Article(id=1322595090091065936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260842105, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260842105, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260842105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260842105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=171, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595090263032401, articleId=1322595090091065936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Analysis of Fluid-Solid Coupling Creep Characteristics of Red-Bed Soft Rock Eroded by Acidic Solution, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the damage degradation and landslide instability mechanism of weathered red-bed soft rock under the action of acid rain, the stress-seepage coupling creep test of red-bed soft rock under repeated erosion of acid solution was carried out, and the mechanical behavior and damage evolution mechanism of rock coupling creep were analyzed. By analyzing the time-strain curve of rock creep under different test conditions and the relationship between rock creep rate and permeability before and after hydrochemical damage, the mechanism of rock damage degradation under the coupling of chemical-stress-seepage and the main factors affecting rock damage were explored. The results show that the hydrochemical action will reduce the triaxial strength of the rock, with a minimum reduction of 36.31% and a maximum reduction of 48.03%. At the same time, the rock creep curve after repeated erosion by hydrochemical action is more divergent. There is a good positive correlation between rock damage law and stress level under different hydraulic conditions. The degree of hydrochemical damage is much higher than that of seepage and stress. After hydrochemical damage, rock seepage and stress will aggravate rock damage degradation. Under the action of high seepage pressure, the creep effect of rock is more obvious. Finally, the chemical damage factor is introduced to establish a triaxial nonlinear damage creep model under the stress-seepage coupling effect including chemical damage, which can describe the fluid-solid coupling creep characteristics of red-bed soft rock under the action of hydrochemical action, and the fitting effect is good.

, authors=Zhengnan YI1, Shuguang ZHANG1, 2, Wenhao QI1, Mingzhuo FAN1, Ye SUN1, authorsList=Zhengnan YI, Shuguang ZHANG, Wenhao QI, Mingzhuo FAN, Ye SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuguang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595095875011204, articleId=1322595090091065936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=酸性溶液侵蚀红层软岩流固耦合蠕变特性分析, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究酸雨作用下风化红层软岩的损伤劣化和滑坡失稳机制,进行酸性溶液反复侵蚀下红层软岩应力-渗流耦合蠕变试验,分析岩石耦合蠕变力学行为及损伤演化机制。通过分析不同试验条件下岩石蠕变时间-应变曲线,以及水化学损伤前后岩石蠕变速率与渗透率的相互关系,探究化学-应力-渗流耦合作用下岩石损伤劣化机理及影响岩石损伤的主要因素。结果表明:水化学作用会对岩石三轴强度造成折减,最低降低幅度为36.31%,最大降幅为48.03%,同时受水化学反复侵蚀作用后的岩石蠕变曲线发散性更强;不同水力条件下岩石损伤规律与应力水平呈现良好的正相关性,水化学损伤破坏程度远高于渗流及应力作用破坏程度,受水化学损伤后岩石渗流及应力作用均会加剧岩石损伤劣化,高渗流压力作用下,岩石蠕变效应更加明显。最后引入化学损伤因子,建立了包含化学损伤的应力-渗流耦合作用下的三轴非线性损伤蠕变模型,该模型可以描述水化学作用下红层软岩流固耦合蠕变特征,拟合效果良好。

, authors=伊正男1, 张树光1, 2, 漆文浩1, 范明卓1, 孙晔1, authorsList=伊正男, 张树光, 漆文浩, 范明卓, 孙晔, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张树光, authorNote=

伊正男(1998—),男,山东济南人,硕士,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:

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张树光(1974—),男,山东东营人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:
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伊正男(1998—),男,山东济南人,硕士,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:

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伊正男(1998—),男,山东济南人,硕士,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595101843505865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test results of triaxial compressive strength of red beds soft rock

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试样编号围压/MPa渗流压力/MPa养护环境三轴抗压强度/MPa
T11-S1.51.0蒸馏水43.39
T12-S2.51.0蒸馏水45.22
T03-S3.50.0蒸馏水55.42
T13-S3.51.0蒸馏水51.41
T23-S3.52.0蒸馏水45.91
T33-S3.53.0蒸馏水42.93
T11-H1.51.0硫酸溶液29.31
T12-H2.51.0硫酸溶液32.58
T03-H3.50.0硫酸溶液39.20
T13-H3.51.0硫酸溶液36.12
T23-H3.52.0硫酸溶液33.68
T33-H3.53.0硫酸溶液30.87
), ArticleFig(id=1322595103496061643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

红层软岩三轴抗压强度试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号围压/MPa渗流压力/MPa养护环境三轴抗压强度/MPa
T11-S1.51.0蒸馏水43.39
T12-S2.51.0蒸馏水45.22
T03-S3.50.0蒸馏水55.42
T13-S3.51.0蒸馏水51.41
T23-S3.52.0蒸馏水45.91
T33-S3.53.0蒸馏水42.93
T11-H1.51.0硫酸溶液29.31
T12-H2.51.0硫酸溶液32.58
T03-H3.50.0硫酸溶液39.20
T13-H3.51.0硫酸溶液36.12
T23-H3.52.0硫酸溶液33.68
T33-H3.53.0硫酸溶液30.87
), ArticleFig(id=1322595103575753420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Creep deformation of rock under different conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号轴向变形/%瞬时变形/%蠕变变形/%
T11-S0.1010.0700.031
T12-S0.1150.0790.036
T03-S0.0960.0680.028
T13-S0.1200.0800.040
T23-S0.1280.0830.045
T33-S0.1440.0960.048
T11-H0.1420.0950.047
T12-H0.1490.1010.048
T03-H0.1340.0890.045
T13-H0.1530.1020.049
T23-H0.1580.1040.054
T33-H0.1700.1110.059
), ArticleFig(id=1322595103655445197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同条件下岩石蠕变变形

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号轴向变形/%瞬时变形/%蠕变变形/%
T11-S0.1010.0700.031
T12-S0.1150.0790.036
T03-S0.0960.0680.028
T13-S0.1200.0800.040
T23-S0.1280.0830.045
T33-S0.1440.0960.048
T11-H0.1420.0950.047
T12-H0.1490.1010.048
T03-H0.1340.0890.045
T13-H0.1530.1020.049
T23-H0.1580.1040.054
T33-H0.1700.1110.059
), ArticleFig(id=1322595103709971150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Long-term strength of rock under different test conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号水化学试样长期强度/MPa无水化学试样长期强度/MPa
T1120.5230.37
T1222.8031.65
T0327.4438.79
T1325.2836.00
T2319.9432.14
T3318.5230.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322595103793857231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同试验条件下的岩石长期强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号水化学试样长期强度/MPa无水化学试样长期强度/MPa
T1120.5230.37
T1222.8031.65
T0327.4438.79
T1325.2836.00
T2319.9432.14
T3318.5230.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322595103877743312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(σ1-σ3)/MPaDCK/GPaGH/GPaGK/GPaηK/(GPa·h)ηR/(GPa·h)εRDSλnR2
13.160.8625.2553.3389.2810.99—————0.956 49
16.090.8611.8914.0181.5220.94—————0.997 25
19.020.8613.7919.4478.4930.78—————0.967 49
21.950.8621.2427.5867.1025.020.881.544 60.741.251.040.980 56
), ArticleFig(id=1322595103982600913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595090091065936, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型各项参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(σ1-σ3)/MPaDCK/GPaGH/GPaGK/GPaηK/(GPa·h)ηR/(GPa·h)εRDSλnR2
13.160.8625.2553.3389.2810.99—————0.956 49
16.090.8611.8914.0181.5220.94—————0.997 25
19.020.8613.7919.4478.4930.78—————0.967 49
21.950.8621.2427.5867.1025.020.881.544 60.741.251.040.980 56
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酸性溶液侵蚀红层软岩流固耦合蠕变特性分析
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伊正男 1 , 张树光 1, 2 , 漆文浩 1 , 范明卓 1 , 孙晔 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(2): 171-183
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (2) : 171 -183
酸性溶液侵蚀红层软岩流固耦合蠕变特性分析
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伊正男(1998—),男,山东济南人,硕士,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:

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伊正男(1998—),男,山东济南人,硕士,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:

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伊正男1 , 张树光1, 2 , 漆文浩1, 范明卓1, 孙晔1
作者信息
  • 1.桂林理工大学 土木与建筑工程学院,广西 桂林市 541004
  • 2.桂林理工大学 广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室,广西 桂林市 541004
通讯作者:
张树光(1974—),男,山东东营人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

伊正男(1998—),男,山东济南人,硕士,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:

Analysis of Fluid-Solid Coupling Creep Characteristics of Red-Bed Soft Rock Eroded by Acidic Solution
Zhengnan YI1 , Shuguang ZHANG1, 2 , Wenhao QI1, Mingzhuo FAN1, Ye SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering and Architcture, Guilin university of technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
  • 2.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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为探究酸雨作用下风化红层软岩的损伤劣化和滑坡失稳机制,进行酸性溶液反复侵蚀下红层软岩应力-渗流耦合蠕变试验,分析岩石耦合蠕变力学行为及损伤演化机制。通过分析不同试验条件下岩石蠕变时间-应变曲线,以及水化学损伤前后岩石蠕变速率与渗透率的相互关系,探究化学-应力-渗流耦合作用下岩石损伤劣化机理及影响岩石损伤的主要因素。结果表明:水化学作用会对岩石三轴强度造成折减,最低降低幅度为36.31%,最大降幅为48.03%,同时受水化学反复侵蚀作用后的岩石蠕变曲线发散性更强;不同水力条件下岩石损伤规律与应力水平呈现良好的正相关性,水化学损伤破坏程度远高于渗流及应力作用破坏程度,受水化学损伤后岩石渗流及应力作用均会加剧岩石损伤劣化,高渗流压力作用下,岩石蠕变效应更加明显。最后引入化学损伤因子,建立了包含化学损伤的应力-渗流耦合作用下的三轴非线性损伤蠕变模型,该模型可以描述水化学作用下红层软岩流固耦合蠕变特征,拟合效果良好。

红层软岩  /  蠕变特性  /  应力-渗流耦合  /  岩石损伤劣化机理  /  水化学作用

To explore the damage degradation and landslide instability mechanism of weathered red-bed soft rock under the action of acid rain, the stress-seepage coupling creep test of red-bed soft rock under repeated erosion of acid solution was carried out, and the mechanical behavior and damage evolution mechanism of rock coupling creep were analyzed. By analyzing the time-strain curve of rock creep under different test conditions and the relationship between rock creep rate and permeability before and after hydrochemical damage, the mechanism of rock damage degradation under the coupling of chemical-stress-seepage and the main factors affecting rock damage were explored. The results show that the hydrochemical action will reduce the triaxial strength of the rock, with a minimum reduction of 36.31% and a maximum reduction of 48.03%. At the same time, the rock creep curve after repeated erosion by hydrochemical action is more divergent. There is a good positive correlation between rock damage law and stress level under different hydraulic conditions. The degree of hydrochemical damage is much higher than that of seepage and stress. After hydrochemical damage, rock seepage and stress will aggravate rock damage degradation. Under the action of high seepage pressure, the creep effect of rock is more obvious. Finally, the chemical damage factor is introduced to establish a triaxial nonlinear damage creep model under the stress-seepage coupling effect including chemical damage, which can describe the fluid-solid coupling creep characteristics of red-bed soft rock under the action of hydrochemical action, and the fitting effect is good.

Red-bed soft rock  /  Creep characteristic  /  Stress-seepage coupling  /  Mechanism of rock damage degradation  /  Hydrochemical action
伊正男, 张树光, 漆文浩, 范明卓, 孙晔. 酸性溶液侵蚀红层软岩流固耦合蠕变特性分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 171 -183 .
Zhengnan YI, Shuguang ZHANG, Wenhao QI, Mingzhuo FAN, Ye SUN. Analysis of Fluid-Solid Coupling Creep Characteristics of Red-Bed Soft Rock Eroded by Acidic Solution[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 171 -183 .
在一些岩土工程中,岩石的地质条件十分复杂,天然岩体在酸性溶液作用下产生孔洞,同时受地应力和地下水渗流作用,导致岩石力学性质发生改变,从而影响岩体长期稳定性[1-2]。从微观来看,酸性溶液溶解了岩石颗粒间的胶结物,从而加速了岩石破坏过程[3],赵志宏等[4]发现长期的水化学侵蚀会加剧岩体的损伤劣化,影响岩土结构的稳定性。韩铁林等[5]发现化学腐蚀使岩石岩性发生转化,力学性能出现劣化,并建立了用损伤变量表征劣化程度的模型。霍润科等[6]研究了酸性溶液对岩石物理化学特征和力学特性的影响规律,建立了酸腐蚀岩石损伤本构模型。张晓悟等[7]研究了砂岩在水化学侵蚀条件下的损伤特征演化规律。马涛等[8]探究了酸性溶液侵蚀作用下灰岩溶解特性及力学特征。LI等[9]、LIN等[10]、ZHANG等[11]从微-宏观角度分析了化学腐蚀对灰岩、砂岩试件孔隙度、孔隙结构、破裂过程、变形及强度的影响,发现水化学溶液的侵蚀对岩石的损伤破坏具有重要影响。
鲁祖德等[12]进行了水-岩耦合作用下裂隙岩石的一系列物理力学试验,探究了渗流和化学对岩石力学特征的影响。盛金昌等[13]进行了渗流-应力-化学耦合作用下岩石裂隙渗透试验,通过渗出水量和渗出水pH变化,探究渗流-应力-化学耦合下的岩石渗透特性。现有文献对岩石在含水状态下的蠕变规律研究较为深入,认为水对蠕变的影响使得蠕变应变和应变速率增加,蠕变强度降低。水的弱化机理可以总结为5个方面,包括降低岩石的断裂能、降低毛细张力、增加孔隙压力、减小摩擦和化学腐蚀作用[14]。申林方等[15]研究了单裂隙花岗岩在应力-渗流-化学耦合环境下的综合力学响应机制。YU等[16]通过构建软岩重整化群模型,得到红层软岩的理论渗流阈值,并基于损伤力学理论、岩石损伤表征和应变等效假说,得到了红床软岩渗流损伤的本构模型。ZHOU[17]建立了化学损伤模型,用于定性描述岩石在水溶液中的化学损伤。SHUANG等[18]通过化学元素含量的变化构建了灰岩化学溶蚀的半定量指标,用以描述灰岩岩溶化程度。MIAO等[19]提出了用原生孔隙度和次生孔隙度定义化学损伤变量,建立了酸性溶液腐蚀条件下的岩石损伤本构模型。
华南红层软岩是华南、西南地区工程建设与勘探过程中常见的特殊岩体,天然状态下结构完整,具有遇水膨胀崩解软化性质。随着时代的发展,工业生产中排放大量的工业酸性气体和废水,导致地下水受到污染,且华南地区地处亚热带,降雨频繁、充沛,在呈酸性地下水的作用下岩石微裂隙发育明显,在弱酸性地下水渗流作用下,将进一步加剧软岩泥化,导致工程灾害频繁发生,对工程安全与人类生活水平造成直接影响。因此,本文为了探究岩石受化学损伤后,应力状态对损伤演化的作用及渗流溶蚀的影响,分析探究酸性溶液反复侵蚀下应力渗流耦合蠕变特征和损伤劣化作用机理。
本文所采用的红层软岩岩样取自桂林某施工场地内,岩样质地均匀,无明显节理,符合试验基本要求。根据国际岩石力学学会试验规程,在实验室将岩样加工成直径50 mm、高100 mm的标准圆柱试件。通过采用超声波CT成像测试仪测试和称重,筛选出波速相近,质量相近的岩样。通过X射线衍射试验测定了岩样的矿物组成。根据测定结果可知,华南地区红层软岩的矿物组成为:钠长石24%、石英58%、伊利石4%、方解石9%、蒙脱石4%、黄铁矿1%。以此推断红层软岩主要成分为石英、方解石和钠钾长石。方解石与钠钾长石易与H+产生化学反应,改变软岩的内部结构。将制备好的试样置于105 ℃的烘箱中高温烘干后置于干燥箱中冷却至常温称重,重复多次直至试样质量变化小于0.01%。将烘干后的试样分别置于配备好的pH=5的硫酸溶液和蒸馏水中,并以蒸馏水为参照,进行真空饱和器强制饱和24 h,并适时滴加硫酸溶液进行真空饱和,以此实现溶液养护期间酸性离子对岩石的侵蚀作用,在酸性腐蚀条件下养护60 d。岩石XRD衍射图谱如图1所示。
试验采用岩石全自动三轴仪进行测试,设备最大轴向力为2 000 kN,最大围压为60 MPa,最大孔隙水压为60 MPa,可进行岩石常规单轴试验、三轴蠕变试验、循环加卸载试验。设备配备有气体液体渗流模块,具有轴压、围压、液体渗流3个独立控制模块,采集系统可分别记录数据,能准确测量耦合蠕变过程中的岩石位移,可进行岩石固液耦合力学试验。
为了解红层软岩的力学性质,分别进行不同渗透压力及围压下的三轴试验,并绘制出不同渗透压力及不同围压作用下岩石的应力-应变曲线,如图2和图3所示。
不同试验条件下红层软岩三轴试验结果见表1。
红层软岩应力-应变曲线整体分为压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性屈服阶段和应变软化阶段。岩石经酸性溶液作用后,峰值应变逐步增加,三轴强度降幅明显,最低降低幅度为36.31%,最大降幅为48.03%。由此可见,化学溶液反复侵蚀会大大降低岩石三轴强度,对岩石力学性质影响较大。
岩石受酸性溶液侵蚀作用后,岩石内部孔隙产生拓展延伸,随着围压的增大,化学作用产生的微小孔隙被不断压密,岩石结构更加密实,随着围压的减小,相较于试样T13,岩石峰值强度分别降低了9.8%、18.85%。在渗透压力的作用下,岩石内部的溶蚀孔隙提供了良好的渗流通道,增强了岩石的渗透性,渗流水对岩石内部冲刷作用加强,岩石弹性模量逐渐减小,峰值强度随着渗流压力的增加而降低。由于三轴试验过程中时间较短、渗流流量较小且试件为饱和试件,渗流对岩石的冲刷侵蚀作用时间较短,因此在三轴试验中渗流压力对岩石内部孔隙结构的影响较小,对岩石最大强度影响较小,相较于试样T03,随着渗流压力的增加,岩石峰值强度分别降低了7.9%、14.08%、21.25%。
试验采取逐级加载方法,初始应力水平设置为岩石最大强度的50%,试验中每一级强度加载时间为24 h,直到试件发生破坏。蠕变试验参数与三轴加载试验相同,蠕变过程中采用蒸馏水进行岩石应力渗流耦合蠕变试验。
基于试验数据按照Bozltmen叠加法绘制出不同围压及渗流压力作用下岩石的蠕变应变-时程曲线,如图4所示。
红层软岩应变-时程曲线在整个蠕变过程中呈现阶梯上升趋势,曲线光滑,无明显波动,每一级加载应力过程中,岩样经历瞬时变形阶段,随后进入减速蠕变和等速蠕变阶段。达到最大阶段荷载时,岩样进入加速蠕变阶段,并发生破坏。
由图4可以看出,受化学溶液反复侵蚀,试样瞬时变形及蠕变变形显著增大,因此化学溶液反复侵蚀对岩石蠕变有显著影响,以应力水平为三轴强度的70%为例,相比蒸馏水饱和后的岩石,瞬时变形及蠕变变形结果见表2。
在不同围压及渗流压力蠕变试验中,在第一级加载应力下,岩石瞬时变形量远大于后几级应力加载条件下的瞬时变形量,原因主要是岩石内部孔隙随着轴向应力的施加不断被压密,从而导致第一级加载之后各级加载应力条件下的瞬时变形量显著减小。
渗流压力对岩石蠕变的影响主要在于岩石内部孔隙水压力和流动水对岩石内部孔隙的冲刷作用。当岩样受渗流压力作用时,各级加载应力条件下的蠕变变形显著增大,最大荷载水平低于无渗流常规蠕变,渗流作用会明显增加岩样蠕变,导致岩样在较低荷载水平下发生蠕变破坏。在相同渗流压力且加载等级相同时,岩样变形随着围压的增大而小幅度增大,产生的原因是围压越大,岩石三轴强度越高,分级荷载值越大,造成岩石轴向位移随着围压的增大而小幅度增大。受酸性溶液浸泡后的岩石,其内部产生的裂隙与微孔隙为渗流水提供了良好的渗流通道,渗流通道的增加也增大了渗流冲刷面积,在同等试验条件下,未经酸性溶液腐蚀试样的岩石变形量明显小于酸性溶液腐蚀后的试样。
分析可知,轴向应变对3个参数的敏感性排序依次为:水化学作用>渗流压力>围压。造成这种趋势的原因是水化学作用影响岩体的力学特性和稳定性,导致岩石孔隙率发生改变;渗流压力改变孔隙压力,使孔隙压力作用于岩体骨架,引起变形或位移,围压作用使岩石不断被压密,且围压影响最小。
不同试验条件对红层软岩破坏模式具有不同的影响,对红层软岩造成不同程度损伤,导致蠕变试验产生多种破坏形态,岩样破坏形态主要为剪切破坏及剪切-张拉共轭破坏。在水化学作用及不同渗流压力作用下,岩石会不同程度地发育裂纹,并对宏观破坏造成一定影响。不同试验条件下岩石三轴蠕变破坏模式如图5所示。
不同红层软岩样品具有不同的孔隙分布,不同试验条件会导致岩样宏观破坏模式不同。由图6可以看出,不同渗流压力条件下红层软岩破坏模式具有明显差异,随着渗流压力的增大,岩石破碎程度提高,当渗流压力为0 MPa时,存在一条裂隙贯穿的破裂面,无次生裂隙,破坏模式为单斜面剪切破坏;当渗流压力为1 MPa时,蠕变过程中产生两条主裂纹,同时存在一条横向张拉裂纹相连接,并产生次生裂隙;当渗流压力为2 MPa时,产生的次生裂隙持续增多,张拉破坏增多;当渗流压力为3 MPa时,破碎程度显著提高,产生相互交织的次生张拉裂纹。随着渗流压力的增大,红层软岩破坏形式从低角度剪切破坏向陡角度剪切破坏转变,破坏角度逐渐增大,并产生较多的垂直破裂缝隙。当围压较小时,试样出现明显的斜纹裂缝,具有明显的剪切破坏特征,随着围压的增大,试样出现明显的剪切断裂面,断裂角度增大,同时产生连通主贯穿破裂面的垂直小裂隙。
当试样处于低应力、低渗流压力条件下时,岩石以剪切破坏为主,当围压与渗流压力较高时,破坏形式为剪切张拉破坏,渗流压力作用于岩样产生次生裂隙,造成岩石破碎性更加明显。渗流压力的存在明显降低了岩石内部有效应力,使得岩石内部孔隙发展变得更加容易,从而影响岩石裂隙发展模式,围压在一定程度上限制了红层软岩内部产生次生裂隙,但岩样受水化学腐蚀作用影响,内部孔隙发展丰富,造成围压抑制作用弱于渗流压力的弱化作用。
根据蠕变试验轴向应变数据,绘制出不同渗流压力作用下岩石的等时应力-应变曲线,如图6所示。
在不同试验条件下,试样在应力水平为50%和60%的第一级和第二级加载下的应变变化值较小,在第三级加载条件下,应变值开始出现明显发散,受渗流压力的作用,岩石发散作用更明显,围压变化对应力发散作用的影响小于渗流压力作用。在第四级加载条件下,岩石开始出现加速蠕变破坏,岩石在高应力高渗流条件下曲线的发散程度急剧增加,直至岩石产生蠕变破坏。相比于受化学侵蚀作用的岩样,蒸馏水饱和试样发散性较小,在蠕变过程中变形较小,岩石性质较为稳定。
通过对岩石蠕变数据进行整理,得到不同条件下岩石蠕变速率-时间变化曲线,如图7所示。
岩石蠕变分为减速蠕变、等速蠕变和加速蠕变,在前三级应力水平下,岩石蠕变速率均随着时间的增加逐渐减小并最后趋于稳定,变形以恒定速率线性增加。在等速蠕变阶段,岩体内部孔隙不断发展,产生一定的轴向应变,但不至于发生破坏。第四级应力加载阶段内,即载荷超过蠕变破坏应力时,蠕变速率开始变化明显,整体呈现快速降低趋势。经历一段时间稳定蠕变变形后,在加速蠕变阶段,蠕变速率随时间非线性增大,蠕变变形迅速增加,直至岩样发生破坏,岩样蠕变速率曲线整体呈现U形变化,等速蠕变阶段仍占整个蠕变阶段的绝大部分。
由图7可知,在减速、等速和加速蠕变阶段,蠕变速率都随着应力的增加而增大,试验结果表明,高渗流压力下的蠕变变形量和蠕变速率均高于低渗流压力,表明渗流压力增强了岩石蠕变效应,加剧了岩石的破坏。渗流的存在会使岩石试件的蠕变更加明显,在应力和渗流作用条件相同时,化学溶液侵蚀后试样蠕变速率相比于饱和岩样明显增加。因此,化学-应力-渗流耦合作用会大大增加岩石的蠕变速率。
综合分析等时应力-应变曲线可知,当渗流压力为0 MPa、荷载达到27.44 MPa(第三级应力水平)时,等时应力-应变曲线中应变开始出现明显发散,蠕变速率最终小于0.001 5 mm/h,达到稳定状态。荷载为31.36 MPa(第四级应力水平)时,试样出现加速蠕变直至发生蠕变破坏。分析认为试样的长期强度为27.44~31.36 MPa,向下取27.44 MPa,即为三轴最大偏应力强度的70%。同理,不同试验条件下的岩石长期强度结果见表3。由表3可知,水化学作用大大降低了岩石长期强度,对岩石长期稳定性影响较大,且围压的影响明显小于渗流压力的影响。岩石试样经酸性溶液浸泡养护后,天然岩石产生较大孔隙与微裂缝,在渗流水压力作用下,岩石孔隙不断被冲刷、侵蚀、溶解,内部孔隙继续发展,岩石内部损伤加剧,最终导致岩石长期强度受渗流压力的影响较大。因此,在实际工程中应充分考虑酸性地下水对岩层渗流的影响。
通过对渗流流量试验数据进行整理分析,得到了岩样累计渗流流量时程曲线,如图8所示。
对渗流流量数据进行处理,得到不同试验条件下试件的渗透系数,如图9和图10所示。
由图8可知,随着渗流压力增大,相同时间内岩石累计渗流流量增幅不断加大,曲线斜率可表示为渗流速率,即kOA<kAB<kBC<kCD。相较于渗流压力为1.0 MPa的岩样,渗流压力为2.0 MPa和3.0 MPa的岩样渗透速率分别提升了117.7%和235.0%。相比于化学损伤试样,饱和岩样渗透速率在相同试验条件下加快了40%,化学溶液侵蚀大大加剧了岩石内部孔隙发展,造成岩石渗透性加强。随着应力加载与渗流时间的增加,应力及渗流造成的岩石损伤加强,渗流速率相差比例变大。
随着围压的增加,岩石内部孔隙与微裂缝被压密,在一定程度上影响了岩石渗流速率,相比于1.5 MPa围压,2.5 MPa、3.5 MPa围压下岩样的渗流速率降低了8.4%、16.5%。受水化学作用后岩样处于低应力水平,试件整体处于压缩状态,围压造成岩石微小孔隙不断被压密,渗透系数在前期有降低情况,当渗流压力恒定时,渗流压力对岩石孔隙冲刷作用加强,当应力水平提高时,应力对岩石内部造成损伤破坏,微小裂隙受应力及渗流作用发展成为较大裂隙,从而促进渗流作用,渗透速率增加。在渗流的长期作用下,岩石内部微观结构不断被冲刷,渗透系数随着渗流时间的增大而增大,高渗流压力会加剧渗流冲刷作用,故不同渗流压力条件下渗透系数随着蠕变加载时间的增大逐渐发散。
陈阮江等[20]提出了一种由变截面牛顿阻尼器构成的非线性牛顿体-蠕变体,高赛红等[21]、蒲成志[22]在陈阮江的基础上进一步推广,得到了一种新的非线性蠕变体,如图11所示。其中,εc为蠕变体的特征长度,Kc为与岩性相关的待定系数,Kc≥1;n为应力水平与长期强度的比值,n≥1。
将此非线性蠕变体与圣维南体并联,即得到一个黏塑性体——CYJ体。
将西原体中黏塑性体里面的牛顿黏壶替换成上述蠕变体,可得到一个由虎克体、开尔文体、CYJ体组成的改进西原模型。改进的西原模型由3部分组成,如图12所示。其中εR为非线性蠕变体初始区域的长度,在该区域内具有非线性牛顿体类似的特性;σs为残余应力;ηk为蠕变体的黏滞系数;E为弹性模量。
根据宏观损伤理论,为了探究不同pH硫酸溶液对岩石产生的影响,利用不同pH硫酸溶液下岩石弹性模量的差异来表示岩石在不同酸性环境下造成的损伤,假定在pH=7的蒸馏水饱和后的岩石化学损伤为0,定义化学损伤变量为:
式中:DH为不同pH下的岩石化学损伤变量;EH为不同pH下的岩石弹性模量;E0为pH=7蒸馏水饱和岩石的弹性模量。
岩石蠕变试验过程中产生的蠕变损伤DS包括应力损伤DQ和渗流损伤DM。当应力水平较小时,岩石应力损伤很小,应力损伤主要产生于应力水平大于岩石长期强度σs时,本文引用Kachanov提出的损伤率理论来描述加速蠕变阶段的损伤规律。
式中:t为蠕变时间;c、v为与材料有关的参数。当蠕变破坏时,令DQ=1,对公式(2)积分可得:
式中,tF为岩石蠕变破坏的时间。
渗流损伤存在于蠕变试验全过程中,为了得到渗流损伤变量DM,采用统计学连续型分布函数表达式。
式中,f(t)为损伤密度函数。
将Weibull分布函数的损伤密度函数引入式(4)可得到:
式中,m、F为常数。
岩石由无数微元体组成,岩石损伤与微元体损伤密切相关,认为岩石的损伤变量DM是岩石中微元体损伤数量Sd与微元体总数S的比值。
当t=0时,D=0,即可得到:
假设模型总应变为:
式中:为虎克体的应变;为开尔文体的应变;为CYJ体的应变。
引入损伤即可得到非线性损伤蠕变模型三维应力状态下的轴向蠕变方程。
式中:σ1为岩石所受轴压;σ3为岩石所受围岩;σs为残余应力;k为体积模量;GH、GK分别为虎克体、开尔文体的剪切模量;ηH、ηK分别为虎克体、开尔文体的剪切黏滞系数;DC为CYJ体的损伤变量;tc为CYJ体的蠕变时间;π为固定参数。
以渗流压力1.0 MPa、围压1.5 MPa为例,通过试验数据计算和采用最小二乘法得到不同应力水平作用下岩石模型参数(见表4)。
将模型参数带入蠕变方程中,得到模型各应力阶段(见图7)的试验数据拟合曲线,如图13所示。由图13可知,试验数据与拟合曲线有较高的的吻合度,因此可以通过此蠕变方程反映不同应力状态和不同渗流压力耦合作用下红层软岩蠕变全过程。
本文对红层软岩进行了不同围压、不同渗流压力下的三轴逐级加载蠕变试验,分析了岩石在酸性环境中被腐蚀后的应力-渗流耦合蠕变特征,并构建了考虑化学损伤与应力渗流损伤的三维非线性蠕变模型,得到以下主要结论。

(1)酸性条件和渗流水压均对岩石具有软化作用,酸性环境造成岩石内部孔隙发展丰富,提供了良好的渗流通道,加剧了渗流对岩石的冲刷侵蚀作用,从而影响岩石强度,酸性溶液对岩石溶蚀效果具有决定性作用。应力与渗流作用均会加剧岩石损伤,渗流溶蚀损伤大于应力作用损伤,化学-应力-渗流耦合作用会大大降低岩石的长期强度,对岩石力学性质造成影响。不同试验条件下岩石长期强度均为岩石三轴强度的60%~70%,长期强度与围压大小成正相关,与渗流压力成负相关。岩石蠕变过程中损伤对3个参数的敏感性依次递减:水化学作用>渗流压力>围压应力。

(2)随着渗流压力的增加,岩石产生的次生裂隙增加,应力渗流损伤增加。渗流作用也会增加岩石蠕变速率,加速岩石的蠕变破坏。水化学作用造成岩石孔隙发展,岩石渗透性加强。当岩石试样处于低应力水平,围压造成岩石微小孔隙不断被压密,造成岩石渗透系数曲线存在下凹现象。

(3)定义化学损伤因子,将非线性牛顿蠕变体与圣维南体并联,得到一个由CYJ体、虎克体、开尔文体串联而成的改进西原模型,同时考虑渗流作用,建立考虑化学损伤的岩石三轴损伤蠕变本构模型,将不同水化学环境下岩石力学参数折减,并引入常规三轴非线性蠕变模型中,可以描述水化学作用下红层软岩流固耦合蠕变特征,且曲线拟合效果良好。研究成果对实际工程中判断岩石力学性能折减性具有积极的影响。

  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42067041)
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
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国家自然科学基金项目(42067041)
作者信息
    1.桂林理工大学 土木与建筑工程学院,广西 桂林市 541004
    2.桂林理工大学 广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室,广西 桂林市 541004

通讯作者:

张树光(1974—),男,山东东营人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山岩体力学、隧道及地下工程围岩稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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