Article(id=1322595153655742475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260857260, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260857260, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260857260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260857260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=261, endPage=270, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595153961926668, articleId=1322595153655742475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Influence of Stacked Step Flow on the Separation Characteristics of Copper Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to efficiently separate copper ore, a stacked step flow separation model was proposed according to Knelson concentrator based on centrifugal gravity separation technology combined with reverse fluidization and step flow principle, and secondary separation was realized on the basis of centrifugal separation. The distribution of pressure, tangential velocity and axial velocity in the separation flow field of the stacked step flow model was analyzed by Fluent software. The effects of rotational speed and reverse flow velocity on the separation characteristics of copper ore were studied. The results show that the pressure distribution of the flow field increases gradually from the center to the wall surface. However, due to the presence of reverse flow force, the maximum pressure does not fully fit the wall surface. The abrupt change of tangential velocity at the step indicates that there is a vortex, which is conducive to the separation of light particles. The axial velocity as a whole presents an upward flow, which is conducive to the discharge of light particles from the upper outlet after separation. The axial volume concentration distribution of Cu particles shows a decreasing trend from bottom to top, and the radial volume concentration is the highest near the wall surface, while the volume concentration of SiO2 particles is the highest at the top of the axial direction, and the volume concentration is lower at the radial direction. When the feed speed is 0.5 m/s, rotational speed is 50 r/min, and reverse flow velocity is 0.012 m/s, it can be obtained that the recovery of Cu particles is 87.70%, and enrichment ratio is 13.45. The stacked step flow model has the best effect on the separation of SiO2 particles and Cu particles. The cloud images of particle volume fraction show that Cu particles are enriched in the concave of the inner wall of the step flow, and SiO2 particles have a low volume fraction in the concave of the wall due to the separation force of vortex and reverse flow, which more directly shows the separation effect of the stacked step flow model. The research results can provide references for the improvement of centrifugal beneficiation equipment.

, authors=Di PENG1, 2, 3, Mingyue YANG4, Zhongbin LIU1, 2, 3, Tao ZENG1, 2, 3, Shaobei LIU1, 2, 3, Chunlei JIANG5, authorsList=Di PENG, Mingyue YANG, Zhongbin LIU, Tao ZENG, Shaobei LIU, Chunlei JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongbin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595163071955012, articleId=1322595153655742475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=叠式台阶流对铜矿分选特征的影响研究, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为高效分选铜矿,基于离心重选技术,结合反向流化与台阶流原理,在Knelson选矿机基础上提出了一种叠式台阶流分选模型,在离心分选的基础上实现二次分选。利用Fluent软件对叠式台阶流模型分选流场的压强、切向速度与轴向速度的分布规律进行分析;研究了转速与反向流流速对铜矿分选特征的影响。结果表明,流场压强分布从中心到壁面逐渐增大,但由于存在反向流作用力,压强最大值并未完全贴合壁面;切向速度在台阶处发生突变,表明有涡旋产生,有利于轻颗粒分选;轴向速度整体呈现上升流,有利于分选后的轻颗粒从上出口排出;Cu颗粒的轴向体积浓度分布呈现由下到上递减的趋势,靠近壁面处径向体积浓度最高,SiO2颗粒在轴向方向顶部体积浓度最高,径向方向壁面处体积浓度较低;当进料速度为0.5 m/s、转速为50 r/min、反向流流速为0.012 m/s时,Cu颗粒的回收率为87.70%,富集比为13.45,叠式台阶流模型对SiO2颗粒与Cu颗粒的分选效果最佳。颗粒体积分数云图表明,Cu颗粒富集在台阶流内壁凹面处,SiO2颗粒由于涡旋与反向流作用力分选后,在壁面凹处体积分数低,更加直观体现了叠式台阶流模型的分选效果。研究结果可为离心选矿设备的改进提供参考。

, authors=彭帝1, 2, 3, 杨明悦4, 柳忠彬1, 2, 3, 曾涛1, 2, 3, 刘少北1, 2, 3, 蒋春蕾5, authorsList=彭帝, 杨明悦, 柳忠彬, 曾涛, 刘少北, 蒋春蕾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柳忠彬, authorNote=

彭帝(1995—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士,助理实验师,主要从事矿物分选与设备开发、流体机械研究。E-mail:

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柳忠彬(1972—),男,四川彭州人,博士,教授,主要从事过滤与分离研究。E-mail:
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彭帝(1995—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士,助理实验师,主要从事矿物分选与设备开发、流体机械研究。E-mail:

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彭帝(1995—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士,助理实验师,主要从事矿物分选与设备开发、流体机械研究。E-mail:

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Main structural parameters of model

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分选锥参数台阶参数隔板层数反向流化参数
高度H/mm锥度α/(°)底部直径D/mm半径R/mm高度/mm个数层数流缝宽度/mm
1551015045106661
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模型主要结构参数

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分选锥参数台阶参数隔板层数反向流化参数
高度H/mm锥度α/(°)底部直径D/mm半径R/mm高度/mm个数层数流缝宽度/mm
1551015045106661
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叠式台阶流对铜矿分选特征的影响研究
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彭帝 1, 2, 3 , 杨明悦 4 , 柳忠彬 1, 2, 3 , 曾涛 1, 2, 3 , 刘少北 1, 2, 3 , 蒋春蕾 5
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(3): 261-270
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (3) : 261 -270
叠式台阶流对铜矿分选特征的影响研究
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彭帝(1995—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士,助理实验师,主要从事矿物分选与设备开发、流体机械研究。E-mail:

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彭帝(1995—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士,助理实验师,主要从事矿物分选与设备开发、流体机械研究。E-mail:

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彭帝1, 2, 3 , 杨明悦4, 柳忠彬1, 2, 3 , 曾涛1, 2, 3, 刘少北1, 2, 3, 蒋春蕾5
作者信息
  • 1.四川轻化工大学 机械工程学院,四川 宜宾市 644000
  • 2.过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室,四川 宜宾市 644000
  • 3.四川省矿山尾渣资源化利用工程实验室,四川 宜宾市 644000
  • 4.四川省特种设备检验研究院,四川 成都 610199
  • 5.西昌学院 机械与电气工程学院,四川 西昌市 615013
通讯作者:
柳忠彬(1972—),男,四川彭州人,博士,教授,主要从事过滤与分离研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

彭帝(1995—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士,助理实验师,主要从事矿物分选与设备开发、流体机械研究。E-mail:

Influence of Stacked Step Flow on the Separation Characteristics of Copper Mine
Di PENG1, 2, 3 , Mingyue YANG4, Zhongbin LIU1, 2, 3 , Tao ZENG1, 2, 3, Shaobei LIU1, 2, 3, Chunlei JIANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
  • 2.Sichuan Provincial Key Lab of Process Equipment and Control, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
  • 3.Sichuan Province Engineering Laboratory of Mine Tailings Resource Utilization, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
  • 4.Sichuan Special Equipment Inspection Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan 610199, China
  • 5.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan 615013, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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为高效分选铜矿,基于离心重选技术,结合反向流化与台阶流原理,在Knelson选矿机基础上提出了一种叠式台阶流分选模型,在离心分选的基础上实现二次分选。利用Fluent软件对叠式台阶流模型分选流场的压强、切向速度与轴向速度的分布规律进行分析;研究了转速与反向流流速对铜矿分选特征的影响。结果表明,流场压强分布从中心到壁面逐渐增大,但由于存在反向流作用力,压强最大值并未完全贴合壁面;切向速度在台阶处发生突变,表明有涡旋产生,有利于轻颗粒分选;轴向速度整体呈现上升流,有利于分选后的轻颗粒从上出口排出;Cu颗粒的轴向体积浓度分布呈现由下到上递减的趋势,靠近壁面处径向体积浓度最高,SiO2颗粒在轴向方向顶部体积浓度最高,径向方向壁面处体积浓度较低;当进料速度为0.5 m/s、转速为50 r/min、反向流流速为0.012 m/s时,Cu颗粒的回收率为87.70%,富集比为13.45,叠式台阶流模型对SiO2颗粒与Cu颗粒的分选效果最佳。颗粒体积分数云图表明,Cu颗粒富集在台阶流内壁凹面处,SiO2颗粒由于涡旋与反向流作用力分选后,在壁面凹处体积分数低,更加直观体现了叠式台阶流模型的分选效果。研究结果可为离心选矿设备的改进提供参考。

叠式台阶流  /  离心分离  /  反向流化  /  分选特征

In order to efficiently separate copper ore, a stacked step flow separation model was proposed according to Knelson concentrator based on centrifugal gravity separation technology combined with reverse fluidization and step flow principle, and secondary separation was realized on the basis of centrifugal separation. The distribution of pressure, tangential velocity and axial velocity in the separation flow field of the stacked step flow model was analyzed by Fluent software. The effects of rotational speed and reverse flow velocity on the separation characteristics of copper ore were studied. The results show that the pressure distribution of the flow field increases gradually from the center to the wall surface. However, due to the presence of reverse flow force, the maximum pressure does not fully fit the wall surface. The abrupt change of tangential velocity at the step indicates that there is a vortex, which is conducive to the separation of light particles. The axial velocity as a whole presents an upward flow, which is conducive to the discharge of light particles from the upper outlet after separation. The axial volume concentration distribution of Cu particles shows a decreasing trend from bottom to top, and the radial volume concentration is the highest near the wall surface, while the volume concentration of SiO2 particles is the highest at the top of the axial direction, and the volume concentration is lower at the radial direction. When the feed speed is 0.5 m/s, rotational speed is 50 r/min, and reverse flow velocity is 0.012 m/s, it can be obtained that the recovery of Cu particles is 87.70%, and enrichment ratio is 13.45. The stacked step flow model has the best effect on the separation of SiO2 particles and Cu particles. The cloud images of particle volume fraction show that Cu particles are enriched in the concave of the inner wall of the step flow, and SiO2 particles have a low volume fraction in the concave of the wall due to the separation force of vortex and reverse flow, which more directly shows the separation effect of the stacked step flow model. The research results can provide references for the improvement of centrifugal beneficiation equipment.

Stacked step flow  /  Centrifugal separation  /  Reverse fluidization  /  Separation characteristic
彭帝, 杨明悦, 柳忠彬, 曾涛, 刘少北, 蒋春蕾. 叠式台阶流对铜矿分选特征的影响研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 261 -270 .
Di PENG, Mingyue YANG, Zhongbin LIU, Tao ZENG, Shaobei LIU, Chunlei JIANG. Influence of Stacked Step Flow on the Separation Characteristics of Copper Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 261 -270 .
铜作为我国重要战略矿产之一,广泛应用于建筑、电力、机械制造、交通运输等领域,是支撑我国经济社会高速发展的重要工业金属。近年来,我国铜需求量大幅增长,对外依存度一直保持在70%左右,已由净出口国转变为全球第一大净进口国与消费国,供需缺口很大[1-3]。我国的铜矿石普遍具有嵌布粒度细、含泥多、品位低等特点[4]。低品位这一特点给铜矿颗粒的分选回收带来了困难,加上细铜矿颗粒易损失在细泥之中,导致大量的铜矿资源浪费,使其选矿成为一个难题。目前铜矿的分选回收多采用快速、分步优先浮选、电化学浮选、低碱度浮选工艺等浮选相关工艺[5-9]。但浮选工艺分选效果会受到原矿矿物组成和含量、氧化和泥化程度等性质以及磨矿粒度等因素影响;并且分选工艺流程较为复杂、要求高,加上大量使用各类药剂导致分选成本较高,且会对人体健康与生态环境造成危害。另外,磁选技术[10-12]在铜矿分选上也有应用。近年来,研究人员致力于重选技术在细粒级矿物分选上的应用优化研究。离心分离、机械摇动等重选工艺各具分选优势,能够有效利用矿物颗粒之间的密度与粒度差异实现分选,最具代表性的有Knelson选矿机、Falcon选矿机与摇床[13-16]。
本文基于离心重选技术,结合反向流化与台阶流原理,在Knelson选矿机基础上提出了一种叠式台阶流分选模型,将离心机内锥壁结构设计为叠式台阶流结构,在离心分选的基础上实现二次分选。以云南某铜矿为研究对象,探讨叠式台阶流模型的分选原理、数值模拟分析内部流场以及矿物颗粒的分离规律,研究操作参数对分选性能的影响,获取叠式台阶流模型的铜矿分选特征,以期为国内离心选矿装置结构的设计提供参考,为铜矿的高效分选探索新的途径。
台阶绕流是基本流体力学绕流模型之一,后台阶流现象在工程与生活中随处可见,比如:河道的突扩、大迎角机翼及气体绕建筑物流动等[17-18]。流体流过台阶时产生流动分离,部分流体在台阶角部形成涡旋,其余绕过涡旋重新与壁面接触,然后继续沿壁面流动。涡旋中存在大量的脉动能量[19],当涡旋与壁面重新接触后会发生动量与热量交换。
依据台阶流模型提出一种台阶流内壁,用于矿浆中矿物的分离。传统的离心分选设备内锥截面为圆形,当旋转水流流过壁面时会保持均匀流动,不会产生动量交换。在此基础上将壁面设计成凹凸结构,在中心搅拌器作用下,内锥水流做旋转运动,靠近壁面的水流经过凹凸壁面时在凹处产生涡旋,如图1(a)所示,ω为旋转角速度。
涡旋中包含有大量的脉动能量,使密度不同的颗粒在涡旋处受力不同,轻矿物颗粒比重矿物颗粒更易被选出。轻、重矿物颗粒在涡旋作用下的分布图,如图1(b)所示。重矿物颗粒富集在凹处壁面的数量多于轻矿物颗粒,从而使轻、重矿物颗粒实现二次分选。
将台阶流理论应用到选矿设备中,其分选模型结构如图2所示。该模型采用呈现一定锥度的台阶流内壁,在内壁上间隔设置月牙形带孔隔离板,分隔出多层分选区域,隔离板与内壁缝隙为反向流入口,中心设置搅拌装置,搅拌轴旋转角速度为ω。
在模型内部,水流呈螺旋上升状,贴近壁面凹处产生涡旋,进入到内锥的矿物颗粒在搅拌离心力的作用下快速贴近壁面,在切向力的作用下沿壁面发生整体迁移运动。在叠式台阶流分选过程中,矿物颗粒在靠近壁面处进行分选,低密度的轻颗粒和高密度的重颗粒在壁面处松散分层,同时发生位置交换。重矿物颗粒更多地富集在壁面凹处,在重力的作用下穿过隔板小孔,再进行二次或多次分选,逐步下沉从精矿出口排出;轻矿物颗粒向中心轴方向迁移,随螺旋上升流经上出口排出,由此实现轻、重矿物颗粒的分选。
矿物颗粒在叠式台阶流分选流场内部主要受到重力、离心力、浮力、流体阻力、反向流作用力等力的相互作用,不考虑颗粒间的碰撞与摩擦效应、Basset力、附加质量惯性力等其他外力对颗粒的作用。矿物颗粒在分选流场中的受力情况如图3所示。
(1)重力Fg:
(2)离心力Fc:
(3)径向、轴向方向上的浮力Fcf、Fgf:
式中:d为矿物颗粒直径,m;ρ为矿物颗粒密度,kg/m3;ρf为水介质的密度,kg/m3;g为重力加速度,m/s2;vθ为颗粒切线速度,m/s;r为颗粒旋转半径,m。
(4)径向、轴向方向上的流体阻力Fdx、Fdz:
式中:vx、vz为矿物颗粒在径向、轴向方向上相对于流体的运动速度,m/s;μ为流体动力黏度,Pa·s;ε为轴向流体阻力系数。
(5)反向流作用力Fw:
式中:Qm为流体的流量,m3/s;v为反向流流速,m/s;S为反向流通过的面积,m2。
在叠式台阶流分选流场中,在轴向上,矿物颗粒受到重力、轴向浮力、轴向流体阻力,由牛顿第二定律可得:
将式(1)、式(4)、式(6)代入式(8)可以得到:
在受力平衡状态时,,经整理可知,在叠式台阶流分选流场中,矿物颗粒相对于流体的运动速度为:
由上述公式可知,对于介质水来说,在轴向上,当粒径一定时,颗粒密度影响着颗粒运动,密度大的颗粒做沉降运动至下出口排出;密度小的颗粒向上迁移至上出口排出,矿物颗粒由此实现重力沉降分离。
在叠式台阶流分选流场中,径向上的矿物颗粒受力,由牛顿第二定律可得:
将式(2)、式(3)、式(5)、式(7)代入式(11)可以得到:
在受力平衡状态时,,经整理可知,在叠式台阶流分选流场中,矿物颗粒相对于流体的运动速度为:
因此,在叠式台阶流分选流场中,矿物颗粒的运动速度除了与矿物颗粒在流场中的旋转位置半径、颗粒与流体密度差外,还与颗粒切线速度、反向流流速等有关。
分选内锥是矿物完成分选的主要场所,因此主要对分选内锥进行数值模拟。叠式台阶流模型截面如图4所示。
叠式台阶流模型主要由尾矿出口、月牙形带孔隔板、反向流入口、精矿出口、搅拌桨、进料口、分料盘等构成。该模型为倒锥体,锥体内部呈凹下突起的台阶流线形,在每个凹下处均匀设置月牙形带孔隔板,并在每层隔板处开有反向流入口,进料口位于内锥中下部,进料口的正下方设置分料盘。搅拌桨采用三叶直叶桨。尾矿出口位于内锥顶部,精矿出口位于内锥底部边缘处。模型主要结构参数见表1。
将叠式台阶流模型导入Ansys Workbench软件中,在 SpaceClaim软件中抽取流体域,并设置叠式台阶流流体域模型,如图5所示。
模型内部存在搅拌桨,选用多重参考系法将流体域划分为动区域和静区域两部分,并分别对模型动区域和静区域进行网格划分。
为简化计算,假设叠式台阶流模型内部流体为理想的不可压缩流体,采用Pressure-Based数值解法,以Transient为时间方程,以Absolute为速度方程进行求解,湍流模型选择RNG k−ε模型。
本文以云南某铜矿为研究对象,该铜矿主要由铜、锡、铁等高密度颗粒以及铝、镁、硅等低密度颗粒构成,粒度较细,其中Cu的品位为1.28%,其余物质包括Fe、Al2O3、MgO、SiO2,其含量分别为4.5%、11.49%、1.84%、65.75%[20]。在不影响结果的前提下,模拟时对矿物组分进行简化,分别用SiO2颗粒和Cu颗粒代表轻颗粒和重颗粒,其密度分别为2 200 kg/m3、8 960 kg/m3,粒度均为0.074 mm,分选介质为水。根据上述Cu品位,设置水为80%,SiO2为19.93%,Cu为0.07%。
进料口选择速度入口,速度为0.5 m/s。反向流为水,选择速度入口,速度为0.006~0.018 m/s。精矿和尾矿出口均为正常压力出口。由于该模型有搅拌桨,所以流体域动、静区域之间设置交界面,动区域为旋转域,设置转速为40~80 r/min。
叠式台阶流内部流场的压强主要由搅拌桨产生的离心流场与台阶流流场共同形成。图6(a)为转速60 r/min、z=40 mm处流场的压强分布云图。由图6(a)可知,从中心到壁面处,压强逐渐增大,在靠近壁面处,压强最大,主要是因为随旋转半径的递增,离心力逐渐增大。另外,由于反向流的作用,压强最大值的位置并未完全贴在壁面。在分选时,颗粒进入反向流作用区域,由于密度差颗粒受到离心力不同,Cu颗粒能较好地克服反向流的压力,更多地富集在壁面处,实现了铜矿颗粒的分选。
图6(b)为转速为60 r/min搅拌叶片上部切向流场速度矢量图。由图6(b)可知,流场速度随着台阶流结构而改变,由于凸起凹下的台阶形状,在壁面凹下处,流速较慢,矿物颗粒在此处平缓分层;在靠近壁面凸起处,流体与壁面发生的分离引起水速变化,水速变化处产生了涡旋。在切向速度的作用下,壁面处的矿浆贴着壁面做整体迁移,在多种力的作用下松散分层,迁移至涡旋处时,轻颗粒被涡旋分选出来,随螺旋上升流从上出口排出,重颗粒继续贴着壁面运动,在重力的作用下从精矿出口排出。
在矿物分选过程中,轴向速度对轻、重矿物颗粒整体的分离起着重要作用。图6(c)为转速60 r/min、y=0时截面处的轴向速度云图。速度以竖直向上为正方向,向下为负方向。矿浆的进料速度导致在进料口附近向下的轴向速度较大。在分料盘附近,由于分料盘的阻挡,其周围产生了微弱的涡旋,但并不影响整体的分选。由于搅拌桨的旋转作用,在搅拌桨叶处产生了最大的上升速度;随着高度的升高,轴向上升速度逐渐减小。在旋转流的作用下,内流场在主要分选区呈现上升流,其作用是将分选出的轻颗粒从上出口排出。另外,在底部均布了6个精矿出口,有利于精矿的排出,但不影响整体分选流的形成。
矿物颗粒的分布特征是描述颗粒分离效果的一个重要参考。在分选达到稳定状态时,对Cu和SiO2颗粒的体积浓度分布进行量化分析,在仿真时对分选锥底部、中部、顶部截面设置体积浓度监测。体积分数分布曲线如图7所示。
由于模型结构的对称性,颗粒的径向分布曲线呈现对称形态。从图7(a)中Cu颗粒的体积分数分布可以看出,底部Cu颗粒体积浓度最高,从底部到顶部,Cu颗粒体积浓度逐渐降低。在底部靠近壁面处体积浓度最高,原因是Cu颗粒获得的离心力克服了反向流的反向力而聚集在壁面处,由中心到壁面呈增长趋势,在接近壁面位置时,此处为下出口,流出速度较快,造成Cu颗粒的体积分数分布曲线陡然出现波谷。在中部的Cu颗粒体积浓度分布较为平缓,由中心到壁面呈增长趋势,在壁面处体积浓度最大。在顶部的Cu颗粒经过分选后体积浓度最低,在此处受到的离心力较弱,主要受到反向流和上升流的影响,因此在壁面处体积浓度不高。
从图7(b)中SiO2颗粒体积分数分布曲线可以看出,在底部、中部和顶部整体体积浓度相差不大,底部略高是由于部分颗粒在重力作用下发生了自由沉降;在靠近壁面处,中部的SiO2颗粒体积浓度在壁面位置几乎为0,这是由于颗粒流在壁面发生迁移过程中Cu颗粒与SiO2颗粒不断发生位置交换,Cu颗粒的密度更大,获得的离心力更大,导致大量Cu颗粒占据了壁面的位置。与中部不同,顶部的SiO2颗粒体积浓度在靠近壁面处出现了峰值,原因在于大量的Cu颗粒聚集在底部,只有极少量的Cu颗粒存在于顶部位置,而SiO2颗粒浓度不减,因此出现体积浓度峰值。同时,顶部的体积浓度略高于中部,说明SiO2颗粒均匀稳定地从上出口排出。这验证了叠式台阶流模型具有较好的分选效果。
设置转速分别为40, 50, 60, 70, 80 r/min。不同搅拌转速作用下颗粒的分离状态通过进出口质量流量、精矿的回收率与富集比曲线以及颗粒的体积分数云图进行分析。为了定量分析搅拌转速对模型分选效果的影响,对模型进出口处轻颗粒(SiO2)、重颗粒(Cu)的质量流量进行监测,统计出不同转速下轻、重颗粒质量流量随时间变化曲线,如图8所示。
由图8可知,不同转速下轻、重颗粒的质量流量总体变化趋势一致,在分选进行的过程中,重颗粒的质量流量先增大后减小,一段时间后逐渐趋于稳定;轻颗粒的质量流量在初始阶段有微弱波动,但很快趋于稳定。但不同转速下重颗粒质量流量的峰值和趋于稳定的时间不同。由图8(a)可知,在分选初期,当转速较小时,颗粒受到径向上的力较小,在切向上运动速度较慢,因此在重力作用下沉降较快,重颗粒质量流量到达峰值时间较短;随着转速的增加,颗粒在径向受力增大,切向速度也逐渐增大,因此到达峰值时间逐渐增大。另外可以观察到不同转速下精矿出口排出的重颗粒都在第5秒左右时陡然升高,在第10秒左右,出口流量大于进口流量,这是由于分离初期,叠式台阶流模型内部流场情况较为复杂,未形成较稳定的叠式台阶流流场,因此表现出重颗粒质量流量在出口处略大于进口处。
轻、重颗粒分别在20 s、18 s左右时,质量流量都趋于稳定,转速为80 r/min时,轻、重颗粒质量流量最低,这是由于转速过大,颗粒在壁面处堆积,流动性变差,阻碍了轻、重颗粒的有效分选。从轻、重颗粒质量流量随时间变化曲线可知,绝大部分轻、重颗粒都能分别通过尾矿出口、精矿出口流出,这表明叠式台阶流模型分离性能较好。
图9为转速对重颗粒的回收率和富集比的影响。由图9可知,在叠式台阶流模型中对于轻、重颗粒的分选,随着转速的增加,重颗粒回收率呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。在转速较小时,颗粒受到径向力较小,在切向上运动速度较慢,在重力作用下能大量从精矿出口排出;随着速度的增大,部分重颗粒开始随着轻颗粒从上出口排出。当速度过大时,矿物颗粒在叠式台阶流流场中得到很大的离心力,轻易克服反向流的反向力,在壁面处大量堆积,流动性变差,轻、重颗粒不能进行有效分选,导致铜精矿回收率较低。
由图9可知,随着转速的增加,富集比呈先增大后减小的趋势,当转速为40 r/min时,富集比较低,这是由于较低的转速导致轻、重颗粒较多地从精矿出口排出,因此造成了精矿回收率高但富集比低的现象。在60 r/min到80 r/min的区间范围内,随着转速的增加,台阶处产生的涡旋能量增大,导致重颗粒也被分选出来,被螺旋上升流从上出口排出。
综合分析可知,搅拌转速太低或太高都对矿物的分选不利。当转速为50 r/min时,回收率为87.70%,富集比为13.45,既能获得高富集比,又能保障Cu颗粒的高效回收,模型分选效果较好。
图10为同一时间、同一界面转速(50 r/min)时轻、重颗粒体积分数云图。通过颗粒体积分数云图可以直观观察出叠式台阶流模型的分选效果。由图10(a)可知,重颗粒受到的离心力较大,能克服反向流作用力从而富集在台阶流内壁凹面处;而从图10(b)可以看到,由于台阶流产生的涡旋与反向流作用力的共同作用,将轻颗粒从壁面凹处的重颗粒中分选出来,因此轻颗粒在壁面凹处体积分数低,而在靠近壁面处体积分数较高,以便于被螺旋上升流从上出口排出。
反向流能够有效防止颗粒床层在壁面板结,使床层处于利于颗粒持续分离的松散状态。在转速为50 r/min时,设置反向流流速分别为0.006, 0.009, 0.012, 0.015, 0.018 m/s。反向流作用下叠式台阶流模型对轻、重颗粒的分选效果,通过进出口质量流量与精矿的回收率与富集比曲线分析。不同反向流流速下轻、重颗粒质量流量随时间变化曲线如图11所示。
由图11(a)可以看出,在反向流流速影响下,重颗粒质量流量的变化趋势大致相同。在前7 s,反向流流速对重颗粒质量流量的影响几乎相同,说明分选刚开始时,反向流对于重颗粒的分选影响不大;随着分选的进行,重颗粒的质量流量逐渐趋于稳定。当流速为0.018 m/s时,重颗粒的质量流量最小,这是由于较大的反向流作用力,使得部分重颗粒与轻颗粒一同随着螺旋上升流从上出口排出,无法到达精矿出口。
由图11(b)可以看出,轻颗粒变化趋势也大致相同。在反向流流速为0.006 m/s时,在前5 s的轻颗粒质量流量较为反常,这是由于分选初期较小的流速,影响了轻、重颗粒的有效分离速度;随着分选的进行,轻颗粒的质量流量仍然最低,这是由于过低的反向流流速使得部分轻颗粒也能克服反向力,随重颗粒一同在壁面富集,影响了分选效果。当流速为0.018 m/s时,轻颗粒的质量流量最大,这是由于反向流作用力过大,轻颗粒与部分重颗粒都难以克服反向力,随螺旋上升流从上出口排出。
图12为反向流流速对重颗粒的回收率与富集比的影响。从图12可以看出,重颗粒的回收率呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当反向流速度达到0.009 m/s时,重颗粒的回收率达到最大值89.66%;当反向流速度超过0.012 m/s时,重颗粒的回收率急剧下降,原因在于反向流流速的增加,其产生的反向力增大,使部分重颗粒也无法克服反向流作用力从尾矿出口排出,从而使回收率降低。富集比曲线从侧面反映了精矿品位,随着反向流流速的增加,富集比也逐渐增加。当反向流流速为0.006 m/s时,重颗粒的回收率较高但富集比较低,这是因为精矿出口回收了较多的轻颗粒,降低了重颗粒的品位。当反向流流速为0.009 m/s时,回收率最高,但富集比只有13.07;当反向流流速为0.018 m/s时,富集比最高,为17.04,但回收率只有75.83%。
综合以上分析,为了确保精矿出口重颗粒的回收率与富集比均获得较大值,当反向流流速为0.012 m/s时,回收率为87.70%,富集比为13.45,叠式台阶流模型对轻颗粒与重颗粒的分选效果最佳。
(1)叠式台阶流分选模型流场压强从中心到壁面逐渐增大,但由于存在反向流作用力,压强最大值并未完全贴合壁面;切向速度在台阶处发生突变,表明有涡旋产生,有利于轻颗粒分选;轴向速度分布表明,在搅拌叶片处上升流速度最大,内流场整体呈现上升流,有利于分选后的轻颗粒从上出口排出。
(2)Cu颗粒的轴向体积浓度分布呈现由下向上递减的趋势,靠近壁面处径向体积浓度最高;SiO2颗粒在轴向方向顶部体积浓度最高,径向方向壁面处体积浓度较低。这验证了模型可实现Cu与SiO2颗粒的有效分选。
(3)进料速度为0.5 m/s、转速为50 r/min、反向流流速为0.012 m/s时,Cu颗粒回收率为87.70%,富集比为13.45,叠式台阶流模型对轻颗粒与重颗粒的分选效果最佳。
(4)颗粒体积分数云图表明,Cu颗粒富集在台阶流内壁凹面处,SiO2颗粒由于涡旋与反向流作用力分选后,在壁面凹处体积分数低,更加直观地体现了叠式台阶流模型的分选效果。研究结果为离心选矿设备的改进提供了参考。
  • 四川省科技厅重点研发计划项目(2021YFG264)
  • 四川省凉山州重点研发计划项目(22ZDYF0164)
  • 过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室开放基金项目(GK202410)
  • 四川轻化工大学“652”科研创新团队项目(SUSE652A010)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
基金
四川省科技厅重点研发计划项目(2021YFG264)
四川省凉山州重点研发计划项目(22ZDYF0164)
过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室开放基金项目(GK202410)
四川轻化工大学“652”科研创新团队项目(SUSE652A010)
作者信息
    1.四川轻化工大学 机械工程学院,四川 宜宾市 644000
    2.过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室,四川 宜宾市 644000
    3.四川省矿山尾渣资源化利用工程实验室,四川 宜宾市 644000
    4.四川省特种设备检验研究院,四川 成都 610199
    5.西昌学院 机械与电气工程学院,四川 西昌市 615013

通讯作者:

柳忠彬(1972—),男,四川彭州人,博士,教授,主要从事过滤与分离研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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