个、耕地采样数95个、裸地采样数20个、河滩地采样数16个、尾矿库和矿区采场采样数45个。采样方案基于遥感影像,结合研究区自身地理位置及土地利用类型分布特点,兼顾采样成本等实际情况设计,有助于减少采样工作量。实际采样工作中可能存在矿业活动、地形、水文等不确定因素,因此采样方案还需结合现场情况进行调整。

, authors=张寅桐1, 郭力娜1, 2, 3, 贾玉娜1, 王玲1, 郭柳娜1, 谷海红1, authorsList=张寅桐, 郭力娜, 贾玉娜, 王玲, 郭柳娜, 谷海红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭力娜, authorNote=

张寅桐(1999—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属研究。E-mail:

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郭力娜(1980—),女,河北石家庄人,博士,副教授,主要从事土地利用研究。E-mail:
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张寅桐(1999—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属研究。E-mail:

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张寅桐(1999—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属研究。E-mail:

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Research on the relationship between landscape pattern changes and human disturbance in urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2024, 14(2):601-611., articleTitle=Research on the relationship between landscape pattern changes and human disturbance in urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595859926205040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=6, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=33, authorNames=MA Biao, LI Quanxi, MAO Zixuan, journalName=Environmental Research Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Biao, LI Quanxi, MAO Zixuan, et al. Analysis of the effect of landscape component classification on landscape diversity index[J]. Environmental Research Communications, 2024, 6(5):055002., articleTitle=Analysis of the effect of landscape component classification on landscape diversity index, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595860039451249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=236, pageEnd=244, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=34, authorNames=岳佳乐, 胡晋山, 郦嘉辉, journalName=金属矿山, refType=null, unstructuredReference=岳佳乐,胡晋山,郦嘉辉,等.基于MAGA-PPC模型的胡家河矿区生态环境质量评价[J].金属矿山,2023(4):236-244., articleTitle=基于MAGA-PPC模型的胡家河矿区生态环境质量评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595860106560114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=236, pageEnd=244, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=YUE Jiale, HU Jinshan, LI Jiahui, journalName=Metal Mine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUE Jiale, HU Jinshan, LI Jiahui, et al. 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Land-use type and area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型面积/m2面积占比/%
河滩地3 786 4814
建设用地32 152 65437
尾矿库、矿区采场10 381 70512
裸地3 988 1374
林地8 725 44310
耕地28 925 63933
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852275794492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土地利用类型及面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型面积/m2面积占比/%
河滩地3 786 4814
建设用地32 152 65437
尾矿库、矿区采场10 381 70512
裸地3 988 1374
林地8 725 44310
耕地28 925 63933
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852342903357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil type and area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型面积/m2面积占比%
潮土12 473 87714
水稻土7 111 6298
褐土22 819 70826
潮褐土46 787 39152
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852422595134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土壤类型及面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型面积/m2面积占比%
潮土12 473 87714
水稻土7 111 6298
褐土22 819 70826
潮褐土46 787 39152
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852489703999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reasonable sampling number of mining activities directly affected area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型置信度P1=95%各精度采样点数量置信度P1=90%各精度采样点数量
Q=0.05Q=1Q=0.15Q=0.05Q=1Q=0.15
河滩地513917473315
尾矿库、矿区采场53281356146
裸地454967644756
林地695177655065
耕地586027545223
合计276227201286196165
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852573590080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矿业活动直接影响区的合理采样数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型置信度P1=95%各精度采样点数量置信度P1=90%各精度采样点数量
Q=0.05Q=1Q=0.15Q=0.05Q=1Q=0.15
河滩地513917473315
尾矿库、矿区采场53281356146
裸地454967644756
林地695177655065
耕地586027545223
合计276227201286196165
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852644893249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Reasonable sampling number of mining activities indirectly affected area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型置信度P1=80%各精度采样点数量置信度P1=70%各精度采样点数量
Q=0.2Q=0.3Q=0.2Q=0.3
林地12574
河滩地2111
耕地5252
合计198147
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852720390722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿业活动间接影响区的合理采样数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型置信度P1=80%各精度采样点数量置信度P1=70%各精度采样点数量
Q=0.2Q=0.3Q=0.2Q=0.3
林地12574
河滩地2111
耕地5252
合计198147
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852787499587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Landscape diversity index of land-use types after grid selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
格网编号SSHDI格网编号SSHDI
10.129 9500.476 6
20.393 2510.589 7
50.552 2521.007 7
60.526 3530.828 9
70.388 2560.428 9
90.688 4570.588 2
100.901 3590.451 9
110.665 9600.818 7
130.504 7610.150 4
180.506 3620.397 5
210.480 7630.479 8
260.479 1660.205 7
270.631 2700.461 0
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852850414148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

格网筛选后土地利用类型景观多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
格网编号SSHDI格网编号SSHDI
10.129 9500.476 6
20.393 2510.589 7
50.552 2521.007 7
60.526 3530.828 9
70.388 2560.428 9
90.688 4570.588 2
100.901 3590.451 9
110.665 9600.818 7
130.504 7610.150 4
180.506 3620.397 5
210.480 7630.479 8
260.479 1660.205 7
270.631 2700.461 0
), ArticleFig(id=1322595852913328709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Landscape diversity index of soil types after grid selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
格网编号SSHDI格网编号SSHDI
70.139 5510.708 2
100.170 5520.455 0
110.350 4560.210 7
130.693 0570.616 9
140.674 0580.675 2
150.604 0590.329 6
170.496 0600.062 0
180.691 8610.321 5
230.692 4620.409 7
240.672 6630.602 9
250.597 0670.693 1
260.689 5710.476 3
500.479 6
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格网筛选后土壤类型景观多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
格网编号SSHDI格网编号SSHDI
70.139 5510.708 2
100.170 5520.455 0
110.350 4560.210 7
130.693 0570.616 9
140.674 0580.675 2
150.604 0590.329 6
170.496 0600.062 0
180.691 8610.321 5
230.692 4620.409 7
240.672 6630.602 9
250.597 0670.693 1
260.689 5710.476 3
500.479 6
), ArticleFig(id=1322595853072712263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Distribution results of sampling points in each grid

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格网编号采样点数量/个格网编号采样点数量/个
16263
26276
56503
66513
73526
93533
103563
113576
133586
146593
153603
173616
183626
213636
233663
243673
253703
), ArticleFig(id=1322595853144015432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各格网内采样点分配结果

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格网编号采样点数量/个格网编号采样点数量/个
16263
26276
56503
66513
73526
93533
103563
113576
133586
146593
153603
173616
183626
213636
233663
243673
253703
), ArticleFig(id=1322595853215318601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Distribution results of sampling points in mining activities indirectly affected area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型采样点数量/个面积占比/%格网编号
耕地137030、31、32、35、36、37、40、42、45、46、47
林地31541、43、44
河滩地31533、38、39
), ArticleFig(id=1322595854888845898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595293477061599, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

矿业活动间接影响区采样点分配结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型采样点数量/个面积占比/%格网编号
耕地137030、31、32、35、36、37、40、42、45、46、47
林地31541、43、44
河滩地31533、38、39
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矿业活动影响区土壤采样点布设方案设计与实证
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张寅桐 1 , 郭力娜 1, 2, 3 , 贾玉娜 1 , 王玲 1 , 郭柳娜 1 , 谷海红 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(3): 196-205
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (3) : 196 -205
矿业活动影响区土壤采样点布设方案设计与实证
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张寅桐1 , 郭力娜1, 2, 3 , 贾玉娜1, 王玲1, 郭柳娜1, 谷海红1
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 2.华北理工大学 矿产资源绿色开发与生态修复协同创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 3.河北省矿区生态修复产业技术研究院,河北 唐山市 063210
通讯作者:
郭力娜(1980—),女,河北石家庄人,博士,副教授,主要从事土地利用研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张寅桐(1999—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属研究。E-mail:

Design and Demonstration of Soil Sampling Point Layout Scheme in Mining Activities Affected Area
Yintong ZHANG1 , Lina GUO1, 2, 3 , Yuna JIA1, Ling WANG1, Liuna GUO1, Haihong GU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Development and Ecological Restoration of Mineral Resources, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 3.Hebei Industrial Technology Institute of Mine Ecological Remediation, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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矿业活动会对矿区及周边土壤造成污染,合理布设采样点对于掌握土壤环境状况、利用遥感反演土壤污染空间格局至关重要。以滦州市某铁矿矿区及周边受矿业活动影响的区域为采样区,按照分区控制原则,将研究区划分为矿业活动直接影响区和矿业活动间接影响区,利用经典统计分析方法计算合理采样数并布设采样格网,基于景观多样性指数和加权平均法,设计土壤重金属监测采样点的布设方案。结果表明:通过不同精度分区合理采样数计算得到215个采样点,其中矿业活动直接影响区通过景观多样性指数筛选出34个格网,共分配196个采样点;矿业活动间接影响区则直接利用加权平均法,通过土地利用类型面积分配19个采样点;经过不同精度、不同方法确定分配林地采样数39个、耕地采样数95个、裸地采样数20个、河滩地采样数16个、尾矿库和矿区采场采样数45个。采样方案基于遥感影像,结合研究区自身地理位置及土地利用类型分布特点,兼顾采样成本等实际情况设计,有助于减少采样工作量。实际采样工作中可能存在矿业活动、地形、水文等不确定因素,因此采样方案还需结合现场情况进行调整。

矿区土壤  /  经典统计分析  /  景观多样性指数  /  采样点布设

Mining activities will cause contamination to the mining area and the surrounding soil. Reasonable layout of sampling points is very important for mastering the soil environmental conditions and using remote sensing to invert the spatial pattern of soil contamination. Taking an iron mine area in Luanzhou and the surrounding area affected by mining activities as the sampling area, according to the principle of zoning control, the study area was divided into mining activities directly affected area and mining activities indirectly affected area. The classical statistical analysis method was used to calculate the reasonable sampling number and layout the sampling grid. Based on landscape diversity index and weighted average method, the layout scheme of soil heavy metal monitoring sampling points was designed. The results show that 215 sampling points are calculated by reasonable sampling number in different precision partitions. Among them, 34 grids are selected by landscape diversity index in mining activities directly affected area, and a total of 196 sampling points are allocated. The mining activities indirectly affected area uses the weighted average method to allocate 19 sampling points through the area of land-use type. After different precision, different methods to determine the distribution of forest land sampling number 39, farmland sampling number 95, bare land sampling number 20, river beach sampling number 16, tailings and mining area stope sampling number 45. The sampling scheme is based on remote sensing images, combined with the geographical location of the study area and the distribution characteristics of land-use types, taking into account the actual situation of sampling costs, which helps to reduce the sampling workload. There may be uncertain factors such as mining activities, topography and hydrology in the actual sampling work, so the sampling scheme needs to be adjusted in combination with the on-site situation.

Mining soil  /  Classical statistical analysis  /  Landscape diversity index  /  Sampling point layout
张寅桐, 郭力娜, 贾玉娜, 王玲, 郭柳娜, 谷海红. 矿业活动影响区土壤采样点布设方案设计与实证. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 196 -205 .
Yintong ZHANG, Lina GUO, Yuna JIA, Ling WANG, Liuna GUO, Haihong GU. Design and Demonstration of Soil Sampling Point Layout Scheme in Mining Activities Affected Area[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 196 -205 .
矿产资源开发会将选别后排出的尾矿等废弃物存放在尾矿库中,随着尾矿的堆积,对矿区周边土壤污染的风险增大[1-2]。因此对矿区及周边土壤中重金属的赋存情况进行调查、检测,有助于了解土壤污染现状[3-4]。对于重金属检测,无论是常规实验室化验还是遥感反演,都需要进行现场采样[5]。根据采样目的和条件的不同,采样方法也有不同。如简单随机采样[6]、分区采样[7]等方法简单易行,常用于环境或人为因素影响很少或者没有的区域;空间采样方法中的拉丁超立方抽样是基于空间填充技术的,它满足投影特性,也就是设计变量空间内的样本点在每一维上的投影都是均匀分布的,可以在少量点的情况下更加充分地探索整个设计变量空间[8-9]。而在确定土壤重金属合理采样数目时,采样单元的选择很重要,不同的土壤采样单元直接影响土壤采样区域面积及采样数目[10]。为了确保土壤采样数据的准确性以及合理节约采样成本,这就需要在采样前期工作中,对采样方法和采样单元进行详细设计,以满足实际工作的要求[11]。采样方案设计不仅会在采样时提高采样效率,保证采样质量,还对空间插值[12]结果或遥感反演[13]的准确性有良好支撑作用。本研究以滦州市某铁矿区为例,对矿区及周边区域土壤重金属监测进行采样方案设计,运用格网法与景观多样性指数法确定并筛选采样格网,利用经典统计分析方法和分层抽样原理,确定合理采样数并分配至各采样格网中。
研究区位于河北省唐山市滦州市境内,采样区面积约为90 km2,如图1(颜色标识见电子版)所示,地势呈现西北高东南低态势。该铁矿区处冀东矿脉,属鞍山式沉积变质铁矿床,其资源量约占冀东铁矿资源总量的六分之一,矿石资源总储量为23.48 亿 t,具有重要的经济意义和资源战略地位[14]。研究区铁尾矿成分复杂,含有20余种元素,其中,Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Cu等重金属元素可能对环境造成影响。
遥感数据用于土地利用分类,本研究采用由珠海航宇微科技股份有限公司发射并运营的商业遥感微纳卫星星座。整个星座由34颗卫星组成,空间分辨率为10 m,离地高度为500 km,质量为67 kg,成像范围为150 km×2 500 km,谱段数为32个,光谱分辨率为2.5 nm,波谱范围为400~1 000 nm,运行轨道为98°。
研究借助2021年珠海一号遥感影像数据,通过目视解译,将采样区的土地利用类型分为建设用地、林地、河滩地、尾矿库、矿区采场、耕地、裸地7类,分类参照《土地利用现状分类》(GB/T 21010—2007),并结合实际情况确定,如图2所示。
根据表1分析发现,研究区土地利用类型中建设用地、耕地、林地和尾矿库、矿区采场面积占比较大,其中耕地面积占比为33%,与建设用地交错分布,建设用地又分为城市建设用地和农村居民点建设用地两类,分别分布在研究区中部和南部;林地主要分布在北部山区,面积占比为10%;尾矿库和矿区采场分布于研究区北部和南部两端。除此之外,还有一条纵贯整个研究区的河滩地,其面积占比最小,约为4%。
基于上述土地利用现状,同时考虑土壤重金属污染空间扩散规律,为提高采样效率,进一步将采样区划分为两个采样区(见图2),其中,靠近尾矿库、矿区采场的区域,主要是以尾矿库、矿区采场为中心的缓冲半径约为4 km的周边地区,设置为矿业活动直接影响区,位于研究区南北两端;距离研究区南北两端较远的中间区域则设置为矿业活动间接影响区。
土壤类型数据用于计算单位格网内景观多样性指数,以达到采样格网筛选的目的。土壤类型数据获取于中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(www.resdc.cn)的中国土壤类型空间分布数据,中国土壤类型空间分布数据根据全国土壤普查办公室于1995年编制并出版的《1:100 万中华人民共和国土壤图》数字化生成,采用了传统的“土壤发生分类”系统,基本制图单元为亚类。土壤属性数据库记录数达2 647条,属性数据项有16个,基本覆盖了全国各种类型土壤及其主要属性特征。
研究区土壤类型主要包含潮土、水稻土、褐土和潮褐土4类,见图3和表2,其中潮褐土面积占比约为52%,多分布在中南部地区;褐土面积占比为26%,主要分布于北部和中部地区;潮土和水稻土面积占比较小,分别为14%和8%,位于研究区南部和北部地区。
为保证采样效率、精度以及采样点的代表性,研究按以下思路对采样方案进行整体设计,如图4所示。
(1)合理设置采样分区。当采样区面积较大或存在多个污染源时,此时全区域采用相同精度进行采样点布设,可能会导致数据冗余,增加工作量和采样成本。在保证精度的情况下,为合理节约成本,同时鉴于研究区南北狭长且中部区域受尾矿库、矿区采场影响较南、北两部分小的实际情况,将研究区进一步划分为两个采样分区,即图2中的矿业活动直接影响区和矿业活动间接影响区。
(2)科学估算合理采样数。采样点的数量是影响后续空间分析的关键。如果采样点数量不足,可能会导致研究结果不准确;而采样点数目过多,不仅会导致数据冗余,还会增加采样和试验成本。因此研究分层抽样和合理取样数计算方法,并对采样点数量进行数学估算,可以保证采样点数量的科学性和合理性。
(3)合理布设采样点。采样点位置的选择是保证采样点代表性的关键,也是保证采样方案落地执行的关键。为进一步明确采样点落地方案,本研究首先构建覆盖整个研究区的采样格网,然后根据格网的土地利用类型和土壤类型多样性景观指数,筛选适合布设采样点的格网,最后根据前期计算的合理采样数并按照一定的分配原则将采样点合理分配到相应格网中。
矿区及周边土壤重金属采样点数量计算采用经典统计方法,以土地利用类型为相互独立的随机变量组,确定合理的采样数。采样方案设计将研究区内土地利用类型作为相互独立的随机变量可以成立,加之确定采样点要突出代表性、公平性并排除人为主观因素的干扰,利用统计的方式确定其“合理取样数”[15]。
假定从均值μ、方差σ2的总体中抽取n个样本,其平均值为Xn,随机变量总体的方差σ2是未知的,只能用样本方差S2代替。这时随机变量(Xn−μ)/(S2/n)1/2服从t分布,即:
式中:Δ表示某个特定精度;P1为事件P{|Xn−μ|≤Δ}=P1的概率P要达到的置信水平;λaf表示t分布的特征值,可由显著性水平α=1−P1和自由度f=n−1查t分布表得到。
此时合理采样数M为:
公式(2)是实际计算用的公式,其中Δ=μ·Q(Q是在置信度P1下,随机变量对于数学期望的偏差,分别取5%、10%)。若M>n,说明合理采样数较实际采样数增加;若M<n,则合理采样数较实际数减少。如果计算所得样本数大于总样本容量n的10%,则用下式计算:
按照分层抽样原理,以土地利用类型为分层标志分层抽取。将总体按照一定的标志加以分层,然后独立地在各层内抽样,由各层的样本单位组成一个样本。如果设总体含有N个单位,将总体划分为K层,第i层的总体单位数为Ni(i=1,2,3,⋯,K),则有N1+N2+⋯+Nk=N。从各层总体Ni中随机抽取样本单位数ni,那么n=n1+n2+⋯+nk[16]。
根据式(2)、式(3)计算不同采样分区中各土地利用类型的理论合理采样数,计算结果分别见表3和表4。分析计算结果发现,在置信水平相同的情况下,精度降低,合理采样数减少;在同一精度下,置信水平提高,合理采样数增加,这与精度高、误差小,精度低、误差大的规律相符合。
研究区主要污染源为位于南北两端的尾矿库和矿区采场,中部城区距离尾矿库及矿区采场距离较远。考虑采样区地理位置、自然地理条件,以及研究区内部交通条件和通达性,最终确定矿业活动直接影响区合理采样总数为196个(P1=90%,Q=0.1),矿业活动间接影响区合理采样总数为19个(P1=80%,Q=0.2),共计215个。
合理采样数计算时以土地利用类型为分层抽样单元,理论上将计算结果逐次分配到各土地利用类型后采样是合理的,但并不完全符合实际需求,这是因为各土地利用类型面积差异较大,如果按照理论计算结果分配和布设采样点,会导致不同土地利用类型采样点密度差异变大,而且有些土地利用类型虽然面积占比大,但距离污染源比较远所以并不需要太多采样点。因此,本研究将上述矿业活动直接影响区和矿业活动间接影响区的合理采样总数用于后续采样点布设,一方面可以保证采样点数量充足,另一方面又能保证采样点布设符合实际需求。
(1)分区控制原则:分区分别布设。因距污染源距离不同而划分的两个具有不同采样精度的采样区,也是分区布设采样点的依据。需要依据各分区计算的合理采样数,分别按照各分区特点分配和布设相应数量的采样点。
(2)代表性原则:土地利用类型/土壤类型全覆盖采样点的布设要具有代表性,特别是要保证其在不同土地利用类型/土壤类型上的全覆盖,也可为后续研究土壤重金属的空间分布规律和环境效益提供更具针对性的采样数据。
(3)数量充足原则:采样点数量与面积相匹配,采样点一方面要具有代表性,另一方面还要保证其数量与所代表的类型的面积匹配,即某一类型面积占比大,相应地在该类型上布设的采样点数量多于其他类型,避免采样数不足造成结果偏差。
(4)结合实际原则:兼顾采样半径与一次采样时长理论,采样点数量越多越有助于提高研究精度;然而实际工作中采样成本和工作量也是不可忽视的因素。在保证采样点数量充足的情况下,合理规划采样路径、一次采样作业时间从而节约采样成本也是采样方案设计需要考虑的问题。
采样方案若要更好地指导实际采样工作,采样点的数量不仅要提前估算,采样点的空间分布也需要提前设计。基于此,方案设计借鉴地图分幅方法,结合采样区轮廓和实际采样时长半小时的活动距离,采用2个0.9 km的规则矩形格网构建覆盖全域的10行×10列的采样格网,去除空白格网后,采样区被划分为71个格网单元[17]。根据后续研究需要又进一步将这71个格网按照“左至右、下至上”的顺序进行编号,其中编号1~28和编号43~71覆盖矿业活动直接影响区采样格网,编号29~44和编号47~50覆盖“矿业活动间接影响区”采样格网。最终覆盖研究区的采样格网布设结果见图5。
(1)排除法。根据采样点布设的分区控制原则,同时鉴于矿业活动间接区采样点数量远低于直接影响区,故先将矿业活动间接影响区涉及的格网后续单独处理。由于矿业活动直接影响区中尾矿库、矿区采场和河滩地的特殊性,其空间分布较为集中,该区域按照原定采样计划进行采样,可能会导致布点“局部密,整体疏”的现象,因此将该区域作为一个“特殊区域”单独处理,排除矿业活动直接影响区格网内尾矿库、矿区采场以及河滩地面积占比超过50%的格网,以及建设用地面积占比超过50%的格网。
(2)景观多样性指数法。对排除后剩余的格网,依据采样点布设的代表性原则和数量充足原则,基于景观多样性指数法[18-19],逐次筛选格网内土地利用类型/土壤类型景观多样性指数大于0的格网,并将其作为采样格网。景观多样性指数的计算公式为:
式中:Vi表示类型i在格网景观中出现的频率(本研究以该类型面积占格网总面积的比例来估算);m表示格网景观中类别总数;SSHDI表示格网内土地利用类型/土壤类型多样性指数[20-21]。
首先排除未覆盖研究区的格网,以及矿业活动直接影响区格网内尾矿库、矿区采场和建设用地面积占比超过50%的格网,其次通过土地利用和土壤类型景观多样性指数进行计算,计算结果分别见表5和表6,排除土地利用类型或土壤类型均呈现单一分布情况的格网,土地利用类型和土壤类型景观多样性指数同时为0;由于编号71的格网单元内研究区面积过小,编号60的格网单元内除尾矿库外,剩余部分面积相对较大,因此将其调整为编号60的格网单元;编号24和编号25格网内建设用地面积均超过格网面积的一半,但这两个格网土壤类型的SSHDI>0,因此将编号24和编号25格网选为监测格网,经过筛选最终确定基本格网单元。
依据分区控制原则和代表性原则,以及合理采样数计算和网格筛选结果,矿业活动直接影响区共有196个采样点待分配,其中尾矿库、矿区采场和河滩地作为“特殊区域”单独进行布设。通过土地利用类型面积占比分配至该区域内的58个采样点,尾矿库、矿区采场分配45个采样点,河滩地分配13个采样点。根据其所在格网编号和整体轮廓,尾矿库、矿区采场的采样点随机布设在格网编号为4、5、11、12、13、19、20、21、50、51、52、53、58、59、60、61内尾矿库、矿区采场所在区域;河滩地则在格网编号为7、8、14、15、16、21、22、27、28、44、45、46、53、54、55、62、63、64内河滩地所在区域按照1.5 km的距离进行等距离布设。
剩余的138个采样点则按照格网法平均分配到矿业活动直接影响区所在格网内,由于一些格网内土地利用类型面积不及格网面积一半,如按照该方法布设采样点,采样点密度较高,可能导致数据冗余,因此这些区域格网的合理采样点数量为原来的一半,配置采样点数量结果见表7。
依据分区控制原则和代表性原则,由于矿业活动间接影响区土地利用类型和土壤类型较为单一,且空间分布较为集中,同时采样点布设精度要求较矿业活动直接影响区低,因此该区域直接利用加权平均法,将计算出的19个合理采样数按照土地利用类型面积占比,随机且均匀分布至矿业活动间接影响区所在格网内各土地利用类型中,分配结果见表8。
从表8中可以看出,经过合理采样数分配,最终确定林地分配采样数39个、耕地分配采样数95个、裸地分配采样数20个、河滩地分配采样数16个、尾矿库和矿区采场分配采样数45个,其中尾矿库20个、矿区采场25个。全部土地利用类型中,耕地面积占比最大,相应分配的采样数越多,裸地与河滩地面积占比最小,分配的采样点也最少;由于可能存在的主要污染源为尾矿库和矿区采场,该区域的采样点布设相对较密。依据以往采样经验,尾矿库中心区域为倾倒尾砂的区域,因此该地区不能进行采样,因此将尾矿库的采样点调整至尾矿库坝区域。最终采样区分配结果如图6所示。
依照前文的采样方案设计,针对筛选后的格网单元进行实地采样,将预先布设好的采样点坐标信息导入卓林科技A8手持GPS中,按照采样格网编号顺序,进行点位导航,采集对应点位土壤样品,并测量实际采样点位坐标信息。由于暂时不涉及到矿业活动间接影响区的相关研究,因此本次采样工作仅对矿业活动直接影响区进行土壤样品采集,共采集196个采样点,采样点位所属土地利用类型包括耕地、河滩地、矿区采场、尾矿库等多种类型。
在采集的196个土壤样品中,139个采样点位可达性高,采样难度低,准确地按照各点位预设的采样格网单元进行采集,约占全部采样点的71%;57个采样点未能按照预设的采样格网单元进行采集,占比达到29%,主要包括以下情况。
编号1格网单元为矿区的铁路运输设施,无法在该区域进行土壤样品采集,并且矿区采场内,存在众多施工作业区域和无法到达的区域,因此该区域中众多采样点并不能按照采样方案布设的采样点位置进行准确采样,故将该格网内的采样点改设在相邻格网内采集;研究区北部多为山地地形,一些点位预设到陡峭的倾斜区域和受沟壑侵蚀的地区,出于安全与采样成本的考虑,故将这些点改至易到达的山坡或相邻格网内进行采集;
采样区为滦河流经区域,在河滩地采样过程中,一些点位已经被河水淹没,无法采集,因此这些采样点调整至附近或其他格网中相同土地利用类型的区域;采样区存在一些水稻田,在布设采样点时,没能很好地了解耕种情况,故将这些点调整至水稻田以外的附近区域,条件限制区域如图7所示。
本次采样方案设计的采样区为滦州市的非城镇区域,城市化建设水平较低,其南部地形平坦空旷,土地利用类型多为耕地,预设采样点可达性较高,在采样过程中能够很好地保证实际采样点位置的准确性,但采样区土地利用类型丰富,并且包括矿区及附属设施在内,影响采样点位精度的不确定因素也较多,主要包括以下因素。
(1)矿业活动因素。研究区包含矿区采场和尾矿库,在对该区域进行采样时,矿区采场和尾矿库内存在众多施工作业区域和无法到达的区域,因此需要临时调整局部区域的采样点采集方案,选在施工作业区以外,与其他采样点保持一定距离,在安全采样的前提下保证采样点密度。
(2)地形因素。山地地形往往起伏不平,坡度较大,这种地形特征不仅增加了采样点选择和定位的难度,还可能影响采样设备的稳定性和操作难度。
(3)水文因素。由于滦河流经本次采样区,土壤中的重金属可能通过雨水冲刷、地表径流等自然过程进入河流,因此河滩地作为本次采样区一个特有的土地利用类型,对该土地利用类型的土壤进行研究具有重要意义。在样品采集过程中可能会因为影像与实际采样时间存在差异,不同时间河流量不同,预设采样点可能会存在被河水淹没的情况,导致采样点的调整、移位。
(4)农业活动因素。一方面农业活动如耕作、种植、施肥等会改变土壤的结构和肥力,这可能会影响到土壤采样的结果;另一方面由于研究区存在水稻田,一些水稻田未进行排水工作,采样难度较大。
以滦州市某铁矿矿区及周边受矿业活动影响的区域为采样区,根据分区控制原则,将研究区划分为矿业活动直接影响区和矿业活动间接影响区,利用经典统计分析方法计算合理采样数并布设采样格网,基于景观多样性指数和加权平均法,设计土壤重金属监测采样点的布设方案。
(1)以土地利用类型为独立的随机变量,经过合理采样数公式计算,确定矿业活动直接影响区的合理采样总数为196个(P1=90%,Q=0.1),矿业活动间接影响区的合理采样总数为19个(P1=80%,Q=0.2)。
(2)矿业活动直接影响区通过景观多样性指数筛选出34个格网,共分配196个采样点;矿业活动间接影响区则直接利用加权平均法,通过土地利用类型面积分配19个采样点。
(3)经过不同精度、不同方法确定分配林地采样数39个、耕地采样数95个、裸地采样数20个、河滩地采样数16个、尾矿库和矿区采场采样数45个,其中尾矿库20个、矿区采场25个。
(4)本次采样方案基于遥感影像,结合研究区自身地理位置及土地利用类型分布特点,兼顾采样成本等实际情况进行设计,能有效减少采样工作量。但实际采样工作中可能存在矿业活动、地形、水文、农业活动等不确定因素,因此采样方案还需结合现场情况进行调整。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52204186)
  • 河北省自然科学基金项目(E2022209119)
  • 河北省教育厅青年基金项目(QN2020149)
  • 唐山市应用基础研究科技计划项目(21130204C)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52204186)
河北省自然科学基金项目(E2022209119)
河北省教育厅青年基金项目(QN2020149)
唐山市应用基础研究科技计划项目(21130204C)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    2.华北理工大学 矿产资源绿色开发与生态修复协同创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
    3.河北省矿区生态修复产业技术研究院,河北 唐山市 063210

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郭力娜(1980—),女,河北石家庄人,博士,副教授,主要从事土地利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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