Article(id=1322595208081031519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714233600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260870236, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260870236, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260870236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260870236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=91, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595208261386592, articleId=1322595208081031519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Inversion Analysis on Surrounding Rock Parameters of Tunnel Based on LHS-WOA-ELM, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the rationality of mechanical parameters of tunnel surrounding rock, a new inversion model of surrounding rock parameters was proposed based on a tunnel project with a super large-section in Zhuhai. After the initial samples were generated based on Latin hypercube sampling (LHS), the parameter sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the key parameters of the surrounding rock and improve the sample structure. Then, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) was used to optimize the number of hidden layer nodes, the initial weights and the thresholds of the extreme learning machine (ELM) to form the LHS-WOA-ELM inversion model. The inversion parameters were substituted into FLAC3D to calculate the displacement and compare with the field measured data. The results show that the parameter sensitivity analysis based on LHS can investigate the co-variation of multi-parameters with fewer samples, and determine the main parameters affecting the displacement of surrounding rock as elastic modulus E, cohesion c and internal friction angle φ. Compared with WOA, ELM and BP algorithm models, the difference between the calculated displacement values obtained by LHS-WOA-ELM inversion model and the measured displacement values is smaller, indicating that the inversion analysis method can well reflect the nonlinear and uncertain characteristics between the surrounding rock parameters and deformation, and further improve the accuracy and efficiency of the surrounding rock inversion in tunnels with super-large section, which can provide a reference for determining the design parameters of underground caverns and mining projects.

, authors=Shihui XIAO1, 2, Feng WANG3, Baiyan HE1, Guoyuan XU1, Weizhen HUANG1, Weipeng LI2, authorsList=Shihui XIAO, Feng WANG, Baiyan HE, Guoyuan XU, Weizhen HUANG, Weipeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595216213787031, articleId=1322595208081031519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于LHS-WOA-ELM的隧道围岩参数反演分析, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高隧道围岩力学参数取值的合理性,依托珠海市某超大断面隧道工程提出一种新型围岩参数反演模型。基于拉丁超立方体抽样(LHS)产生初始样本后进行参数敏感性分析以确定围岩的关键参数和改进样本结构,然后利用鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)对极限学习机(ELM)的隐含层神经元节点数、初始权重和阈值进行优化进而组成LHS-WOA-ELM反演模型,将反演所得参数代入FLAC3D计算位移并与现场实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明:采用基于LHS进行的参数敏感性分析能够以较少的样本考察多参数共同变化的情况,并确定影响围岩位移的主要参数为弹性模量E、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ;相比于WOA、ELM、BP算法模型,LHS-WOA-ELM模型反演所获得的位移计算值与实测值相差更小,表明该反演分析方法能够很好地反映围岩参数与变形之间的非线性、不确定性特征,进一步提高围岩反演的精度和效率,可为地下硐室、矿业工程的设计参数确定提供参考。

, authors=肖时辉1, 2, 王峰3, 何柏延1, 徐国元1, 黄伟真1, 李伟鹏2, authorsList=肖时辉, 王峰, 何柏延, 徐国元, 黄伟真, 李伟鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王峰, authorNote=

肖时辉(1973—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王峰(1982—),男,河北张家口人,高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:
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肖时辉(1973—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

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label=Fig.1, caption=The network structure of WOA-LEM, figureFileSmall=ZS8Hxol27x9VmXX3XbUtVg==, figureFileBig=B3MOlWGl89NE4R9Mu+Puiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595852217070264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=图1, caption=WOA-ELM网络结构, figureFileSmall=ZS8Hxol27x9VmXX3XbUtVg==, figureFileBig=B3MOlWGl89NE4R9Mu+Puiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595852305150649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Process for the inversion model of mechanical parameters of surrounding rock, figureFileSmall=JGUDtY9uLwwDE1Ip946xcA==, figureFileBig=eltfhpHyDOuo2FlW2oRc0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595852389036730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=图2, caption=围岩力学参数反演模型流程, figureFileSmall=JGUDtY9uLwwDE1Ip946xcA==, 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Basic mechanical parameters of support structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别内容单元类型容重γ/(kN·m–3)弹性模量E/GPa泊松比μ
超前支护拱部120°、Φ89 mm管棚beam33.293.90.2
初期支护C25喷射砼+双层Φ8 mm钢筋网+HW250@50 cm钢拱架shell24.030.40.2
临时支护C25喷射砼+Φ8 mm钢筋网+I20b@50 cm钢拱架shell24.832.50.2
二次衬砌C40钢筋混凝土实体25.532.50.2
锚杆拱部90°、Φ25 mm中空锚杆、涨壳锚杆,交错布置,边墙外侧Φ22 mm砂浆锚杆,内侧Φ25 mm涨壳锚杆,钢架处设8根Φ42 mm锁脚锚杆。cable78.52100.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322595854930784968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

支护结构基本力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别内容单元类型容重γ/(kN·m–3)弹性模量E/GPa泊松比μ
超前支护拱部120°、Φ89 mm管棚beam33.293.90.2
初期支护C25喷射砼+双层Φ8 mm钢筋网+HW250@50 cm钢拱架shell24.030.40.2
临时支护C25喷射砼+Φ8 mm钢筋网+I20b@50 cm钢拱架shell24.832.50.2
二次衬砌C40钢筋混凝土实体25.532.50.2
锚杆拱部90°、Φ25 mm中空锚杆、涨壳锚杆,交错布置,边墙外侧Φ22 mm砂浆锚杆,内侧Φ25 mm涨壳锚杆,钢架处设8根Φ42 mm锁脚锚杆。cable78.52100.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322595854997893833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of surrounding rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目弹性模量E/GPa泊松比μ黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)容重γ/(kN·m–3)
基本参数1.00.30.23025
变化范围0.7~1.30.25~0.350.1~0.320~4020~30
假设分布均匀均匀均匀均匀均匀
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855073391306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

围岩参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目弹性模量E/GPa泊松比μ黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)容重γ/(kN·m–3)
基本参数1.00.30.23025
变化范围0.7~1.30.25~0.350.1~0.320~4020~30
假设分布均匀均匀均匀均匀均匀
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855136305867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

LHS results and deformation calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别参数取值位移计算值/mm
E/GPaμφ/(°)c/MPaγ/(kN·m–3)中拱顶(测点8)左拱顶(测点9)右拱顶(测点10)地表(测点29)
11.270.2837.560.2827.38–7.781–6.565–3.876–5.783
20.700.3136.150.1728.39–13.058–11.305–6.453–10.131
31.010.3327.580.2623.32–7.877–6.728–3.915–5.916
41.120.2633.040.2320.99–7.197–6.037–3.569–5.334
50.780.3320.000.1522.78–12.310–10.808–7.123–9.917
61.240.3329.970.1924.44–7.181–6.164–3.735–5.380
71.070.2723.440.2423.87–8.409–7.190–4.224–6.328
81.160.2828.030.1228.71–16.428–13.807–10.109–14.633
90.950.3034.840.1420.75–8.187–7.025–4.248–6.229
101.100.3122.330.2926.68–8.388–7.204–4.169–6.313
110.890.3224.750.1421.51–9.805–8.532–5.540–7.712
120.760.3229.100.2127.74–11.792–10.247–5.809–9.081
130.860.2724.960.2521.97–9.043–7.687–4.375–6.831
140.970.2833.850.3026.29–9.128–7.750–4.398–6.873
151.180.3540.000.2030.00–8.370–7.224–4.221–6.290
160.830.3020.840.1124.85–27.241–23.549–16.193–25.138
170.900.3422.780.1020.00–12.212–10.377–7.647–10.421
181.230.2632.040.1822.10–7.159–6.049–3.628–5.312
191.030.3126.340.1725.36–9.486–8.234–5.246–7.348
201.300.3039.030.2624.09–6.772–5.710–3.401–5.012
210.720.3537.780.2323.15–9.833–8.384–4.793–7.462
221.160.2531.270.2128.81–9.559–8.200–4.945–7.241
231.050.2935.370.1626.86–9.429–8.108–4.980–7.213
240.810.2926.960.1329.58–20.696–17.633–12.068–18.241
250.940.2531.080.2725.81–9.553–8.100–4.606–7.198
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855224386252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

LHS 结果及位移计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别参数取值位移计算值/mm
E/GPaμφ/(°)c/MPaγ/(kN·m–3)中拱顶(测点8)左拱顶(测点9)右拱顶(测点10)地表(测点29)
11.270.2837.560.2827.38–7.781–6.565–3.876–5.783
20.700.3136.150.1728.39–13.058–11.305–6.453–10.131
31.010.3327.580.2623.32–7.877–6.728–3.915–5.916
41.120.2633.040.2320.99–7.197–6.037–3.569–5.334
50.780.3320.000.1522.78–12.310–10.808–7.123–9.917
61.240.3329.970.1924.44–7.181–6.164–3.735–5.380
71.070.2723.440.2423.87–8.409–7.190–4.224–6.328
81.160.2828.030.1228.71–16.428–13.807–10.109–14.633
90.950.3034.840.1420.75–8.187–7.025–4.248–6.229
101.100.3122.330.2926.68–8.388–7.204–4.169–6.313
110.890.3224.750.1421.51–9.805–8.532–5.540–7.712
120.760.3229.100.2127.74–11.792–10.247–5.809–9.081
130.860.2724.960.2521.97–9.043–7.687–4.375–6.831
140.970.2833.850.3026.29–9.128–7.750–4.398–6.873
151.180.3540.000.2030.00–8.370–7.224–4.221–6.290
160.830.3020.840.1124.85–27.241–23.549–16.193–25.138
170.900.3422.780.1020.00–12.212–10.377–7.647–10.421
181.230.2632.040.1822.10–7.159–6.049–3.628–5.312
191.030.3126.340.1725.36–9.486–8.234–5.246–7.348
201.300.3039.030.2624.09–6.772–5.710–3.401–5.012
210.720.3537.780.2323.15–9.833–8.384–4.793–7.462
221.160.2531.270.2128.81–9.559–8.200–4.945–7.241
231.050.2935.370.1626.86–9.429–8.108–4.980–7.213
240.810.2926.960.1329.58–20.696–17.633–12.068–18.241
250.940.2531.080.2725.81–9.553–8.100–4.606–7.198
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855291495117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of uniform experiment sampling and deformation calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别参数取值位移计算值/mm
E/GPaφ/(°)c/MPa中拱顶(测点8)左拱顶(测点9)右拱顶(测点10)地表(测点29)
10.7030.000.25–9.667–8.177–4.604–7.349
20.8520.000.20–14.838–13.090–8.562–12.049
31.0035.000.15–8.879–7.609–4.599–6.743
41.1525.000.10–17.077–14.339–10.852–15.516
51.3040.000.30–7.163–6.124–3.641–5.329
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855362798286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

均匀试验抽样结果及位移计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别参数取值位移计算值/mm
E/GPaφ/(°)c/MPa中拱顶(测点8)左拱顶(测点9)右拱顶(测点10)地表(测点29)
10.7030.000.25–9.667–8.177–4.604–7.349
20.8520.000.20–14.838–13.090–8.562–12.049
31.0035.000.15–8.879–7.609–4.599–6.743
41.1525.000.10–17.077–14.339–10.852–15.516
51.3040.000.30–7.163–6.124–3.641–5.329
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855463461583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Calculation results of valuation indexes for each model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型MAEMSERMSE计算时间/s
LHS-WOA-ELM1.604 410.516 73.242 962
GWO-ELM1.915 612.002 03.464 470
ELM2.329 122.416 64.794 655
BP2.095 515.429 13.928 092
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855530570448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各模型评价指标计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型MAEMSERMSE计算时间/s
LHS-WOA-ELM1.604 410.516 73.242 962
GWO-ELM1.915 612.002 03.464 470
ELM2.329 122.416 64.794 655
BP2.095 515.429 13.928 092
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855606067921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of caculation results of four models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点现场实测值/mmLHS-WOA-ELMGWO-ELMELMBP
正演值/mm相对误差/%正演值/mm相对误差/%正演值/mm相对误差/%正演值/mm相对误差/%
8–14.10–13.812.06–13.335.46–16.3816.17–15.6110.71
9–11.80–11.890.76–11.155.51–13.8016.95–12.566.44
10–9.30–9.131.83–8.558.06–8.0113.87–8.1312.58
29–12.10–11.802.48–13.108.26–14.2317.60–13.239.34
), ArticleFig(id=1322595855824171730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595208081031519, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

4种模型计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点现场实测值/mmLHS-WOA-ELMGWO-ELMELMBP
正演值/mm相对误差/%正演值/mm相对误差/%正演值/mm相对误差/%正演值/mm相对误差/%
8–14.10–13.812.06–13.335.46–16.3816.17–15.6110.71
9–11.80–11.890.76–11.155.51–13.8016.95–12.566.44
10–9.30–9.131.83–8.558.06–8.0113.87–8.1312.58
29–12.10–11.802.48–13.108.26–14.2317.60–13.239.34
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基于LHS-WOA-ELM的隧道围岩参数反演分析
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肖时辉 1, 2 , 王峰 3 , 何柏延 1 , 徐国元 1 , 黄伟真 1 , 李伟鹏 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(3): 91-110
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (3) : 91 -110
基于LHS-WOA-ELM的隧道围岩参数反演分析
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肖时辉(1973—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

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肖时辉(1973—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

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肖时辉1, 2 , 王峰3 , 何柏延1, 徐国元1, 黄伟真1, 李伟鹏2
作者信息
  • 1.华南理工大学 土木与交通学院,广东 广州 510641
  • 2.珠海大横琴股份有限公司,广东 珠海市 519000
  • 3.中铁十八局集团第一工程有限公司,河北 涿州市 072750
通讯作者:
王峰(1982—),男,河北张家口人,高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:
作者简介:

肖时辉(1973—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

Inversion Analysis on Surrounding Rock Parameters of Tunnel Based on LHS-WOA-ELM
Shihui XIAO1, 2 , Feng WANG3 , Baiyan HE1, Guoyuan XU1, Weizhen HUANG1, Weipeng LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
  • 2.Zhuhai Dahengqin Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
  • 3.China Railway 18th Bureau Group No. 1 Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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为提高隧道围岩力学参数取值的合理性,依托珠海市某超大断面隧道工程提出一种新型围岩参数反演模型。基于拉丁超立方体抽样(LHS)产生初始样本后进行参数敏感性分析以确定围岩的关键参数和改进样本结构,然后利用鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)对极限学习机(ELM)的隐含层神经元节点数、初始权重和阈值进行优化进而组成LHS-WOA-ELM反演模型,将反演所得参数代入FLAC3D计算位移并与现场实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明:采用基于LHS进行的参数敏感性分析能够以较少的样本考察多参数共同变化的情况,并确定影响围岩位移的主要参数为弹性模量E、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ;相比于WOA、ELM、BP算法模型,LHS-WOA-ELM模型反演所获得的位移计算值与实测值相差更小,表明该反演分析方法能够很好地反映围岩参数与变形之间的非线性、不确定性特征,进一步提高围岩反演的精度和效率,可为地下硐室、矿业工程的设计参数确定提供参考。

超大断面隧道  /  围岩参数反演  /  拉丁超立方体抽样  /  鲸鱼优化算法  /  极限学习机

In order to improve the rationality of mechanical parameters of tunnel surrounding rock, a new inversion model of surrounding rock parameters was proposed based on a tunnel project with a super large-section in Zhuhai. After the initial samples were generated based on Latin hypercube sampling (LHS), the parameter sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the key parameters of the surrounding rock and improve the sample structure. Then, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) was used to optimize the number of hidden layer nodes, the initial weights and the thresholds of the extreme learning machine (ELM) to form the LHS-WOA-ELM inversion model. The inversion parameters were substituted into FLAC3D to calculate the displacement and compare with the field measured data. The results show that the parameter sensitivity analysis based on LHS can investigate the co-variation of multi-parameters with fewer samples, and determine the main parameters affecting the displacement of surrounding rock as elastic modulus E, cohesion c and internal friction angle φ. Compared with WOA, ELM and BP algorithm models, the difference between the calculated displacement values obtained by LHS-WOA-ELM inversion model and the measured displacement values is smaller, indicating that the inversion analysis method can well reflect the nonlinear and uncertain characteristics between the surrounding rock parameters and deformation, and further improve the accuracy and efficiency of the surrounding rock inversion in tunnels with super-large section, which can provide a reference for determining the design parameters of underground caverns and mining projects.

Tunnel with super large-section  /  Parameter inversion of surrounding rock  /  Latin hypercube sampling  /  Whale optimization algorithm  /  Extreme learning machine
肖时辉, 王峰, 何柏延, 徐国元, 黄伟真, 李伟鹏. 基于LHS-WOA-ELM的隧道围岩参数反演分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 91 -110 .
Shihui XIAO, Feng WANG, Baiyan HE, Guoyuan XU, Weizhen HUANG, Weipeng LI. Inversion Analysis on Surrounding Rock Parameters of Tunnel Based on LHS-WOA-ELM[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 91 -110 .
在矿产资源开采、水利水电开发、地下结构物建设等众多岩土工程领域中,确定合理的岩体力学参数是重要的研究课题,直接关系到数值模拟、支护设计的正确性和可靠性[1]。目前围岩力学参数取值存在以下难点,一方面由于采用分部开挖施工对围岩产生了多次扰动,现场取样试验得到的围岩力学参数往往与实际工程中参数相差过大;另一方面由于相关设计施工规范尚不完善,技术人员在围岩力学参数取值时过于保守,使得支护设计时参数不够合理,造成一定的资源浪费。因此,有必要根据实际工程岩体监测数据,建立围岩的力学参数反演模型,对围岩进行稳定性评价。
围岩的力学参数和变形之间存在着复杂的非线性关系,基于变形值的力学参数反分析方法具有计算速度快、成本低等优势,成为围岩力学参数获取的有效手段[2]。GIODA等[3]首次将反分析方法引入隧道工程,利用结构开挖过程中的位移、应力或应变的现场测试数据确定围岩的力学参数。随后,不同的反分析模型逐渐应用于地下硐室[4-5]、矿业开采[6-8]等工程。近年来,随着计算机技术的发展,人工智能方法逐渐应用到力学参数反演中,主流为BP神经网络[9-10],也有不少利用学习速度快且泛化能力好的极限学习机[11]对岩土力学参数进行反演的成功案例。为提高反演精度和计算速度,部分学者结合了参数敏感性分析与神经网络[12-13]优化试验样本,减少低敏感度因素对网络训练的影响;而另外一些学者通过引入元启发式智能算法来求解反分析优化问题[14-15],并均取得了一定的成就,但在实际应用中仍然存在以下不足:
(1)传统的方法在生成反演模型的训练集时往往只考虑单一参数的变化,这与岩体真实情况不符;
(2)在选择反演参数时具有一定的主观性和经验性,采用低敏感度参数进行反演不仅增加了计算量,还使得反演模型复杂化,容易陷入过拟合;
(3)极限学习机与其他神经网络类似,受初始输入权重与阈值影响较大;
(4)典型优化算法如遗传算法等仍存在易陷入局部最优解、稳定性差的问题。
综合先前学者的研究成果,本文基于拉丁超立方体抽样(LHS)的参数进行敏感性分析,结合鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)改进的极限学习机(ELM)方法,构建LHS-WOA-ELM模型并将其应用于珠海市超大断面隧道工程进行围岩力学参数反演,验证该方法的可靠性和工程应用效果。
拉丁超立方体抽样作为一种先进的抽样技术,它能以较少迭代次数的抽样准确地重建输入分布,有效避免蒙特卡罗法大量反复的抽样工作[16]。与随机抽样不同,LHS通过尽可能地使每一个边缘分布分层,达到全覆盖每一个变量范围。在n维向量空间里抽取m个样本,其主要流程[17]为:
(1)将每一维分成互不重叠的M个区间,每个区间有相同的概率;
(2)在每一维里的各个区间中随机抽取一个点;
(3)从每一维里随机抽出流程(2)中选取的点,按照随机顺序组成预测值变量。
其中每个变量划分的区间数建议取M≥1.33n。
在实际岩土工程中各参数之间相互关联,单一参数变化而保持其他参数不变的情况是不可能存在的,用随机模拟的方法进行参数灵敏度分析的优势在于能同时考虑所有参数共同改变的情况。因此,本文按照文献[18]的方法,引入Spearman秩相关系数rs来衡量两个随机变量之间的相关性,即:
式中,Ri、Qi分别为随机变量样本值Xi、Yi在样本区间(X1,…,XN)和(Y1,…,YN)中的“秩”,1≤i≤N;N为样本数量。
鲸鱼优化算法是基于座头鲸的“气泡网络”捕食策略而提出的新型群体智能优化算法[19-20],具有调整参数少和跳出局部最优解能力较强的优势,被不少学者应用于非线性优化、故障诊断等领域[21-22],但是目前该方法在隧道工程中应用较少,主要算法步骤如下。
(1)包围猎物。
将当前鲸群中最佳候选个体位置视为目标猎物位置,然后根据该最佳候选个体的位置更新鲸群中其他个体位置。即:
式中:D为当前搜索个体与当前最优解的距离;X为当前解的位置向量;X*为当前获得的鲸鱼群中最优解的位置向量;A和C为系数向量;t为迭代次数。
A和C通过下式计算确定:
式中:r为区间[0, 1]的任意向量,α随迭代次数的增加从2线性递减到0。
(2)螺旋气泡网攻击。
计算鲸鱼个体与猎物之间的距离,然后鲸鱼以螺旋形状游向猎物并收缩包围圈:
式中:l为区间[0, 1]的随机数;b为描述螺旋形状的常量系数,可取1。
(3)随机搜索猎物。
在群体捕食的同时,若满足|A|>1,鲸群将根据相互的位置进行随机游动以提高算法的全局搜索能力。即:
式中,Xrand为当前鲸群随机选择的位置向量。
极限学习机是基于单隐含层前馈神经网络提出的新算法[23-24],具有学习速度快、泛化性能好等优点。在训练中只需设置隐含层神经元节点的个数,算法便会随机产生输入层与隐含层间的连接权值及隐含层神经元的阈值,以此得到唯一的全局最优解。对于N个样本中的n维输入向量Xi与m维输出向量Ti,其中1≤i≤N,当隐含层神经元节点数为l′时,ELM网络可以表示为:
式中:Oi为单隐含层输出函数;g(x)为激活函数;Wf为输入和输出之间的权重向量;βf为第f个隐含层和输出之间的权重向量;bf为偏置向量。
单隐含层ELM的学习目标为:
即需求得一组Wf、βf、bf,使得:
式中:H为隐含层输出矩阵;β为输出权重矩阵;T为期望输出矩阵。
通常地,采用最小二乘法求解出式(12)中的输出权重矩阵β,即:
由上可知,ELM网络的初始输入权重与隐含层阈值由网络随机生成,同时网络的最佳隐含层神经元节点个数通常是经过经验公式试算出来的,而模型的精度往往受三者的影响较大。为提高其寻优精度,通过WOA对网络的隐含层神经元个数、初始输入权重与隐含层阈值进行优化,构建WOA-ELM优化模型,其网络结构如图1所示。
本文基于上述介绍的原理,提出了一种适用于超大断面隧道的围岩力学参数LHS-WOA-ELM反演模型,以此更好地表达输入层(围岩变形)与输出层(围岩力学参数:包括弹性模量E、泊松比μ、黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ、容重γ)之间的复杂非线性映射关系。模型选取初始样本时,首先结合了工程地质勘察报告及规范《公路隧道设计细则》(JTG/T D70—2010)确定待反演的围岩力学参数的基准值和变化范围,然后使用拉丁超立方抽样生成一组围岩力学参数,代入FLAC3D建立的正演模型,计算获得围岩变形值,最后将围岩力学参数及其位移计算值组成一组样本,选取合适的样本数量,并进行参数敏感性分析,将敏感度高的围岩力学参数作为输出层,相应的围岩关键测点位移计算值作为输入层,构建前述的WOA-ELM模型的学习样本。WOA算法随机生成初始鲸鱼群位置向量,然后将所有关键测点的位移计算值与预测值之间的差值平方和作为目标函数对位置向量进行寻优,经过多次迭代后确定ELM算法的最优隐含层神经元个数、初始权重和阈值,以此完成对围岩力学参数的反演。模型构建总体思路如下:
(1)根据实际情况及相关规范,利用LHS方法生成初始样本,对各围岩力学参数与变形进行敏感性分析;
(2)选取敏感度高的参数,构建LHS-WOA-ELM网络学习样本;
(3)通过WOA算法确定ELM模型中的隐含层神经元个数、优化输入权重与隐含层阈值;
(4)利用实测数据(围岩变形)作为输入层代入训练好的模型得到围岩力学参数;
(5)将反演得到的围岩力学参数输入正分析模型并进行误差分析,验证模型的合理性。
模型具体流程如图2所示。
在LHS-WOA-ELM模型反演过程中,激活函数选择Sigmoid函数,初始种群规模为30只,最大迭代次数为100代;同时,保持网络设置参数一致,将LHS-WOA-ELM反演结果与GWO-ELM(灰狼优化算法改进极限学习机模型)、ELM(极限学习机)、BP神经网络进行对比,引入平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和计算时间作为评价反演模型效果优劣指标,其计算方法如下:
式中:yi为第i个样本的真实值;为模型对第i个样本的预测值。
珠海市某公路隧道北起珠海大道,穿越黑白面将军山,南至南琴路,直通横琴新区,线路全长约3.86 km,其中隧道左线长3 645 m,右线长3 735 m。隧道右线出口大跨段(YK4+880)~(YK4+840)断面最大开挖宽度为23.44 m,开挖高度为14.06 m,净空有效面积为146.14 m2,为超大断面隧道。该段围岩多为强-中风化石英闪长岩,拱部及侧壁自稳性差,加上浅埋偏压的作用,开挖时易坍塌。根据地质勘察报告和工程施工方案判定该段隧道围岩等级为Ⅴ级,采用双侧壁导坑法施工,待左线出口所挖的边坡稳定后再施工隧道主体工程,其断面尺寸如图3所示。
大跨段隧道为浅埋偏压山岭隧道,邻近出口,根据现场勘察报告,该段可不考虑地应力场。为减少边界尺寸的影响,总体模型计算区域的选取以隧道直径的2~3倍以上、竖直向2~3倍以上为原则,计算模型几何尺寸x、y、z分别为160 m、40 m、100 m。
利用Midas GTS NX建立几何体并划分三维网格,导入FLAC3D进行计算分析。底面边界为固定约束,顶面上边界为自由面,左右边界施加x水平方向约束,前后边界施加y纵向方向约束。计算模型采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,其中围岩、挡土墙和注浆加固区等采用三维实体单元,管棚采用beam单元,系统锚杆与锁脚锚杆采用cable单元,初期支护与临时支护采用shell单元模拟。共建立180 000个实体单元和20 000个结构单元,正演总体模型如图4所示。
超前支护范围为拱部120°,采用长10 m、直径89 mm的注浆管棚和长4.5 m、直径42 mm的小导管,环向间距均为40 cm。管棚的模量[25]按照公式(17)计算;注浆小导管采用形成注浆加固区模拟[26]。
式中:Ep、Es1、Em分别为管棚等效模量、钢管弹性模量、管内充填砂浆弹性模量;Is1、Im为钢管和充填砂浆的惯性矩。
对于初期支护和临时支护中的钢拱架、钢筋网的各物理参数采用公式(18)折算到喷射混凝土中[27]:
式中:E1为支护等效模量;Ec为喷射混凝土弹性模量;Es2为钢材弹性模量;Ac为喷射混凝土截面面积;As2为钢材截面面积。
最终各支护结构基本力学参数见表1。
结合工程地质勘察报告及相关规范[28],确定围岩力学基准参数见表2,对弹性模量E、泊松比μ、黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ、容重γ进行参数敏感性分析。在正演分析模型中选取模型开挖15 m处(对应实际里程YK4+865)断面布置测点,如图5所示。采用拉丁超立方体抽样获取25组抽样值,并代入正演仿真模型获得该断面关键测点的位移值,见表3。
对样本数据进行排秩并计算围岩变形Spearman相关系数,如图6所示。
影响测点8变形的敏感度顺序为:E>c>φ>γ>μ;
影响测点9变形的敏感度顺序为:E>c>φ>γ>μ;
影响测点10变形的敏感度顺序为:E>c>φ>γ>μ;
影响测点29变形的敏感度顺序为:E>c>φ>γ>μ。
对于围岩变形,3处拱顶沉降与地表沉降敏感度一致,弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角影响较大,其中各测点弹性模量的Spearman相关系数均达到0.6以上;容重与泊松比Spearman相关系数处于0.3以下,说明围岩变形对拱顶与地表沉降的影响较小。
根据参数敏感性分析结果,总体上容重与泊松比对于围岩竖向变形影响程度相对较少,因此,本文后续反演分析选取围岩的弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角作为基本参数。以表3中25组样本数据构成LHS-WOA-ELM的训练集,另使用均匀试验生成5组样本作为模型的测试集,见表4。
将构建好的训练集样本与测试集样本输入LHS-WOA-ELM模型中,经过多次迭代,确定了最佳隐含层神经元个数为11个,并获得一组最佳的输入权重与隐含层阈值。同时,通过平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和计算时间,将LHS-WOA-ELM反演结果与GWO-ELM(灰狼优化算法改进极限学习机)模型、ELM(极限学习机)、BP(神经网络)等算法进行对比,评价反演模型效果的优劣,各模型评价指标结果见表5。
综合分析上述评价指标,预测精度由高至低依次为LHS-WOA-ELM、GWO-ELM、BP、ELM。尽管未经优化的ELM在反演预测精度上落后于BP神经网络,但其所消耗时间较少,仅用55 s,这是因为ELM模型是单隐含层前馈神经网络,网络结构简单,无需进行参数迭代,因此其计算效率更高。而经过WOA优化的ELM网络在精度和效率上都具有良好的表现,证明LHS-WOA-ELM模型可用于超大断面隧道围岩反分析。
对现场实测数据进行曲线拟合获取围岩最终位移变形值。为进一步反映模型反演结果的准确性,将YK4+865断面现场沉降实测值代入训练好的LHS-WOA-ELM模型中,得到地层力学参数反演结果:E=1.01 GPa,黏聚力c=1.25 MPa,内摩擦角φ=25°,将得到的围岩力学参数反演结果重新输入FLAC3D正演模型中,并与其他3种训练模型计算结果进行比较,计算所得的位移见表6。
由表6可知,未经过优化的ELM和BP模型总体计算结果相对误差较大。相比GWO-ELM模型,LHS-WOA-ELM模型相对误差更小,优化效果更为显著。利用LHS-WOA-ELM模型进行围岩力学参数反演时,拱顶位移与地表沉降正演值与实测值吻合良好,最大相对误差为2.48%;总体上可认为LHS-WOA-ELM反演结果良好,后续将继续针对YK4+865断面的拱顶位移与地表沉降进行分析。
图7与图8分别为YK4+865断面关键施工步竖向位移云图与曲线图。
在隧道开挖过程中,位于隧道拱顶正上方的地表沉降与中部拱顶沉降趋势类似,最终约达到−11.80 mm;受隧道浅埋偏压影响,拱顶沉降并非呈现完全中心对称分布,在大跨段隧道全断面,中部拱顶最终沉降最大,达到−13.81 mm,左导洞次之,为−11.89 mm,右导洞沉降最少,约为−9.13 mm,围岩整体变形稳定,均小于施工预留变形量。受双侧壁导坑工法施工顺序影响,左导洞拱顶最先沉降,但在中部上导洞上台阶土体开挖后,整个拱顶失去其下土体的约束,竖向位移均明显增大,中部拱顶沉降速率最大,最终超过其他两侧拱顶。因此,中部上导洞开挖时应密切关注围岩变形,必要时预留核心土。
本文融合了拉丁超立方体抽样和经过鲸鱼优化算法改进的极限学习机各自的优点,构建了LHS-WOA-ELM反演模型并将其应用于珠海市某大断面隧道工程进行围岩物理参数反演,成功验证了该方法的可靠性。
(1)基于LHS形成的初始样本能够考察所有参数的共同变化,同时能够保证每一个变量范围的全覆盖,更加符合超大断面隧道围岩力学参数的实际情形。
(2)通过非参数统计方法进行参数敏感性分析,确定了本隧道工程中地层物理力学参数对隧道断面拱顶沉降及地表变形的敏感度,其敏感度按从高到低的顺序为:E>c>φ>γ>μ。后续选取地层的弹性模量E、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ作为反演分析基本参数,降低了反演模型的参数维度,减少了计算量。
(3)通过WOA算法对ELM模型的隐含层神经单元个数、初始输入权重与隐含层阈值进行优化,形成鲁棒性较强的LHS-WOA-ELM模型,并与其他模型进行对比,在保持较快的运算速度下显著地提升了反演精确度,而MSE和RMSE都处于较低水平,表明了LHS-WOA-ELM模型训练效果良好。
(4)将本文方法应用于珠海市超大断面隧道位移反分析中,获得了较为可靠的围岩参数反演结果,其中弹性模量E=1.01 GPa,黏聚力c=1.25 MPa,内摩擦角φ=25°,验证了模型的实用性,提高了人工智能算法在岩土工程领域的工程应用价值,为相关的地下工程、矿业工程的岩体力学参数确定提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878296; 12302502)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878296; 12302502)
作者信息
    1.华南理工大学 土木与交通学院,广东 广州 510641
    2.珠海大横琴股份有限公司,广东 珠海市 519000
    3.中铁十八局集团第一工程有限公司,河北 涿州市 072750

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王峰(1982—),男,河北张家口人,高级工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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