Article(id=1322595153152430708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260857141, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260857141, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260857141, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260857141, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=17, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595153408283253, articleId=1322595153152430708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on Collaborative Mining of Multi Ore Types at High Altitude with Gently Inclined and Multi-Layer Poor Ore Veins, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A gently inclined and multi-layer poor ore vein contains lead-zinc, magnetite and sulfur-copper minerals at the same time. Based on the characteristics of the ore body and its low grade, a pseudo inclined strip roadway filling mining method was proposed for safer and more economical mining. FLAC3D software was used to simulate and analyze the roof displacement, pillar stress, and plastic zone distribution under different approach widths. Research results show that the pseudo inclined strip roadway filling mining method can effectively reduce the loss and impoverishment of ore, greatly reduce mining and cutting engineering amount, increase the production capacity of the stope, and achieve separate mining and transportation of different types of minerals. It can be flexibly applied to complex and variable gently inclined ore bodies. After numerical simulation analysis, the optimal approach width for this mine is determined as 5 m or 6 m.

, authors=Dongxu CHENG, Xiaoyun LI, Mingming GUO, authorsList=Dongxu CHENG, Xiaoyun LI, Mingming GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoyun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595155241194120, articleId=1322595153152430708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=高海拔多矿种缓倾斜多层贫矿脉协同开采研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

某缓倾斜多层贫矿脉同时赋存铅锌、磁铁和硫铜矿种,根据矿体的赋存特征及品位低等特点,为了更加安全经济合理地开采,提出了伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法开采方案,并利用FLAC3D软件模拟分析了不同宽度进路条件下的顶板位移、矿柱受力情况和塑性区分布情况。研究结果表明,伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法可有效减小矿石的损失贫化,极大地减小采切工程,增大采场的生产能力,并实现不同矿种的分采分运,可灵活适用于矿体复杂多变的缓倾斜矿体。经过数值模拟分析,得到该矿山的最佳进路宽度为5 m或6 m。

, authors=程东旭, 李晓芸, 郭明明, authorsList=程东旭, 李晓芸, 郭明明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李晓芸, authorNote=

程东旭(1993—),男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师,主要从事采矿工程技术及通风降温设计研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李晓芸(1976—),男,江西于都人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿工程技术研究工作。E-mail:
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程东旭(1993—),男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师,主要从事采矿工程技术及通风降温设计研究。E-mail:

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程东旭(1993—),男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师,主要从事采矿工程技术及通风降温设计研究。E-mail:

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高海拔多矿种缓倾斜多层贫矿脉协同开采研究
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程东旭 , 李晓芸 , 郭明明
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(3): 17-23
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (3) : 17 -23
高海拔多矿种缓倾斜多层贫矿脉协同开采研究
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程东旭 , 李晓芸 , 郭明明
作者信息
  • 长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙市 410007
通讯作者:
李晓芸(1976—),男,江西于都人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿工程技术研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

程东旭(1993—),男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师,主要从事采矿工程技术及通风降温设计研究。E-mail:

Research on Collaborative Mining of Multi Ore Types at High Altitude with Gently Inclined and Multi-Layer Poor Ore Veins
Dongxu CHENG , Xiaoyun LI , Mingming GUO
Affiliations
  • Changsha Nonferrous Metallugical Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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某缓倾斜多层贫矿脉同时赋存铅锌、磁铁和硫铜矿种,根据矿体的赋存特征及品位低等特点,为了更加安全经济合理地开采,提出了伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法开采方案,并利用FLAC3D软件模拟分析了不同宽度进路条件下的顶板位移、矿柱受力情况和塑性区分布情况。研究结果表明,伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法可有效减小矿石的损失贫化,极大地减小采切工程,增大采场的生产能力,并实现不同矿种的分采分运,可灵活适用于矿体复杂多变的缓倾斜矿体。经过数值模拟分析,得到该矿山的最佳进路宽度为5 m或6 m。

高海拔  /  多矿种协同开采  /  缓倾斜矿体  /  多层贫矿脉  /  伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法  /  分采分运

A gently inclined and multi-layer poor ore vein contains lead-zinc, magnetite and sulfur-copper minerals at the same time. Based on the characteristics of the ore body and its low grade, a pseudo inclined strip roadway filling mining method was proposed for safer and more economical mining. FLAC3D software was used to simulate and analyze the roof displacement, pillar stress, and plastic zone distribution under different approach widths. Research results show that the pseudo inclined strip roadway filling mining method can effectively reduce the loss and impoverishment of ore, greatly reduce mining and cutting engineering amount, increase the production capacity of the stope, and achieve separate mining and transportation of different types of minerals. It can be flexibly applied to complex and variable gently inclined ore bodies. After numerical simulation analysis, the optimal approach width for this mine is determined as 5 m or 6 m.

High altitude  /  Collaborative mining of multi ore types  /  Gently inclined ore body  /  Multi-layer poor ore veins  /  Pseudo inclined strip roadway filling mining method  /  Separate mining and transportation
程东旭, 李晓芸, 郭明明. 高海拔多矿种缓倾斜多层贫矿脉协同开采研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 17 -23 .
Dongxu CHENG, Xiaoyun LI, Mingming GUO. Research on Collaborative Mining of Multi Ore Types at High Altitude with Gently Inclined and Multi-Layer Poor Ore Veins[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 17 -23 .
我国属于资源大国,但大多数金属矿属于低品位难采矿体。青海、新疆等地区存在很多低品位矿体尚待开发,因此,针对低品位缓倾斜多矿种矿体的协同开采研究已经势在必行,对贫矿开发进行相关研究具有十分重要的现实意义[1-3]。
缓倾斜多矿种多层矿体属于典型的难采矿体,该类矿体倾角缓,开采时无法实现自溜放矿,需要通过机械或人力搬运矿石;同时,多矿种矿体需要考虑相邻矿体和上下层开采造成的扰动[4-6],采空区处理以及采场的地压管理会增加采矿成本。目前,针对此类矿体,主要采用房柱法和分层充填采矿法进行开采。房柱法存在损失大、作业不安全等问题,分层充填采矿法存在开采成本高、采掘工程量大等问题,并且在多层矿脉开采时房柱法还需要考虑顶底板稳定性问题,这给缓倾斜多矿种多层矿脉开采带来了极大的挑战[7-8]。
随着易采矿体的占比越来越小,众多学者越来越重视对缓倾斜多层矿的开采技术研究。董群柱等[9]根据大店沟金矿多层矿体存在的问题,提出采用电耙出矿上向水平分层充填采矿法进行开采;陈阳等[10]设计采用崩落法和充填采矿法协同开采选厂下方的矿体,并经过数值模拟发现,采场的稳定性满足安全生产的要求;万串串等[11]结合多年高原矿山开采技术的研究经验,在采矿方法、充填、通风及安全监控与信息化等方面建立了绿色开采框架,探索了高寒高海拔绿色矿山开采新途径;钟勇等[12]基于某缓倾斜复杂矿体,为了实现矿山安全高效开采、降低损失贫化等,提出对中厚矿体采用分层房柱采矿法进行开采;殷亮[13]在了解某矿山多条急倾斜薄矿脉近似平行的特点后,提出多层薄矿脉联合开采的方案;姜永恒等[14]针对某黄金矿山缓倾斜矿体开采过程中存在的生产能力低、劳动强度大、作业不安全等问题,提出双进路分段空场采矿法配合遥控铲运机出矿的开采工艺;王兵强等[15]分析了深埋煤层条带式充填开采矿房煤柱布置中巷道宽度、煤柱宽度、个数等参数之间的相互影响关系,并通过计算拱腹和拱脚的安全系数来确定合适的开采方案;郭俊利等[16]基于早子沟金矿缓倾斜薄矿体,开展了长臂式连续采矿法试验研究,并指出该方法可在非煤矿山领域进行推广应用。
综上所述,目前国内研究主要采用房柱法或分层充填采矿法对多层矿脉和缓倾斜矿脉进行开采,对于多矿种缓倾斜贫矿体的分采目前还没有专项研究。本文针对青海某铅锌、磁铁和硫铜复合型多金属矿的复杂开采条件,通过矿体三维模型分析了缓倾斜矿体的赋存特征,根据矿体的开采技术条件,提出了伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法,并对该方法进行了三维数值模拟分析,确定了最佳采场结构参数。研究结果为缓倾斜多矿种贫矿体的开发提供了一种切实可行的开采技术方案。
矿区位于青海省格尔木市,平均海拔3 780 m,属盆地边部浅-中切割高山区,当地气候具有高寒、多风少雨、蒸发强、昼夜温差大的特点,发育高寒荒漠土,属高寒、干旱的典型内陆性气候。水系不发育,仅在7—8月雨季时见间歇性流水,植被不发育。
矿区地层岩性较单一,地质构造简单,岩溶不发育,岩体结构以整块或厚层状结构为主,岩石强度高,稳定性好,不易发生矿山工程地质问题。
矿区矿床位于当地侵蚀基准面以下,矿体直接顶板为厚度大且富水性较弱的碳酸盐岩,构造不发育,水文地质条件简单。
矿区内含有3种矿石类型,分别为铅锌矿、磁铁矿和硫铜矿,矿体多为似层状,矿体有分枝复合现象。3种类型矿石的资源量均在1 000 万t左右,但矿石品位较低。其中铅锌矿Pb平均品位为1.12%、Zn平均品位为2.88%;硫铜矿Cu平均品位为0.50%、S平均品位为14.36%;磁铁矿Mfe平均品位为36.69%。
目前大多数学者针对缓倾斜矿体的分析都是观察勘探线剖面,但对于缓倾斜矿体,某些勘探线与矿体实际走向是不垂直的,这就导致对矿体实际形状的误判。为了避免此类问题,本文利用钻孔资料建立了矿体的三维模型,选取其中某一中段的平面图(见图1),其中蓝色为铅锌矿、红色为磁铁矿、青色为硫铜矿(颜色标识见电子版),然后根据中段间矿体的实际走向垂直割切矿体,得到矿体的剖面图,如图2所示。
从图1和图2可以看出,矿体的走向与勘探线并不垂直,因此若只看勘探线剖面图会误判矿体实际赋存特征,综合图2可以看出,铅锌矿体总体位于上部,中部为磁铁矿体,下部为硫铜矿体。硫铜矿与磁铁矿邻近,有相互交叉的情形,但两个矿种形态变化较大,矿体间的夹石较多。
根据矿区内矿体赋存状况及品位情况,采矿方法选择首先要考虑开采的安全性,提高回采率,降低贫化率;然后采矿成本要尽量低,适应性和灵活性强,采场的生产能力要尽量大,才能让该矿山取得良好的经济效益。
矿区内矿体属于多层矿脉,且为多种矿石类型,采矿方法要满足总体分采局部混采的要求,同时基于充分利用资源和保护地表的目的,设计了一种伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法对矿区内矿体进行开采。
(1)盘区构成要素。
盘区沿矿体走向布置,沿走向长度100 m为一个盘区,通过伪倾斜场内斜坡道划分矿块,中段高度40 m,盘区间柱宽9 m(中间留一条场内斜坡道,因此左右间柱的实际宽度为2.7 m),顶、底柱高度均为2 m,盘区内按照中段划分为上下两个采场,每个采场分别进行开采。沿倾向伪倾斜、折返式布置场内斜坡道。采场沿走向布置,长度为50~60 m,根据区域矿体顶板稳固情况,设计进路宽度为5~7 m。
(2)采切工程。
采准切割工程主要有场内斜坡道、中段穿脉巷道、溜井联络道、溜井等。沿矿体走向掘进脉内运输平巷,然后通过脉内运输平巷在盘区间柱内施工伪倾斜场内斜坡道,斜坡道坡度控制在15%以下,供铲运机和台车进出,将中段间矿体划分为2个采场,再通过场内斜坡道施工采场联络道,穿过盘区间柱进入采场。场内斜坡道采取折返式,以降低坡度,盘区内进行2次折返(折返次数主要受矿体倾角影响,如果矿体倾角小于10°,则无需布置折返),折返点在溜井联络道的位置。多矿层回采的伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法如图3所示。
(3)回采工艺。
各进路间隔回采。当为两层矿体时或矿体厚度大于6 m时,采用分层开采,先开采下层矿体,待下层条带充填完成后再开采上层矿体,均采用浅孔凿岩爆破。由于条带进路断面较大,在前期需要一定的补偿空间,采用DW1-31单臂凿岩台车凿岩,炮孔水平布置,炮孔直径为42 mm,炮孔深度为3.5 m,炮孔网度为0.8~1.0 m,采用数码雷管起爆。
主要采用载重量7 t的ACY 307L柴油铲运机出矿。采场矿石由铲运机运至溜井或者直接装至脉内运输平巷中的UQ-20井下卡车(20 t),经过井下卡车倒运至中段主溜井,再卸载至溜破系统。
(4)通风。
新鲜风流由脉内运输巷道通过场内斜坡道进入采场回采工作面,清洗工作面后,污风经上部场内斜坡道汇入上中段回风巷,最后汇入回风竖井排出地表。为加快爆破炮烟排出,采场采用局扇加强通风。其中装矿联络道内污风通过通风联络道(可作井下卡车倒车硐室)沿人行通风天井汇入上部场内斜坡道,然后再汇入上中段回风巷,最后汇入回风竖井排出地表。
(5)采场顶板管理。
爆破通风后要立即进行顶板撬毛作业,根据顶板围岩稳固情况,对于不稳固地段可采用锚网支护方式进行加固。
(6)充填。
回采完毕后,先将通往采空区的各通道口(主要是场内斜坡道与进路相连的联络道)用充填挡墙封闭,并留设泄水口,然后从上中段将充填管路沿场内斜坡道进入采场进行嗣后尾砂充填。
第一层开采充填:一步骤进路和二步骤进路采用高强度充填砂浆进行充填,胶结充填体强度要求为2~3 MPa。
第二层开采充填:一步骤进路采用高强度充填砂浆进行充填,胶结充填体强度要求为2~3 MPa。二步骤进路充填体为低强度充填砂浆,充填体满足脱水的要求即可。
考虑到该采矿方法的矿房宽度,本次对采场条带进路的宽度分别设置5 m、6 m和7 m三种方案进行对比分析。
为了精准模拟各采矿方案下矿房采空区及矿柱的变化情况,本次模型采用某中段(首采区开采阶段)的局部矿房进行模型构建,研究一个盘区内矿房的动态开采过程。三维模型如图4所示。
对除上表面以外的面施加约束,对上表面施加均载,应力值为上覆岩体的重力载荷。
利用FLAC3D对三种进路宽度进行模拟,在采空区顶板及矿柱中布设15个监测点对位移及应力变化情况进行监测,根据监测数据对比分析三种方案的采场稳定性。
通过模拟计算得到3种宽度进路的各监测点的位移变化趋势,如图5所示。
从图5分析得出,一步骤回采时,各监测的总位移量呈现先增后降的趋势,6 m宽进路方案较5 m宽进路方案总位移量增加了0.003 m,7 m宽进路方案较6 m宽进路方案总位移量降低了0.001 m;二步骤回采总位移量总体表现为逐渐增加的趋势,6 m宽进路方案较5 m宽进路方案总位移量增加了0.002 1 m,7 m宽进路方案较6 m宽进路方案总位移量增加了0.004 m。总体而言,3个进路方案总位移未出现显著的变化趋势,顶板总位移变化不大,较为安全。
不同进路宽度下各监测点最大主应力变化如图6所示。
从图6可以看出,一步骤回采时,各方案的矿柱最大主应力呈现先增后缓的趋势,6 m宽进路方案较5 m宽进路方案矿柱最大主应力增加显著,增量为1.322 MPa,7 m宽进路方案较6 m宽进路方案最大主应力增加了0.021 MPa;二步骤回采时,最大主应力总体表现为逐渐增加的趋势,6 m宽进路方案较5 m宽进路方案最大主应力增加了0.584 MPa,7 m宽进路方案较6 m宽进路方案最大主应力增加了0.311 MPa。总体而言,6 m宽进路方案较5 m宽进路方案在一步骤回采时矿柱最大主应力出现显著的变化趋势,而7 m宽进路方案最大主应力较6 m宽进路方案而言变化不显著。
不同进路宽度的塑性区分布如图7至图9所示。根据各方案塑性区分布可知,随着进路宽度的增加,3个方案一步骤、二步骤回采过程中,顶板、矿柱及充填体虽然都出现了一定程度的塑性区,但并未出现明显的贯穿式塑性区分布,说明3个方案并未产生本质上的区别。其次,对比分析3个方案,5 m宽进路方案与7 m宽进路方案类似,一步骤推进至二步骤时,塑性区有了显著的增多,而6 m宽进路方案二步骤开采时的塑性区分布较一步骤而言增量不大。
在总位移方面,3个方案的总位移虽然呈现逐渐增大的趋势,但增量值都处于较低水平;在最大主应力方面,6 m宽进路方案与7 m宽进路方案较5 m宽进路方案而言变化显著;就塑性区分布而言,6 m宽进路方案相对另外2个方案更为合理。综合分析,5 m宽进路方案与6 m宽进路方案较为合理,推荐在生产过程中采用5 m宽进路或6 m宽进路进行采场回采。
针对某铅锌、磁铁和硫铜复合型多金属矿山,基于矿山矿石品位低、价值低、矿石类型多、缓倾斜多层矿脉赋存的特征,提出了采用伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法开采矿体。
(1)伪倾斜条带进路充填采矿法可在一个盘区内回采多条进路,生产能力大,采用无轨运输,灵活便捷,同时采切工程脉内布置,掘进即开挖矿石,可减少基建投资和采切工程,大大提高矿山的经济效益。
(2)采用充填采矿法浅孔开采,可有效减少矿石的损失和贫化,并可适应多层矿体的开采,先开采下层矿体并充填后再开采上层矿体,可有效保证相邻矿层得到最大化回采,实现分采分运、协同开采。
(3)通过FLAC3D对不同进路宽度的回采方案进行了模拟分析,通过分析进路宽度分别为5 m、6 m和7 m下的顶板位移、矿柱受力情况和塑性区分布情况,建议进路宽度采用5 m或6 m。

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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
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    长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙市 410007

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李晓芸(1976—),男,江西于都人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿工程技术研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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