Article(id=1322595112891302661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712419200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260847542, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260847542, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260847542, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260847542, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=195, endPage=203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595113184903942, articleId=1322595112891302661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Migration and Diffusion Law and Prevention Technology of Heavy Metals in Soil of Metal Open-Pit Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the mining process of metal open-pit mines, a large amount of solid wastes such as waste rocks and tailings are discarded. Under the action of wind, sun and rain, harmful substances such as heavy metals in the wastes enter the soil, causing the soil in the mining areas and surrounding areas to be polluted. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the production, migration and enrichment of heavy metal elements in open-pit mine soil to guide the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in mines. The types of pollution sources, soil properties and the influence of hydraulic action on the migration of pollutants in open-pit mines were introduced, and the measures to improve the risk of soil heavy metal pollution in mining areas were summarized. It points out that further research is of great significance on the influence of soil physical and chemical properties on the migration of heavy metals and establishing corresponding numerical models, and it is necessary to form a comprehensive three-dimensional heavy metal pollution prevention and control system. The study can provide a theoretical support for the control of soil pollution in mining areas.

, authors=Siyi LIU1, Xiaowei GU1, Xiaochuan XU1, Yang CAO2, Meng LYU2, Zhenguo ZHU1, Yunqi ZHAO1, authorsList=Siyi LIU, Xiaowei GU, Xiaochuan XU, Yang CAO, Meng LYU, Zhenguo ZHU, Yunqi ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaowei GU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595113516253959, articleId=1322595112891302661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=金属露天矿土壤重金属迁移扩散规律与防治技术研究进展, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金属露天矿开采过程中,排弃大量废石、尾矿等固体废弃物,在风吹、日晒、雨淋作用下,废弃物中的重金属等有害物质进入土壤,导致矿区及周边的土壤受到污染。因此,研究露天矿区土壤重金属元素的产生、迁移和富集对指导矿山重金属污染防治具有重要意义。介绍了露天矿中污染源类型、土壤性质以及水力作用对污染物迁移的影响规律,并总结了矿区土壤重金属污染风险改善措施,指出了进一步研究土壤理化性质对重金属迁移的影响规律并建立相应数值模型的重要性,以及针对性形成全面立体化重金属污染防治体系的必要性,为矿区土壤污染治理提供理论支持。

, authors=刘思懿1, 顾晓薇1, 胥孝川1, 曹洋2, 吕蒙2, 朱振国1, 赵昀奇1, authorsList=刘思懿, 顾晓薇, 胥孝川, 曹洋, 吕蒙, 朱振国, 赵昀奇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=顾晓薇, authorNote=

刘思懿(1998—),女,辽宁鞍山人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为露天矿生态环境优化。E-mail:

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顾晓薇(1971—),女,辽宁凤城人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿山资源与生态经济及露天矿床开采优化。E-mail:
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刘思懿(1998—),女,辽宁鞍山人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为露天矿生态环境优化。E-mail:

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刘思懿(1998—),女,辽宁鞍山人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为露天矿生态环境优化。E-mail:

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Research of regulation of the soil leachate contaminating soil and groundwater in Haizhou mining dumping site[D]. 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Desorption/migration and numerical simulation of Cu/Cd composite polluted soil under the influence of different chemical factor[D]. 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Experimental study on soil macropore characteristics and its influence on solute transport in coal mining subsidence area[D]. Jiaozuo: Henan Polytechnic University, 2022., articleTitle=Experimental study on soil macropore characteristics and its influence on solute transport in coal mining subsidence area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595128728994682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595112891302661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=69, issue=2, pageStart=161, pageEnd=170, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=55, authorNames=MAHMOODLU M G, RAOOF A, VAN GENUCHTEN M T, journalName=Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAHMOODLU M G, RAOOF A, VAN GENUCHTEN M T. Effect of soil textural characteristics on longitudinal dispersion in saturated porous media[J]. 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金属露天矿土壤重金属迁移扩散规律与防治技术研究进展
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刘思懿 1 , 顾晓薇 1 , 胥孝川 1 , 曹洋 2 , 吕蒙 2 , 朱振国 1 , 赵昀奇 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(2): 195-203
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (2) : 195 -203
金属露天矿土壤重金属迁移扩散规律与防治技术研究进展
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刘思懿1 , 顾晓薇1 , 胥孝川1, 曹洋2, 吕蒙2, 朱振国1, 赵昀奇1
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 2.鞍钢集团矿业有限公司,辽宁 鞍山市 114001
通讯作者:
顾晓薇(1971—),女,辽宁凤城人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿山资源与生态经济及露天矿床开采优化。E-mail:
作者简介:

刘思懿(1998—),女,辽宁鞍山人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为露天矿生态环境优化。E-mail:

Research Progress on Migration and Diffusion Law and Prevention Technology of Heavy Metals in Soil of Metal Open-Pit Mine
Siyi LIU1 , Xiaowei GU1 , Xiaochuan XU1, Yang CAO2, Meng LYU2, Zhenguo ZHU1, Yunqi ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
  • 2.Ansteel Group Mining Corportion Limited, Anshan, Liaoning 114001, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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金属露天矿开采过程中,排弃大量废石、尾矿等固体废弃物,在风吹、日晒、雨淋作用下,废弃物中的重金属等有害物质进入土壤,导致矿区及周边的土壤受到污染。因此,研究露天矿区土壤重金属元素的产生、迁移和富集对指导矿山重金属污染防治具有重要意义。介绍了露天矿中污染源类型、土壤性质以及水力作用对污染物迁移的影响规律,并总结了矿区土壤重金属污染风险改善措施,指出了进一步研究土壤理化性质对重金属迁移的影响规律并建立相应数值模型的重要性,以及针对性形成全面立体化重金属污染防治体系的必要性,为矿区土壤污染治理提供理论支持。

土壤污染  /  重金属污染  /  金属露天矿  /  迁移规律  /  防治技术

During the mining process of metal open-pit mines, a large amount of solid wastes such as waste rocks and tailings are discarded. Under the action of wind, sun and rain, harmful substances such as heavy metals in the wastes enter the soil, causing the soil in the mining areas and surrounding areas to be polluted. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the production, migration and enrichment of heavy metal elements in open-pit mine soil to guide the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in mines. The types of pollution sources, soil properties and the influence of hydraulic action on the migration of pollutants in open-pit mines were introduced, and the measures to improve the risk of soil heavy metal pollution in mining areas were summarized. It points out that further research is of great significance on the influence of soil physical and chemical properties on the migration of heavy metals and establishing corresponding numerical models, and it is necessary to form a comprehensive three-dimensional heavy metal pollution prevention and control system. The study can provide a theoretical support for the control of soil pollution in mining areas.

Soil pollution  /  Heavy metal pollution  /  Metal open-pit mine  /  Migration law  /  Prevention and control technology
刘思懿, 顾晓薇, 胥孝川, 曹洋, 吕蒙, 朱振国, 赵昀奇. 金属露天矿土壤重金属迁移扩散规律与防治技术研究进展. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 195 -203 .
Siyi LIU, Xiaowei GU, Xiaochuan XU, Yang CAO, Meng LYU, Zhenguo ZHU, Yunqi ZHAO. Research Progress on Migration and Diffusion Law and Prevention Technology of Heavy Metals in Soil of Metal Open-Pit Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 195 -203 .
随着社会经济发展对各类资源需求量的增大,因矿产资源开采导致的环境破坏也愈发严重。以露天矿山为例,露天矿山普遍具有开采年限长、占地面积广的特点。在长期的采矿活动影响下,矿山内部及周边生态环境破坏严重,水、土壤以及大气等都受到矿石中污染物的污染,而其中土壤受到的破坏尤为严重。
土壤污染物具有一定的停滞性、隐蔽性和破坏性[1]。在矿山开采过程中,由于废矿渣、废石、尾矿等处理不当,经过雨水淋滤,污染物溶解于水中经水流渗透到土壤内,吸附在土壤颗粒表面,经过长时间累积污染了土壤环境[2]。除了水体流动带动污染物迁移外,露天矿山重金属污染物扩散迁移还与土壤中的pH、有机质、速效磷以及速效钾含量等理化性质有关[3]。因此,本文从露天矿山重金属污染物来源、重金属污染物在土壤中的迁移扩散规律以及土壤重金属污染物防治措施等几个方面系统梳理了国内外研究进展,以期为我国露天矿山重金属污染防范与治理提供思路。
露天矿开采对周边土壤的重金属污染主要是由于采矿活动中的废水、废渣,以及粉尘等污染物排放和扩散所引起的。一般来说,黑色金属露天矿常见的重金属污染物包括铅、锌、铜、铬、锰等,而有色金属、非金属露天矿的重金属污染物可能更加复杂[4]。根据开采工艺特点,金属露天矿土壤重金属污染物主要来源包括露天采场、排土场和尾矿库等。
露天采场是露天矿占地面积最大的区域之一,也是采矿活动的主要发生地点。因此,矿石中伴生的重金属以及采运设备所用燃料中含有的重金属元素首先在露天采场中发生富集[5]。露天采场中常见的重金属污染物包括铅、锌、铜、镉等[6],这些重金属污染物的类型和存在形式因矿石种类、采矿方式等因素的不同而存在差异[7-8],在地下水侵蚀和运移的作用下逐渐迁移并对下层土壤产生污染,进一步在水流的驱动作用下对采场周边土壤造成更加严重的污染[9]。李晶等[10]为探究露天矿采场周边重金属含量的污染情况和空间分布特征,采用原子吸收光谱法测定Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu等4种重金属含量,探索不同土壤中重金属含量之间的相关性。还有学者认为露天开采时使用的炸药是造成重金属污染的来源之一,并通过风险评估代码等方法研究发现格拉莫克地区的露天采场所用炸药中含有的镉元素是造成受检地区镉污染的主要原因[5]。除此之外,爆破工艺产生的物质以及运输车辆排放的尾气中含有多种重金属元素,同样也是露天采场重金属污染的主要来源之一[11-12]。粉尘和尾气会随着空气流动扩散到采场周边环境中,将重金属带入到土壤中,对土壤造成污染。还有学者[13]研究发现露天煤矿周边地区空气和土壤中的Cr(VI)污染与运输卡车排放的尾气直接相关,借由PM10等方式进行传播和迁移。
排土场由开采矿石时产生的剥离岩石堆置形成,经过风化作用逐渐将含有重金属元素的岩石分解和释放,例如,物理风化过程中冻融作用会导致岩石中物理结构被破坏,使其变得松散,易于风化和侵蚀,从而使岩石中的重金属元素更容易从岩石中释放出来,进入土壤[14]。排土场周边土壤中常见的重金属元素有铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷等[15]。刘瑞瑶等[16]采用原子荧光法和原子吸收法测定内蒙古某露天矿排土场土壤重金属含量,并确定其主要来源为排土场排出的废石。周浩[17]在冻融作用对露天矿排土场土壤可蚀性的影响研究中指出,冻融作用的影响加剧了土壤的侵蚀程度。另外,废石中的铜、铅、锌、镉等重金属元素在淋溶的作用下会渗透进入地表土壤并随着地表径流作用产生迁移造成周边土壤重金属富集,从而引起排土场周边土壤污染[18-19]。范良千[20]研究发现排土场淋溶水是造成周边土壤和地下水污染的重要污染源之一。
尾矿库是尾矿的堆积场所,由于尾矿粒度较细、坝体高、风速大等原因,尾矿库扬尘是导致尾矿库周边土壤污染的重要原因之一[21-22]。重金属元素通常借助风力作用扩散到周边土壤,污染周边土壤环境。尾矿库周边土壤中常见重金属元素有铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰等[23]。胡凌霄等[24]为研究尾矿库及周边土壤重金属含量及分布情况,分别采用电感耦合等离子体法、X-射线荧光光谱法、原子荧光光谱法测定土壤重金属含量,发现尾矿库周边土壤中重金属含量超标。李青等[25]分析总结了金属矿山尾矿库对土壤与水环境污染的影响,指出尾矿库扬尘是将重金属及其他有毒物质随扬尘对周边土壤造成污染的重要方式之一。另外,尾矿的堆积受到长期自然风化和雨水淋滤作用,造成尾矿库场地及周边土壤出现重金属污染,经过雨水下渗作用将重金属污染物迁移至更深层土壤及地下水环境中,造成严重的环境污染[26]。王勇强[27]采用GIS技术和层次分析法探索降雨条件对尾矿库周边土壤的污染情况,验证降雨是影响尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染和迁移的重要因素。
土壤迁移规律是土壤科学中的重要研究内容,它涉及到土壤在不同环境条件下的运动、分布和转化过程。其中,土壤自身性质是一个重要的影响因素,例如土壤的pH、有机质含量、阳离子交换能力等都会影响重金属在土壤中的吸附、解吸和迁移[28-29]。此外,土壤的颗粒大小、孔隙度和含水率等物理性质也会影响重金属的迁移[30-32]。另外,水力作用对土壤重金属的迁移也有重要影响。水流速度、水力梯度等水文条件决定了重金属随水流迁移的能力[33]。此外,地下水的流动方向和速度也可能影响重金属的迁移路径和距离[34]。
为了深入了解和研究土壤迁移规律,科学家们通常依赖于室内试验和数值模拟两种方法,这两种方法各有特点,互为补充,共同为揭示土壤迁移规律提供了有力的支撑。目前学者们对土壤重金属迁移规律取得了一些成果,但仍存在许多问题需要进一步研究和探讨。土壤重金属污染物迁移机理和规律是当前研究的热点问题,深入了解和掌握这些机理和规律有助于更好地防控和治理土壤重金属污染。
pH和有机质是影响土壤吸附重金属的关键因素[35-36]。土壤的酸碱度会影响重金属的溶解度和形态;有机质可与重金属形成螯合物或络合物,这可能增加或降低重金属的迁移性。LI等[37]通过研究土壤重金属吸附的热力学特性和吸附机理,发现土壤吸附重金属能力随土壤pH升高而增加,验证了重金属富集与土壤pH具有相关性。叶延勇[38]采用等温吸附试验研究单因素有机质对土壤吸附Zn、Pb的影响,结果表明去除有机质后重金属的吸附效率明显下降,验证了土壤中重金属吸附能力随有机质的增加而升高。除此之外,土壤密度的高低影响土壤的孔隙度和渗透性,进而影响水分和溶解性污染物的流动[39-41]。马小云等[42]采用一维土柱试验研究土壤孔隙度对土壤污染物的迁移影响,结果表明土壤孔隙度越大,土壤水动力弥散系数越大,污染物对水分沿孔隙迁移的速度就越快,并扩大了迁移范围。
土壤中的重金属迁移是指重金属元素在土壤剖面或土壤中不同位置间的移动,这种迁移受到多种因素的影响,其中水力作用是重要的驱动力之一。水力作用不仅直接影响重金属在土壤中的运移,还通过改变土壤的物理化学性质间接影响重金属的迁移[43-44]。
在自然界中,土壤中的重金属不仅可以通过地表径流进行水平迁移,还可以在土壤中垂直迁移[45]。
地表径流对土壤重金属的迁移具有重要影响。当地表径流形成时,便会携带地表的悬浮颗粒物和溶解性物质[46](包括重金属)一同流动。这种流动可以促使重金属在土壤表层中沿地表径流方向迁移。特别是当土壤受到雨水冲刷时,地表径流的力量可以将土壤中的重金属冲刷下来[47],加速其迁移过程。地表径流还可以通过改变土壤环境的物理化学条件来影响重金属的形态和迁移性。例如,地表径流可以降低土壤的pH[48],使一些原本以不溶性形态存在的重金属转化为可溶态,从而增加其迁移性。此外,地表径流还可以促进土壤中重金属的氧化还原反应,进一步改变其形态和迁移性。地表径流与土壤侵蚀之间存在协同作用,共同促进重金属的迁移。当土壤受到侵蚀时,土壤颗粒和其中的重金属会被地表径流携带走,从而导致重金属在更大范围内迁移。特别是在坡度较大的地区,地表径流和土壤侵蚀的协同作用更为显著[49],重金属迁移的风险也更高。
地表径流还可以通过入渗作用影响地下水中的重金属含量[50]。当地表径流流经污染土壤时,其中的重金属可能会被土壤吸附或溶解在水中,随着径流的下渗作用进入地下水体,从而对地下水造成污染。陶权等[43]通过室内模拟降雨试验验证了污染土壤中重金属总浓度与地表径流强度密切相关,地表径流携带重金属量随降雨强度增大而增加。
在重金属污染物迁移中,地下水渗流扮演着重要角色。当水分由于重力[51]和毛细作用向下渗透时[52],溶解在水中的重金属可被带入更深层的土壤或达到地下水层。地下水中的化学性质,如pH和离子浓度,对重金属的溶解度和形态有着显著影响[53],在某些条件下,这些因素可能促使重金属更易溶解,并随水流迁移,进入地下水系统。周辉[54]通过一系列试验模拟pH、离子浓度等因素对Pb2+迁移能力的影响,随着pH增加,Pb2+的迁移能力明显增加,同时随着Pb2+浓度的增加,Pb2+的形式发生了改变。
此外,土壤的孔隙度和结构也决定了水分和溶解污染物的流动速度和路径,从而影响重金属在土壤剖面中的分布和迁移深度[55]。土壤饱和度和水分迁移是土壤的基本理化性质,但也是制约污染物元素迁移情况的关键条件,一般来说,土壤保水能力越强,含水率越高,发生重金属迁移的可能性越高[56-57]。BAI等[58]通过理论与室内土柱试验相结合,研究非饱和土壤中温度驱动的水分运动和重金属Pb2+迁移特征,得出随着水分的移动,重金属离子的迁移距离随着初始含水量的增大而增加。
土壤污染物的迁移过程包括水平迁移和垂直迁移[59-60],其迁移的实质是溶质在土壤中的运移过程,为更直观描述土壤污染物的迁移规律,需要借助土壤溶质运移模型模拟污染物在土壤中的迁移和扩散过程。土壤是一个复杂的多孔介质体,受流体的影响,污染物在多孔介质体内常发生对流、分子(或离子)扩散、机械弥散等现象。模拟土壤污染物迁移过程主要基于对流-弥散模型,该模型是土壤溶质迁移理论研究的基本方程,通过确定的参数、边界条件以及变量等构建溶质运移模型并对溶质运移进行求解,就可正确反映溶质在土壤中的运移过程[61-62]。XIE等[63]基于土柱试验结果,应用达西定律和对流-扩散方程模拟某金属矿土壤中Cd、Cu迁移和演变过程,得出污染物的浓度随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,并且大部分富集在土壤表层。郭佳雯[64]通过土柱试验及数值模拟软件Comsol对冶炼厂重金属Pb和Cd的垂直迁移过程进行三维模拟,结果显示重金属Pb和Cd的含量主要集中在土壤表层,但均呈现逐渐向下迁移的情况。
物理修复技术是一种针对矿区环境问题的有效治理手段。该技术主要运用物理方法,对受污染或破坏的矿区土壤、水体等进行修复和治理,从而达到恢复土壤结构、改善水文条件以及减少环境污染的目的。常见的物理修复技术包括土壤翻耕、土壤淋洗以及电动修复等[65]。
(1)土壤翻耕是指通过翻动土壤,改善土壤结构,提高土壤通气性和透水性,促进微生物的繁殖和活动,从而加速污染物的降解和转化。黄迪等[66]利用多种技术对重金属污染的土壤进行修复,研究结果表明,多种技术中采用深耕翻耕技术对土壤的修复效果较好且见效快。
(2)土壤淋洗是利用淋洗剂将土壤中的污染物溶解或悬浮,并通过淋洗过程将其从土壤中分离出来,达到去除污染物的目的。YANG等[67]针对重金属污染土壤问题提出了改良的淋洗技术,研究结果表明,该技术可有效去除土壤中的重金属。
(3)电动修复则是利用电场作用使土壤中的污染物在电场力的驱动下发生迁移,从而实现污染物的集中处理。HAWAL等[68]利用电动技术修复砷污染的土壤,研究结果表明,该技术加快了砷被吸附的速度,提高了土壤修复的效率。
在土壤的污染防治与恢复领域中,化学修复技术是一种重要的技术手段,用于处理矿区环境中的污染问题。该技术主要依赖于化学反应以去除或转化土壤、水体中的污染物,从而达到修复环境的目的[69]。
常见的化学修复技术包括化学氧化、化学还原、酸碱中和、沉淀法以及土壤固化稳定化等[70]。化学氧化技术利用强氧化剂与污染物发生氧化还原反应,将有毒有害物质转化为低毒或无毒的物质。化学还原则通过还原剂使污染物发生还原反应,降低其毒性或改变其化学形态。酸碱中和技术则用于调节土壤的酸碱度,改善土壤环境。而沉淀法则通过添加沉淀剂使污染物转化为不溶性沉淀物,从而从水体中去除。土壤固化稳定化则是通过添加固化剂或稳定剂,改变土壤的物理化学性质,使污染物固定或转化为无害形态,实现其无害化或降低其对生态系统危害性的风险。张雷雨[71]分析了矿山附近土壤受到污染的原因及现状,并提出了改良的化学修复技术。陈昱坤[72]采用氧化还原化学修复技术对某矿山附近的土壤进行修复,并取得了较好的修复效果。
生物修复技术主要是指利用微生物、植物和动物等生物体的代谢活动,对重金属进行降解、吸附、转化或固定化[73]。这些生物体能够吸收、转化或降解土壤中的重金属,从而降低土壤中重金属的含量,达到修复污染土壤的目的。
(1)微生物修复技术是通过向污染土壤中添加具有重金属抗性的细菌、真菌等微生物,利用其代谢活动来降解和转化重金属[74]。EMENIKE等[75]针对土壤重金属污染且存在持久性较高的问题,利用细菌菌株提取土壤中的重金属离子,试验结果表明,受污染的土质得到了较好的改善。
(2)植物修复技术则是利用某些对重金属具有较强吸收能力的植物(如超积累植物)来吸收土壤中的重金属。这些植物通过根系吸收重金属,并将其储存在植物体内,从而降低土壤中重金属的含量。同时,植物的生长过程还能够改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力[76]。耿天煜[77]对不同植被类型下土壤修复特征进行研究分析,得出植被群落特征、土壤理化特征和土壤生化特征三者均具有一定的相关性,增加植被对土壤修复有显著效果。
(3)动物修复技术则是利用蚯蚓等土壤动物在土壤中活动,改善土壤通气性和透水性,促进微生物的生长和代谢活动,从而加速重金属的转化和降解[78]。吴国英等[79]研究了蚯蚓对土壤中Cu、Zn元素的影响,研究结果表明,在适当湿度、温度和密度环境下的蚯蚓对重金属元素的吸收量较高。
探明土壤重金属污染现状及迁移规律对露天矿山的土壤污染物防治有着重要意义。本文基于当前国内外露天矿重金属污染的研究现状,对土壤重金属污染物类别、迁移过程、扩散规律,以及重金属污染物防治技术进行系统归纳和总结。
(1)露天矿的重金属污染呈明显的区域性划分的特点,露天矿不同地区的生产活动均对周边地区的重金属污染有着重要影响,露天采场、尾矿库和排土场等采矿场地都具有产生重金属污染的潜在风险。经过多次处理工艺后产生的尾矿由于重金属富集度最高,因此具有更严重的潜在环境危害,是当前露天矿山进行重金属污染治理的关键和重点区域。
(2)重金属在土壤中的扩散同时受到土壤自身性质以及降雨条件等多种因素影响,降雨和地下水越丰富,土壤中重金属元素迁移的风险也就越大,而土壤中有机质含量、pH等对重金属迁移的影响规律更加复杂,仍需要进一步进行研究。未来应根据露天矿及其周边不同区域土壤的特点,针对性地开展理论研究并建立相应的数值模型,以量化有机质含量、pH等理化性质对重金属迁移的潜在影响。
(3)当前我国矿山急需进一步加强周边地区的土壤重金属污染防治,对于土壤污染问题不能只集中于后期治理,应当从重金属污染源头进行针对性处理,根据相应重金属元素迁移规律采取系统性措施,形成全面化、立体化的重金属污染防治体系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074061; 51974060)
  • 辽宁省基本科研面上资助项目(JYTMS20230616)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(N2201009)
  • 沈阳市科技计划专项项目(22322302)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-07
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074061; 51974060)
辽宁省基本科研面上资助项目(JYTMS20230616)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(N2201009)
沈阳市科技计划专项项目(22322302)
作者信息
    1.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
    2.鞍钢集团矿业有限公司,辽宁 鞍山市 114001

通讯作者:

顾晓薇(1971—),女,辽宁凤城人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿山资源与生态经济及露天矿床开采优化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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