Article(id=1322595218331906902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710518400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260872681, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260872681, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260872681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260872681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=213, endPage=225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595218558399319, articleId=1322595218331906902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Feasibility Study on Using Filling Roadway as Mine Cooling Heat Sink, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increase of mine depth, the heat damage becomes more and more obvious. It is difficult to meet the cooling demand of deep mines only by optimizing ventilation. The key to mine cooling by using refrigeration cycle is to choose a reasonable heat sink (cold source). Taking the demand of heat damage control in a gold mine in Guizhou as the background, based on the concept of energy tunnel, it was proposed to use the filled abandoned roadway as a cold source to receive the heat transferred from the fresh air inlet or the underground working face, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling the underground space. The thermal physical parameters of filling materials of abandoned roadway and surrounding rock were measured, and the cold source model of abandoned roadway was established. The 20-year operation was simulated, and the outlet water temperature, heat transfer power and system energy efficiency under two operating modes and three heat exchange tube layout scenarios were obtained. The results show that only by increasing the number of heat exchange tubes, the technical and economic indicators cannot be significantly improved. The intermittent operation mode can alleviate the heat accumulation of the heat sink and improve the heat transfer intensity of per unit tube length, which is conducive to the long-term stable operation of the system. According to the cooling load of the working face, the scrap power threshold is set, and the total heat storage of the heat sink within the service life is calculated. Combined with the heat transfer intensity of per unit tube length, the feasibility of different application scenarios are compared and evaluated. The research results provide a new idea for the reuse of abandoned mine space and the treatment of underground heat damage.

, authors=Jie ZHAO1, Kaiyue JIN1, Peng PEI1, Long TANG2, authorsList=Jie ZHAO, Kaiyue JIN, Peng PEI, Long TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng PEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595226577908632, articleId=1322595218331906902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=利用充填巷道作矿井降温热汇的可行性研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着矿井深度的增加,热害愈加明显,仅通过优化通风的方式难以满足深部矿井的降温需求。利用制冷循环对矿井降温的关键是选择合理的热汇(冷源)。以贵州某金矿矿井热害治理需求为背景,基于能源隧道的概念,提出将充填后的废弃巷道作为冷源接收从新风入口或井下工作面转移的热量,从而达到对井下空间降温的目的。测量了废弃巷道充填材料和围岩的热物性参数,并建立了废弃巷道冷源模型。模拟了20 a时长的运行,得到了两种的运行模式和三种换热管布局场景下的出口水温、换热功率和系统能效。研究表明:仅通过增加换热管数量,并不能明显地提升技术经济指标;间歇运行模式可以缓解热汇的热堆积,并提高单位管长换热强度,有利于系统的长期稳定运行。根据工作面冷负荷设置了报废功率阈值,计算了服务年限内热汇的蓄热总量,并结合单位管长换热强度,对比评价了不同应用场景的可行性。研究结果对废弃矿井空间再利用以及井下热害治理提供了一种新的思路。

, authors=赵杰1, 金开玥1, 裴鹏1, 唐龙2, authorsList=赵杰, 金开玥, 裴鹏, 唐龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=裴鹏, authorNote=

赵杰(2000—),男,山东菏泽人,硕士,主要从事浅层地温能开采方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
裴鹏(1982—),男,贵州贵阳人,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳封存与浅层地温能开采方面的研究。E-mail:
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赵杰(2000—),男,山东菏泽人,硕士,主要从事浅层地温能开采方面的研究。E-mail:

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赵杰(2000—),男,山东菏泽人,硕士,主要从事浅层地温能开采方面的研究。E-mail:

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Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 100: 421-433., articleTitle=A numerical study on the sustainability and efficiency of borehole heat exchanger coupled ground source heat pump systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322595235377558507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, awardId=黔科合支撑〔2022〕一般232, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技支撑计划项目(黔科合支撑〔2022〕一般232), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322595226770846617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595226779235226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, companyId=1322595226770846617, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Mines, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595226787623835, 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ArticleFig(id=1322595234786161636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, language=CN, label=图21, caption=三管间歇运行模式的单位管长换热强度, figureFileSmall=mgzHg9X5iQXWVQ+2PFwCKg==, figureFileBig=ReIKNXNDACNe50SJuNkRTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595234878436325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Theoretical calculation results of heat dissipation of main equipment in single working face

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
凿岩台车铲运机装药车喷浆车混凝土罐车
16.5103.576.516.576.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322595234953933798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单工作面主要设备散热量理论计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
凿岩台车铲运机装药车喷浆车混凝土罐车
16.5103.576.516.576.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322595235037819879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Theoretical calculation results of heat dissipation of main processes in single working face

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
凿岩+锚杆支护出渣装药混凝土支护
16.5103.576.593.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322595235109123048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单工作面主要工序散热量理论计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
凿岩+锚杆支护出渣装药混凝土支护
16.5103.576.593.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322595235197203433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Theoretical values of temperature rise of working faces in different processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
凿岩+锚杆支护出渣装药喷射混凝土支护
2.697.826.237.20
), ArticleFig(id=1322595235281089514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595218331906902, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各作业工序作业面温度升高理论值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
凿岩+锚杆支护出渣装药喷射混凝土支护
2.697.826.237.20
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利用充填巷道作矿井降温热汇的可行性研究
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赵杰 1 , 金开玥 1 , 裴鹏 1 , 唐龙 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(2): 213-225
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (2) : 213 -225
利用充填巷道作矿井降温热汇的可行性研究
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赵杰1 , 金开玥1, 裴鹏1 , 唐龙2
作者信息
  • 1.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2.中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院,江苏 徐州市 221116
通讯作者:
裴鹏(1982—),男,贵州贵阳人,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳封存与浅层地温能开采方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

赵杰(2000—),男,山东菏泽人,硕士,主要从事浅层地温能开采方面的研究。E-mail:

Feasibility Study on Using Filling Roadway as Mine Cooling Heat Sink
Jie ZHAO1 , Kaiyue JIN1, Peng PEI1 , Long TANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mines, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
  • 2.School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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随着矿井深度的增加,热害愈加明显,仅通过优化通风的方式难以满足深部矿井的降温需求。利用制冷循环对矿井降温的关键是选择合理的热汇(冷源)。以贵州某金矿矿井热害治理需求为背景,基于能源隧道的概念,提出将充填后的废弃巷道作为冷源接收从新风入口或井下工作面转移的热量,从而达到对井下空间降温的目的。测量了废弃巷道充填材料和围岩的热物性参数,并建立了废弃巷道冷源模型。模拟了20 a时长的运行,得到了两种的运行模式和三种换热管布局场景下的出口水温、换热功率和系统能效。研究表明:仅通过增加换热管数量,并不能明显地提升技术经济指标;间歇运行模式可以缓解热汇的热堆积,并提高单位管长换热强度,有利于系统的长期稳定运行。根据工作面冷负荷设置了报废功率阈值,计算了服务年限内热汇的蓄热总量,并结合单位管长换热强度,对比评价了不同应用场景的可行性。研究结果对废弃矿井空间再利用以及井下热害治理提供了一种新的思路。

矿井热害  /  废弃充填巷道  /  换热功率  /  数值模拟

With the increase of mine depth, the heat damage becomes more and more obvious. It is difficult to meet the cooling demand of deep mines only by optimizing ventilation. The key to mine cooling by using refrigeration cycle is to choose a reasonable heat sink (cold source). Taking the demand of heat damage control in a gold mine in Guizhou as the background, based on the concept of energy tunnel, it was proposed to use the filled abandoned roadway as a cold source to receive the heat transferred from the fresh air inlet or the underground working face, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling the underground space. The thermal physical parameters of filling materials of abandoned roadway and surrounding rock were measured, and the cold source model of abandoned roadway was established. The 20-year operation was simulated, and the outlet water temperature, heat transfer power and system energy efficiency under two operating modes and three heat exchange tube layout scenarios were obtained. The results show that only by increasing the number of heat exchange tubes, the technical and economic indicators cannot be significantly improved. The intermittent operation mode can alleviate the heat accumulation of the heat sink and improve the heat transfer intensity of per unit tube length, which is conducive to the long-term stable operation of the system. According to the cooling load of the working face, the scrap power threshold is set, and the total heat storage of the heat sink within the service life is calculated. Combined with the heat transfer intensity of per unit tube length, the feasibility of different application scenarios are compared and evaluated. The research results provide a new idea for the reuse of abandoned mine space and the treatment of underground heat damage.

Mine heat damage  /  Abandoned filling roadway  /  Heat transfer power  /  Numerical simulation
赵杰, 金开玥, 裴鹏, 唐龙. 利用充填巷道作矿井降温热汇的可行性研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 213 -225 .
Jie ZHAO, Kaiyue JIN, Peng PEI, Long TANG. Feasibility Study on Using Filling Roadway as Mine Cooling Heat Sink[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 213 -225 .
深部矿井工作面处于地层增温带,因此矿井热害问题较为突出[1]。然而矿井热源还包括其他的工业排热热源。矿井温度升高会使工人身体排汗受阻,水盐平衡失调,长时间处于高温工作状态下,人的操作精确性也会大大降低,容易出现各种失误,造成安全事故[2]。另一方面,在高温高湿度环境中,机电设备运转热量的排放也困难,过高的温度易导致设备损坏[3]。《金属与非金属矿山安全规程》规定[4],人员连续作业场所的湿球温度不高于27 ℃,湿球温度超过30 ℃时应立即停止作业。高温环境中可能发生绝缘受损,矿用机电设备一般温度限制值为40 ℃,矿用隔爆机电设备一般为45 ℃[5],当机电设备在相应阈值温度附近运转时,安全事故发生率会显著提高。目前常见的热害治理方式主要有喷涂隔热层与改善通风条件,这两种降温方式受制于矿井结构限制,往往效果不佳。人工器械制冷有制冰输冷、制冷水输冷等模式[6],但存在系统结构复杂、载热工质传输距离过长、能效较低等问题。因此,低碳节能高效的矿井热害治理技术是绿色矿业可持续发展的重要部分,有助于“双碳”目标的达成[7]。
人工制冷循环具有功率大、降温效果好的特点。制冷循环的原理是将降温对象的热量转移至热汇(也称为冷源),这一热量的转移过程是通过热泵的技术来实现的。因此,在矿井实际生产过程中,可以利用热泵的原理来给高温矿井降温。制冷循环或热泵的原理以逆卡诺循环为基础[8],热汇接收热量的过程也理解为冷源向热源提供冷量的过程。
如图1所示,制冷循环系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器和膨胀阀4个主要部分构成。工质在蒸发器中吸收来自热源的热量,发生相变由液态变为气态。高温的气态工质进入压缩机被提升压力和温度,其对应的饱和温度也被升高。高温高压的气态工质进入温度比其低的冷凝器,由于冷凝器的温度低于工质的饱和温度,工质在冷凝器中释放热量再次发生相变,由气态变为液态,此时热量就被转移给了热汇。然后再通过膨胀阀来降低工质的温度以及压力,使得工质温度低于热源温度,然后再次进入蒸发器吸收热源的热量,完成整个循环[9]。根据逆卡诺循环的原理,热汇温度越低,制冷循环的能效就越高。
矿井井下热源分为自然热源和工业余热。自然热源产生的主要原因有:矿井空气经过自重压缩变成高温高压气体;地下热水涌出对巷道加热;开采深度增加,岩层温度随之升高。工业余热主要有:机电设备运行释放的热量,堆积矿物氧化放出的热量,工作人员放热,爆破放热等[10]。矿井热量从空间上来看,在进风巷,围岩放热占比较多,工业余热占比较少;在工作面,围岩热等自然热占比较小,多为机电设备运转与人员散热等工业余热。从时间上看,矿井建设投产以后,矿井运转时间越久,机械化程度越高,产生的工业余热就越多。
结合上述制冷循环的原理可知,由于矿井降温是单制冷工况,意味着制冷系统只向冷源投入热量,而不取热。这就要求冷源具有合适的热容量,否则长期运行会造成冷源中的热堆积,冷源温度升高,最终影响制冷效果和能效。同时还要求冷源和热源距离不应过远,否则造成系统布局复杂、成本上升。矿井地面和地下可利用的热汇(冷源)包括地面大气、地面水体、地下水体、地下岩体、井下空气等,另外一些小型的可移动式井下制冷设备通常自带水箱作为冷源。上述热汇选项中,在降温需求较高的夏季,地面大气气温较高,会影响系统的制冷效果和能效;地面水体和地下水体的可利用性受当地水文地质条件制约[11];以地下岩体作为冷源则需要在地下空间中建设埋管式换热器,施工难度大,成本较高;而井下空气本身温度较高,会降低制冷效率;可移动式制冷设备的自带水箱较小,导致制冷能力有限,通常只用于局部小范围降温。由此可见,选择合适的冷源是利用制冷循环技术对地下矿井进行降温的关键问题之一[12]。
能源隧道是近年提出的一种地下能源结构技术。将地源热泵与建筑结构构件结合在一起的能源地下结构是可以有效利用浅层地热能的新型节能环保技术之一[13]。能源隧道通过将换热管内嵌于隧道内部结构中[14],以围岩和隧道内空气作为热源,将其中的热量提取出来给地面构筑物供热,具有换热和结构两种作用[15]。由于地下隧道温度高于地面空气温度,其相较于传统空气源热泵节能30%以上,是一种比较节能环保的取热方案[16]。
借鉴能源隧道的原理,本研究提出了在矿井热害治理中,将部分合适的井下空间作为制冷循环中的冷源,实现对采掘工作面等降温的技术路线。不同于以往从能源隧道取热的方式,而是将充填废弃巷道作为热量的蓄积处,将生产过程中的矿井热量转移至低水平巷道,将冷量输送至中深层巷道工作面中,以此达到中深层矿井降温的目的。
本文以贵州某金矿为背景讨论了以充填废弃巷道作为人工制冷系统热汇(冷源)的可行性。目前该金矿50 m水平下存在地温突出问题,且在500 m水平有一计划充填的废弃巷道,且该处地温较为稳定,可将其作为矿井降温的冷源,将工作面的热量通过热泵技术转移至废弃巷道[17]。
本研究中测定了充填体、围岩以及混凝土热物性参数,建立了数值仿真模型,设置5种换热管运行模式以研究制冷系统运行20 a场景下的冷源换热状态。通过系统的持续或间歇运行模式,以及多U埋管和单U管布置的换热功率差异,讨论了利用热泵技术对矿井降温的可行性。根据工作面冷负荷设置了报废功率阈值,计算了服务年限内热汇的蓄热总量,并结合单位管长换热强度的概念,对比评价了不同应用场景的可行性。
研究矿区地处贵州北盘江与洛帆河分水岭地带,矿区主要地表水体有北盘江和洛帆河。此外还有次级水系,水系呈树枝状分布,多数冲沟常年有水,水量受季节影响较大。
矿区属亚热带温暧湿润季风气候区,夏季炎热,进风流温度高于围岩温度,热害尤为突出。由于该地的夏季温度较高,若使用以地表空气作为冷源的常规空调系统会存在运行能耗效率较低的问题。而受山区地形限制,矿区及附近缺少可以作为冷源的地表水体。
依托地质探矿钻孔进行地温梯度测量,实测结果表明,地表往下6~32.7 m为变温带,32.7~34.8 m为恒温带,34.8 m以下为增温带,地温梯度为2.46 ℃/100 m,至945 m埋深时(约为−250 m标高,该金矿最终开采深度),地温达到45 ℃,深部地温热害明显。
在70 m水平安装了6个温度传感器,埋深分别为0.5 m、1.0 m、1.5 m、2.0 m、2.5 m、3.0 m。从2021年11月开始监测,到2022年7月的测量数据如图2所示。从图2可以看出,在冬季,围岩温度高于风流温度,围岩将向风流传递热量,但在夏季时,由于风流温度较高,风流将向围岩传递热量。由此可见,当埋深不大时,地热不是该金矿的主要热源。但通过理论分析,围岩与风流的热传递呈线性关系,即随着开采深度逐步增加,地热散热量也将逐步增大,如图3所示。
根据该矿的生产情况,主要设备散热量的理论计算结果见表1,在采矿工作面作业过程中,各个设备在时间顺序上代表不同的工序,因此得到表2。根据散热量得出作业面温度升高的理论值,见表3。
在冷负荷计算时,由于其各个工序在空间上都在同一工作面进行,时间上互相独立,因此仅需考虑其峰值功率,在4个工序中,出渣过程功率最高,为103.5 kW,因此后续模拟中,考虑将单工作面作业负荷设定为100 kW。
综上可知,当埋深不大时,地热不是该金矿矿井的主要热源,工作面的主要热源是工业热负荷;在埋深大时,自然热负荷与工业热负荷共同组成矿井总热负荷。
某金矿在500 m水平(埋深约200 m)有一废弃巷道。该巷道宽5 m, 高5 m, 呈拱形。该巷道距离地面垂直距离为200 m, 计划充填。借鉴能源隧道的概念,本研究提出在充填的同时埋入U形换热管,使该巷道成为冷源;安装热泵机组从矿井进风口或采掘工作面转移热量到该冷源巷道,从而实现对井下空间的降温。
该废弃巷道所处水平的平均温度为19.58 ℃,故本文的模拟研究将该巷道的围岩温度设定为20 ℃,将工作面的热量通过热泵技术转移至该废弃巷道[18]。
巷道围岩的主要成分为泥岩。为了测定围岩的热导率,首先对现场获取的泥岩作切片处理,然后制成直径为3 cm、高为2 cm的圆柱体。
在实际生产过程中,充填材料是以浆体形式注入地下空区进行充填的[19],因此试验中应对充填材料样品进行饱水处理。充填体试样的制作步骤如下。
(1)量取一定量的水与一定量的充填材料混合,调制成泥浆状的样品备用。
(2)取一定量的泥浆状样品装入压片器中,随后放置在压片机的隔板上,使用千斤顶将样品压制成直径为4 cm、高度为1 cm的圆柱体试块。然后,将试块放置于托盘上,并置于烘箱内烘干,最后对试块的上下表面打磨平整。
(3)将打磨后的充填体置于水中若干秒,使其充分吸收水饱和,并保持其形状不散。
在实验室用导热仪测试了饱水充填体和泥岩的热导率。饱水充填体的热导率为0.85 W/(m⋅K),泥岩的热导率为2.40 W/(m⋅K)。
充填材料的密度以及比热容值参考企业报告中的实测数值。泥岩的比热容为830 J/(kg⋅K),密度为2 600 kg/m3;饱和充填体比热容为3 110 J/(kg⋅K),密度为1 580 kg/m3。
充填体的能量守恒方程为:
式中:ρm为充填体密度,kg/m3;Cp为恒压热容,J/(kg·K);ρ为地下水的密度,kg/m3;T为充填体的温度,K;t为时间,s;u为充填体中换热管内的流体速度,m/s;k为充填体有效导热系数,W/(m·K);ρmCp为充填体有效体积比热容,J/(m3·K);Q为充填体与埋管内的流体的换热量,W/m3[20]。
水平地埋管的能量守恒方程为:
式中:ρf为管内流体密度,kg/m3;cp,f为管内水的比热容,J/(kg·K);A为管道内断面面积,m2;kf为管道内流体导热系数,W/(m·K);Tf为管道内水温,K;dh为平均水力直径,mm;fD为达西摩系数[21],Qwall为水平管内流体与充填体的换热量,由公式(3)计算。
式中:h′为管壁等效对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);Z为管壁周长,m。
充填体中的水分在水势差的作用下由高水势处向低水势处流动[22],达西渗流方程如下:
式中:q为流体的速度,m/s;k为多孔介质渗透系数,m2;μ为流体的动力黏度,Pa⋅s;A为垂直于流体流动方向的面积,m2;∇p为压力梯度。
以某金矿500 m水平的一段废弃且未充填的巷道为模拟场所,巷道宽5 m,高5 m,长800 m,三维模型如图4所示。巷道围岩常年恒温,围岩材质为泥岩。
当埋管数量与机组运行时间发生变化时,埋管周围充填体的温度也会随之发生变化,造成热堆积,从而影响水平管与充填体性能和热泵机组经济性能[23]。本文以某金矿降温工程为例,针对不同埋管数目对地埋管传热换热性能的影响进行仿真模拟。该工程利用废弃巷道充填空间埋设U形水平换热管(见图5),占地面积4 000 m2,四周与围岩进行热交换。根据埋管数量的不同建立如图6所示的3种仿真模型[24]。
(1)单管方案:换热埋管数量为1, U形管埋设在巷道底面上方0.5 m处,如图6(a)所示。
(2)双管方案:换热埋管数量为2,依次在巷道底面上方0.5 m,1.5 m处,如6(b)所示。
(3)三管方案:换热埋管数量为3,依次在巷道底面上方0.5 m,1.5 m,2.5 m处,如6(c)所示。
模型的长度为800 m,宽度为30 m,高度为30 m,埋管角间距为4 m,单程埋管长度为796 m。模拟计算的物性参数如下:水平管道内径40 mm,管壁厚5 mm,管内循环流速0.7 m/s,混凝土导热系数1.28 W/(m·K);泥岩导热系数2.4 W/(m·K),管内水的动力黏度0.7225×10−3Pa·s,入水口水温35 ℃,泥岩孔隙率0.05;混凝土孔隙率0.05,泥岩比热容830 J/(kg⋅K), 泥岩密度2 600 kg/m3, 混凝土比热容970 J/(kg⋅K), 混凝土密度2 500 kg/m3, 饱和充填体恒压比热容3 110 J/(kg⋅K), 饱和充填体导热系数0.85 W/(m⋅K), 饱和充填体密度1 580 kg/m3。
巷道围岩的温度近似常年恒温,初始温度为20 ℃,整个模型周围均为开放边界,上游边界温度为20 ℃,换热管内载热工质为水,初始温度为35 ℃。
为提高相关网格解析度,将模型分为两部分,巷道周围网格进行超细化划分,其余部分常规划分,如图7所示。经验证,网格独立性满足需求。
(1)管内换热工质流速。根据《地源热泵系统工程技术规范》(GB 50366—2005)[25]的要求,管内换热工质的雷诺数Re应大于2 300,以确保紊流,管的内径与管内工质流速的关系可由雷诺数计算公式表示:
式中:d为水平管的内径,d=40 mm;fu为管内工质的流速,fu=0.7 m/s。
(2)热泵系统运行时间。目前有如下两种运行时间设计方案。
方案1:24 h持续全年运行。
方案2:24 h运行,每年运行8个月,停运4个月。该方案中入水口流速的分段函数pw5见公式(6):
(3)U形换热管入水温度。入水温度设置为常年恒温,温度为35 ℃。
模拟系统持续运行20 a(7 300 d)后,不同运行模式下在距离入水口与出水口2 m的横截面上的温度云图如图8至图10所示。
由图8可以看出,随着管道数量的增加,热堆积现象变得更为显著,且持续运行模式双管和三管方案出水口温度极为接近入水口温度。
由图9、图10可知,即使在热堆积程度较为严重的运行末期,经过短暂的恢复期后,巷道周围热堆积也可得到一定程度缓解。在间歇运行模式下,无论双管还是三管的运行方案在经过休息期后,热影响范围明显比持续运行模式下更广,说明冬季停机时巷道内部分热量扩散至围岩中,有助于缓解长期运行的热堆积,从而使管道运行服务年限更长,效率更高。
三种持续运行工况的模拟结果如图11所示(曲线颜色标识见电子版)。由图11可知:
(1)单管运行末期(7 300 d),出水口水温为303.63 K,相较于入水口水温308.15 K的差值为4.52 K;
(2)双管运行末期(7 300 d),出水口1水温为306.22 K,出水口2水温为306.08 K,相较于单管运行末期温度分别升高了2.59 K、2.45 K,相较于入水口水温308.15 K的差值分别为1.93 K,2.07 K;
(3)三管运行末期(7 300 d),出水口1、2、3的水温分别为307.07 K、307.09 K、307.04 K,较入水口水温分别相差1.08 K、1.06 K、1.11 K。
两种间歇运行工况模拟的出水口温度计算结果分别如图12和图13所示。双管间歇运行的最后一个周期末期(7 179 d),出水口1的水温为304.77 K,出水口2的水温为304.56 K,相较于持续运行工况分别降低了1.45 K、1.52 K。
三管间歇运行的最后一个周期末期(7 179 d),出水口1的水温为306.00 K,出水口2的水温为306.13 K,出水口3的水温为306.10 K,相较于持续运行工况分别降低了1.07 K、0.96 K、0.94 K。
在模拟中,设置时间步长为1 d,因此每天的温度为同一定值。每根换热管逐日换热功率由公式(7)[26]计算:
式中:P为换热功率,kW;C为管内流体比热容,J/(kg·K);ΔT为当日进出口水温温差,℃。
计算出三种埋管布局在持续运行方案下的逐日换热功率如图14所示,双管间歇运行方案的逐日换热功率如图15所示,三管间歇运行方案的逐日换热功率如图16所示(颜色标识见电子版)。
持续工况的每根换热管平均换热功率由公式(8)计算:
式中:Pconti为持续换热的单管平均日换热功率,kW;Pi为单管的每日换热功率,kW,i=1,2,⋯,7 300。
经计算得到如下结果。
(1)单管持续运行末期(第7 300天),单管日换热功率为66.78 kW,单管持续运行20 a的平均日换热功率为115.13 kW。
(2)双管持续运行末期(第7 300天),管1、管2的日换热功率分别为28.54 kW、30.53 kW,末期双管运行的合计日换热功率为59.07 kW,相较于开始第一天的日换热功率442.96 kW衰减了86.66%;管1、管2持续运行20 a的平均日换热功率分别为77.99 kW、82.36 kW,则双管持续运行的合计平均日换热功率为160.35 kW,相较于单管方案运行20 a的平均日换热功率提升了39.28%。
(3)三管持续运行末期(第7 300天),管1、管2、管3出水口的末期日换热功率降低至15.95 kW、15.71 kW、15.95 kW,末期三管运行的合计日换热功率为47.61 kW/d,相较于开始第一天的日换热功率667.75 kW衰减了92.87%;管1、管2、管3持续运行20 a的平均日换热功率分别为55.56 kW、54.43 kW、56.52 kW,则三管持续运行的合计平均日换热功率为166.51 kW,仅比双管运行的合计平均日换热功率高3.84%。
间歇工况的每根换热管平均功率由公式(9)计算:
式中:Pdisconti为间歇运行的单管平均日换热功率,kW;Pi为单管的每日换热功率,kW,i=1,2,⋯,4 880。
经计算得到如下结果。
双管间歇运行方案的最后一个周期末期(第7 179天),管1、管2的日换热功率分别为49.97 kW、53.04 kW,则双管间歇运行末期的合计日换热功率为103.01 kW,相较于开始第一天的日换热功率443.185 kW衰减了76.76%。管1、管2间歇运行20 a的平均日换热功率分别为91.62 kW、96.26 kW,双管间歇运行的合计平均功率为187.88 kW,相较于持续运行增加了27.53 kW,提升幅度为17.17%。
三管间歇方案最后一个周期末期(第7179天),管1、管2、管3的日换热功率分别为31.77 kW、29.86 kW、30.31 kW,三管间歇运行末期的合计日功率为91.94 kW,相较于开始第一天的日换热功率664.683 kW衰减了86.17%。管1、管2、管3间歇运行20 a的平均日换热功率分别为66.30 kW、65.00 kW、68.69 kW,则三管间歇运行的合计平均日换热功率为199.99 kW,相较于三管持续运行方案提高了33.48 kW,提升幅度为20.11%;相较于双管间歇运行方案提高了12.11 kW,提升幅度为6.46%。
随着冷源巷道内热堆积的发生,换热管的换热功率逐年降低。在实际运行过程中,制冷系统应至少负担一个工作面的冷负荷(100 kW)的能力,因此设置为系统换热功率的阈值为100 kW,并由此设定报废年限[27],提高系统的经济性,保证地埋管矿井降温系统有效运行。多管运行时,各管道功率相加,在达到功率阈值(100 kW)后,系统停止运行。计算冷源巷道服务期内的蓄热总量,并作为方案对比评价的技术经济指标之一[28]。蓄热总量越高,说明对巷道作为热汇的蓄热能力得到了更好的利用[29]。
将3种持续运行方案中各换热管的功率相加得到换热总功率,如图17所示。
(1)单管方案持续运行时,在第4 368天(11.97 a)达到报废阈值。达到报废阈值时,总蓄热量为51 776.20 GJ。
(2)双管方案持续运行时,在第5 111天(14.00 a)达到报废阈值。达到报废阈值时,总蓄热量为86 442.11 GJ,相较于单管持续运行方案提升了66.95%。
(3)三管方案持续运行时,在第4 795天(13.14 a)达到报废阈值。达到报废阈值时,总蓄热量为89 741.50 GJ,相较于双管持续运行方案提升了3.82%。
将两种间歇方案中各换热管的换热功率相加得到换热总功率,如图18所示。
双管间歇运行时,该方案的总功率全程20 a均大于100 kW,可以做到全程服务矿井降温,运行期间总蓄热量为79 219.50 GJ,相较于双管持续运行方案降低了8.36%。
三管间歇运行时,在第6 772天达到报废阈值,运行期间总蓄热量为81 728.96 GJ,相较于双管间歇运行方案提升了3.17%,相较于三管持续运行方案降低了8.93%。
因此,在机组运行时,虽然可通过增加管道数量来提升初期换热功率,但是后期热堆积效应也会降低换热功率,甚至可能导致冷源巷道的服务年限缩短;间歇运行方式可以延长冷源巷道的服务年限。
在地埋管热泵系统中,评价换热效率高低的主要参数就是单位孔深换热量[30],本文为水平埋管,故采用单位管长换热强度作为评判换热管运行效果的主要依据,计算公式为:
式中:M为单位管长换热强度,W/m;P为水平埋管换热功率,kW;L为换热管总长度,m。
三种持续运行模式的单位管长换热强度如图19所示。
持续运行换热末期,单管持续运行方案的单位管长换热强度为41.74 W/m,双管持续运行方案中管1、管2的单位管长换热强度分别为17.84 W/m、19.08 W/m,三管持续运行方案中管1、管2、管3的单位管长换热强度分别为9.97 W/m、9.82 W/m、10.27 W/m。
两种间歇运行模式的单位管长换热强度分别如图20、图21所示。
间歇运行末期,双管间歇运行方案中管1、管2的单位管长换热强度分别为31.23 W/m、33.15 W/m,相较于双管持续运行方案分别提升了75.06%、73.74%。三管间歇运行方案中管1、管2、管3的单位管长换热强度分别为19.86 W/m、18.67 W/m、18.94 W/m,相较于三管持续运行方案分别提升了99.20%、89.82%、84.42%。
由此可得,与持续运行方案相比较,间歇运行方案的单位管长换热强度有极为显著的提高。在冬季适当停机能较大程度缓解充填体热堆积现象,从而提高换热功率和单位管长换热强度。
根据相关研究[31],地源热泵机组能效系数COP随U形管出水水温变化呈线性变化,以SI 30TER+机组的试验数据为例,COP与U形管出水温度关系可用下式表示:
式中:Tout是U形管的出水温度,℃;a和b为系数,SI 30TER+机组制冷时的a值和b值分别是-0.12和8.6。
单管运行时,机组初期COP可达到6.20,运行末期机组的COP为4.94,相较于初期衰减了20.24%。
双管运行时,机组初期COP为6.20,运行末期机组的COP为4.64,相较于初期衰减了25.16%,对比单管方案机组COP降低6.76%。
三管运行时,机组初期COP为6.20,运行末期机组的COP为4.53,相较于初期衰减了26.94%,对比单管方案机组COP降低8.03%,对比双管方案降低2.37%。
随着管道数量的增加,机组运行能效也随之降低,但下降程度并不显著。因此可以得出,在20 a的运行过程中热泵机组的运行能效相对稳定。
双管间歇运行时,机组初期COP为6.20,运行末期机组的COP为4.81,相较于初期衰减了22.42%,对比双管持续方案机组COP提升3.66%。
三管间歇运行时,机组初期COP为6.20,运行末期机组的COP为4.66,相较于初期衰减了24.84%,对比三管持续运行方案机组COP增加3.33%,对比双管间歇方案降低3.12%。
通过对比间歇模式与持续模式机组末期的COP差异可知,周期性的停机可在一定程度上提高机组的能效,但提升程度有限。
在长达20 a的换热过程中,不同水平埋管数以及是否间歇运行是影响能源隧道热堆积情况和运行效率的重要因素,综合模拟数据结果,可得出如下结论。
(1)单管持续运行时,在20 a末期,相较于双管持续运行和三管持续运行方案热堆积程度较轻。在长期运行过程中,双管方案(包含双管间歇方案)中出水口1的水温大于出水口2的水温,这是由于充填材料的导热系数小于混凝土的导热系数,因此最上方的换热管热量更容易经由混凝土支护层转移,最下方换热管的下方无混凝土支护层,不易散热,因此温度较高。三管方案(包含三管间歇方案)中出水口2的水温大于出水口1的水温大于出水口3的水温,这是由于换热管2同时受上方换热管1与下方换热管2的热影响。
(2)无论持续运行工况还是间歇运行工况,换热功率并不能随着换热管数量的增加而得到显著的提高。在运行时间达到20 a时,双管方案与三管方案(包含持续与间歇)的换热功率相差不大,但多管间歇方案能有效缓解热堆积,相较于持续运行工况功率提升较为显著。在能源巷道运行初期,尚未造成热堆积,换热功率会随着换热管数量的增加而增加,长期运行后,巷道内积热严重,效率变低,甚至会出现换热越多,功率越低的情况。在间歇运行时,冷源巷道的报废年限相较于持续运行方案推后,在冬季适当停机,有助于缓解长期运行的热堆积,从而使管道运行服务年限更久,效率更高。
(3)单位管长换热强度是评价经济性冷源巷道运行经济性的主要指标,通过对比可知,相较于持续运行工况,间歇运行工况下的单位管长换热强度在同时期得到了极为显著的提升。甚至在三管方案中,相较于三根管道持续运行方案,三根管道间歇运行方案的单位管长换热强度提升了接近一倍,因此适当停机运行冷源巷道可以有效地提升换热管的经济性。在持续运行方案中,单管方案的单位管长换热强度虽是最高,但因受制于只有一根换热管,在报废阈值前单管方案的蓄热总量要低于双管方案和三管方案。在间歇运行方案中,虽然三管间歇方案运行20 a的平均日换热功率要高于双管间歇运行方案,但双管间歇运行方案在20 a的运行期内达不到报废阈值功率,因此,三管间歇运行方案在达到报废阈值前的蓄热总量要低于双管间歇运行方案。
(4)在设置换热功率阈值之后,5种方案的总蓄热量并不能再由总平均日换热功率来体现,间歇运行方案的总蓄热量要略低于持续运行方案,但考虑到持续运行方案在冬季降温需求不大的时候仍在进行换热工作,因此间歇运行方案的适用性要高于持续运行方案。无论在持续运行工况下还是在间歇运行工况下,换热管从2根增加到3根时,报废阈值功率前的总换热量提升百分比极低,因此在方案选择上,双管间歇运行方案为最佳。
(5)热泵机组的能效在运行过程中较为稳定,随着换热管道数量的增加,能效的提升并不明显。机组周期性停机可在一定程度上增大热泵机组的能效。
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-16
基金
贵州省科技支撑计划项目(黔科合支撑〔2022〕一般232)
作者信息
    1.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
    2.中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院,江苏 徐州市 221116

通讯作者:

裴鹏(1982—),男,贵州贵阳人,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳封存与浅层地温能开采方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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