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Article(id=1322595089705193673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718640000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260842013, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260842013, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260842013, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260842013, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=10, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595089877160138, articleId=1322595089705193673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Influence of Axial Stress on the Failure Characteristics of Deep Roadway Under Dynamic Disturbance, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the phenomenon of rock burst in deep rock roadway, the true triaxial rock burst test machine was used to study the phenomenon of rock burst induced by cyclic dynamic disturbance under different axial stresses in semi-circular arch roadway with prefabricated straight wall, and the acoustic emission technology was used to monitor the failure process of roadway. Through the rock burst test, it is found that the greater the initial axial static stress, the higher the degree of rock deterioration, the shorter the disturbance time required for rock burst, the faster the cumulative energy rate of the sample, and the more severe the rock burst. The results show that when the axial stress exceeds 76.5% of the peak stress of the rock roadway, the rock burst will occur after the cyclic dynamic disturbance is applied to the specimen. The failure mode of rock roadway is tension-shear combined failure, and the failure mode of crack propagation is closely related to axial stress and dynamic disturbance. Acoustic emission cumulative ringing count is used to describe the degree of rock deterioration, and it is found that the degree of rock deterioration under dynamic disturbance is positively correlated with the initial axial static stress.

, authors=Zhanjin LI1, 2, Sihao YANG1, Qun LI1, 2, Rui LIANG1, Ziqiong LIU1, Zihao HU1, authorsList=Zhanjin LI, Sihao YANG, Qun LI, Rui LIANG, Ziqiong LIU, Zihao HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595091512938715, articleId=1322595089705193673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=动力扰动下轴向应力对深部巷道破坏特征影响研究, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究深部岩石巷道岩爆现象，采用真三轴岩爆试验机对含预制直墙半圆拱形巷道在不同轴向应力下受循环动力扰动作用诱发岩爆现象进行研究，并利用声发射技术监测巷道破坏过程。通过岩爆试验发现，初始轴向静应力越大，岩石劣化程度越高，岩爆所需扰动时间越短，试样累积能量速率越快，岩石岩爆越剧烈。结果表明：当轴向应力超过岩石巷道峰值应力的76.5%时，试件施加循环动力扰动后会发生岩爆现象；岩石巷道的破坏模式为张拉-剪切联合破坏，且裂纹扩展的破坏模式与轴向应力和动力扰动密切相关；利用声发射累计振铃计数描述岩石劣化程度，发现在动力扰动下岩石的劣化程度与初始轴向静应力呈正相关。

, authors=李占金1, 2, 杨思浩1, 李群1, 2, 梁锐1, 刘紫琼1, 胡子浩1, authorsList=李占金, 杨思浩, 李群, 梁锐, 刘紫琼, 胡子浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李群, authorNote=

李占金（1968—），男，河北围场人，博士，教授，主要从事采矿工程方面的研究与教学工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李群（1988—），男，河北唐山人，博士，讲师，主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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李占金（1968—），男，河北围场人，博士，教授，主要从事采矿工程方面的研究与教学工作。E-mail:

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李占金（1968—），男，河北围场人，博士，教授，主要从事采矿工程方面的研究与教学工作。E-mail:

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Experimental schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究项目扰动波形试验编号静应力扰动因素
σy/MPaσz/MPaA/MPaf/Hz
岩爆峰值强度无DZ-130直至岩爆
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-13070302
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-23075302
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-33080302
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-43085302
), ArticleFig(id=1322595756050075885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595089705193673, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究项目扰动波形试验编号静应力扰动因素
σy/MPaσz/MPaA/MPaf/Hz
岩爆峰值强度无DZ-130直至岩爆
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-13070302
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-23075302
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-33080302
轴向应力σz正弦波ZX-43085302
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动力扰动下轴向应力对深部巷道破坏特征影响研究
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李占金 1, 2 , 杨思浩 1 , 李群 1, 2 , 梁锐 1 , 刘紫琼 1 , 胡子浩 1
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(3): 10-16
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (3) : 10 -16
动力扰动下轴向应力对深部巷道破坏特征影响研究
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李占金1, 2 , 杨思浩1, 李群1, 2 , 梁锐1, 刘紫琼1, 胡子浩1
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院，河北　唐山市　063210
  • 2.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心，河北　唐山市　063210
通讯作者:
李群（1988—），男，河北唐山人，博士，讲师，主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

李占金（1968—），男，河北围场人，博士，教授，主要从事采矿工程方面的研究与教学工作。E-mail:

Influence of Axial Stress on the Failure Characteristics of Deep Roadway Under Dynamic Disturbance
Zhanjin LI1, 2 , Sihao YANG1, Qun LI1, 2 , Rui LIANG1, Ziqiong LIU1, Zihao HU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 2.Mine Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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摘要
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为研究深部岩石巷道岩爆现象，采用真三轴岩爆试验机对含预制直墙半圆拱形巷道在不同轴向应力下受循环动力扰动作用诱发岩爆现象进行研究，并利用声发射技术监测巷道破坏过程。通过岩爆试验发现，初始轴向静应力越大，岩石劣化程度越高，岩爆所需扰动时间越短，试样累积能量速率越快，岩石岩爆越剧烈。结果表明：当轴向应力超过岩石巷道峰值应力的76.5%时，试件施加循环动力扰动后会发生岩爆现象；岩石巷道的破坏模式为张拉-剪切联合破坏，且裂纹扩展的破坏模式与轴向应力和动力扰动密切相关；利用声发射累计振铃计数描述岩石劣化程度，发现在动力扰动下岩石的劣化程度与初始轴向静应力呈正相关。

轴向应力  /  动力扰动  /  破坏模式  /  损伤变量

To study the phenomenon of rock burst in deep rock roadway, the true triaxial rock burst test machine was used to study the phenomenon of rock burst induced by cyclic dynamic disturbance under different axial stresses in semi-circular arch roadway with prefabricated straight wall, and the acoustic emission technology was used to monitor the failure process of roadway. Through the rock burst test, it is found that the greater the initial axial static stress, the higher the degree of rock deterioration, the shorter the disturbance time required for rock burst, the faster the cumulative energy rate of the sample, and the more severe the rock burst. The results show that when the axial stress exceeds 76.5% of the peak stress of the rock roadway, the rock burst will occur after the cyclic dynamic disturbance is applied to the specimen. The failure mode of rock roadway is tension-shear combined failure, and the failure mode of crack propagation is closely related to axial stress and dynamic disturbance. Acoustic emission cumulative ringing count is used to describe the degree of rock deterioration, and it is found that the degree of rock deterioration under dynamic disturbance is positively correlated with the initial axial static stress.

Axial stress  /  Dynamic disturbance  /  Failure mode  /  Damage variable
李占金, 杨思浩, 李群, 梁锐, 刘紫琼, 胡子浩. 动力扰动下轴向应力对深部巷道破坏特征影响研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 10 -16 .
Zhanjin LI, Sihao YANG, Qun LI, Rui LIANG, Ziqiong LIU, Zihao HU. Influence of Axial Stress on the Failure Characteristics of Deep Roadway Under Dynamic Disturbance[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 10 -16 .
正文
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0　引言
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随着浅部矿产资源日益减少，矿产资源的开采逐渐转入深部开采模式，深部“三高一扰动”的特征[1]使开采变得更加复杂。在深部高地应力作用下，开挖卸荷作用会引起巷道围岩产生片裂、塌陷和岩爆等地压灾害[2-3]。深部开采伴随动力扰动引起的岩爆发生机理亟待研究。
许多学者对深部岩石受到动力扰动作用诱发岩爆进行大量试验研究并取得诸多研究成果。DU等[4]通过花岗岩、红砂岩、水泥砂浆试件扰动岩爆试验，证明了岩爆的强度与扰动振幅具有一定关联，与岩爆弹射过程和扰动方向无明显相关性。张纲亮[5]利用花岗岩在真三轴下进行低频循环动力扰动试验，发现岩石在动力扰动下破坏程度随最大主应力增大而增大。苏国韶等[6]对花岗岩试样进行单面临空-三向五面受力-轴向加载的动力扰动试验，发现当轴向静应力超过门槛值时，岩爆可能性急剧增大。刘岩鑫等[7]对预制圆形孔洞进行弱动力扰动试验，发现弱动力扰动能影响岩石岩爆范围。李占金等[8]发现花岗岩试件在正弦波和地震波动力扰动下轴向应力对试件岩爆有较大影响。当前文献大多侧重于动力扰动对岩爆破坏的影响，针对初始轴向应力对含预制巷道岩石岩爆破坏特征的研究涉及较少，有待进一步研究。
基于此，本试验利用真三轴试验仪器、高速摄像机与声发射监测系统对含预制直墙半圆拱形贯通巷道进行动力扰动试验，揭示“不同初始轴向应力+动力扰动”下诱发岩爆所需条件、岩石破坏模式和声发射演化特性，为板裂、岩爆灾害防治提供理论参考。
1　岩样制备和试验系统与方案
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1.1　岩样制备
试验花岗岩试件取自马城铁矿深部开采区，试件加工成含预制直墙半圆拱贯穿孔洞[9]正方体（尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×100 mm），巷道宽为30 mm，墙高为15 mm，拱半径为15 mm，加工精度严格按照国际岩石力学协会标准执行[10]，试件模型如图1所示。
1.2　试验系统与方案
试验设备选用真三轴岩爆机。该设备含静态加载系统和动态加载系统。静态加载系统水平静载最大可达2 400 kN，竖向静载最大可达3 200 kN。而动态加载系统在最大加载压力方面能达到500 kN。在试验过程中，采用多通道声发射监测系统和高速摄像仪记录岩石破裂过程的信息[11]。为了减少外部信号干扰，将该系统的前置放大器设置为40 dB，采样阈值设置为45 dB。
张鹿[12]运用FLAC3D软件模拟了马城铁矿地下−720~−900 m深度5号矿体开采和充填过程能量释放、分布和孕育情况，提取了3个深部高储能力的力学模型，对应的巷道水平应力分别为25 MPa、30 MPa和35 MPa。本文选择水平应力为30 MPa的高储能量的力学模型为研究对象。
试验方案见表1，首先通过静应力加载，测得DZ-1试件的岩爆峰值强度为98 MPa，试验过程中设置4组不同轴向应力σz(70 MPa、75 MPa、80 MPa和85 MPa)进行正弦波动力扰动试验，其加载路径（见图2）为：先将Z向应力以0.30 mm/min的速率增加到5 MPa，同样Y向应力以0.30 mm/min的速率增加到2 MPa，随后，Z、Y向应力同时以0.30 mm/min速率加载，Y向应力加载到30 MPa时停止加载，并保持Y向应力不变。Z向应力加载至4组不同轴向应力预设值，并持续400 s。然后，施加正弦波动力扰动进行加载，持续600 s。若试件未破坏，则可推断在该条件下岩石试件不会发生岩爆现象。在试验中，扰动频率f设定为2 Hz，扰动幅值A为30 MPa。
2　岩爆试验结果分析
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在“不同初始轴向应力+动力扰动”试验过程中，利用高速摄像机对巷道岩爆全过程进行拍摄和记录。ZX-1试件未发生明显岩爆现象。ZX-2 至 ZX-4试件轴向应力均超过峰值应力的76.5%（初始轴向应力与岩石岩爆峰值应力的比值)均发生岩爆破坏，如图3所示。岩石岩爆过程大致可分为颗粒弹射、鼓裂成板、板曲折断和块状弹射4个阶段。在动力扰动加载初期，巷道左右两侧直墙处出现小颗粒弹射；随着扰动持续加载，直墙两侧开始劈裂并且向外鼓裂成板，同时还带有破裂声；当巷道内充满碎屑，并伴有巨大声响，这时可以判断岩石已经发生岩爆破坏。值得注意的是ZX-4试件施加动力扰动时间仅有68 s，但岩爆破坏程度最大，表明轴向应力对岩爆影响显著。当轴向静应力增大时，试件内岩爆的孕育时间明显缩短，并且岩爆的破坏程度也变得更加显著和剧烈。
3　岩石破坏模式分析
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岩石破坏模式可以通过宏观破坏状态判断，也可借助声发射的特征参数进行定量分析[13]。首先从宏观破坏判断岩石的破坏模式，ZX-4岩石试件在经历剧烈岩爆后，卸荷时巷道及围岩破坏严重。图4为轴向应力为75 MPa与80 MPa的最终破坏形态。在正弦波动力扰动下，岩石宏观破坏形态呈现“三元分区破坏”，即两侧的临空面主要因张拉破坏而产生了劈裂裂纹，中间部分则由于剪切作用形成了斜裂隙，呈现3个破坏区域。同时，巷道内壁呈现出劈裂成板的状态，有多条贯穿的劈裂裂纹，巷道两侧均出现板裂现象。随着轴向应力的增加，试件岩爆程度逐渐增加，岩石巷道直墙两侧发生大面积剥落，堆满整个巷道，试件的岩爆坑面积范围增加，宏观剪切裂纹的宽度变长，数量增多，岩爆碎块明显变大。
声发射的AF值与RA值常用于定量分析岩石的破坏模式，其中AF为振铃计数与持续时间的比值，RA为上升时间与幅值的比值。当岩石破坏时，若发生剪切破坏，则具有较高RA值与较低AF值；若发生张拉破坏，则与之相反，具有较高的AF值与较低的RA值[14]。为描述花岗岩贯穿巷道在不同轴向应力下受动力扰动的岩石破坏模式变化，绘制3种不同轴向应力下AF−RA值核密度图，如图5所示。
在图5中，白色区域表示无数据分布，白色-深色区域表示有一定数据分布，深色区域表示数据集中分布。由图5可知，剪切裂纹与张拉裂纹均在较多深色区域图中出现，张拉裂纹集中在0~200 kHz范围内，且分布颜色较深，占比最多。随着轴向应力的增加，岩石的剪切裂纹核心深色数据集中区域增多，尤其是轴向应力为85 MPa时，岩石深色区域范围逐渐向RA轴右侧靠近，剪切裂纹的白色-深色区域在800~1 000 ms/V占比明显增多。这说明在“不同初始轴向应力+动力扰动”试验过程中，3种试样裂纹扩张模式均为张拉-剪切联合破坏，张拉破坏为主要的岩石破坏模式，剪切裂纹随着轴向应力的增加而增多。AF-RA核密度图只能表示岩石破坏后裂纹的占比，并不能清晰地表示裂纹出现的时间范围。因此，绘制AF值和RA值随时间的变化图能够清晰展现岩石破坏时张拉裂纹与剪切裂纹出现的时间点，如图6所示。
由图6可知，张拉裂纹伴随着整个加载过程，在岩爆破坏前岩石试样产生大量剪切裂纹。剪切裂纹在750 s左右有明显的突增，这说明在原生裂隙被压密时，岩石开始出现剪切裂纹；从动力扰动过程看，随着动力扰动的施加，岩石内部产生较多的剪切裂纹。当轴向应力增加到85 MPa时，在动力扰动阶段前就有较多的剪切裂纹，说明岩石试样处于破坏边缘。综上所述，从岩石破坏的宏观和微观角度来看，岩石破坏模式为张拉-剪切联合破坏。张拉破坏为主要的破坏模式，在动力扰动阶段，剪切破坏取代张拉破坏并成为主要的破坏模式。
4　声发射累积能量与损伤变量
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在试件破坏过程中，试件发出的声波变化与岩石内部裂缝扩展和损伤等现象密切相关，岩石声发射信号的能量可以用于评估岩石的断裂和损伤情况[15-16]。声发射计数的振动能够显示岩石内部结构受损的程度，其随着应力的变化而发生变化[17-18]。因此，本文使用累计振铃计数来界定岩石的力学损伤参数，以确定试件的劣化程度，损伤参数D0被定义为：
式中：Nε为某个时间点的累计振铃计数；N为试件破坏后的累计振铃计数。
图7为3组不同轴向应力下岩石应力、累积能量和损伤变量D0随时间演化曲线图。由图7可知，可将岩石岩爆的轴向应力与时间变化曲线图划分为4个阶段。当轴向应力大约在10 MPa即图中A点时，因为岩石内部微小缝隙被压密，声发射累积能量与损伤变量D0开始出现微小增加，这一过程为初始裂隙压密阶段（阶段Ⅰ）；当轴向应力持续增加到设定值时，即B点，试件裂纹开始扩展、发育，累积能量与损伤变量D0曲线类似“缓坡”状上升，此时声发射振铃计数较为活跃，说明花岗岩试件内部裂隙完全闭合，开始萌生新裂纹，岩石试样近似于弹性体，这一阶段为线弹性阶段(阶段Ⅱ）；当轴向应力保持不变，即是BC段，ZX-2、ZX-3试件声发射振铃计数进入平静期，累积能量与损伤变量D0曲线处于缓慢增长状态，这一阶段可划分为轴向应力维持阶段（阶段Ⅲ）；当进入动力扰动阶段即CD段时，岩石试件的振铃计数与能量大幅出现，在D0点时，累积能量曲线到达最大值，岩石损伤变量D0曲线快速上升，直至达到1，这说明岩石内部的裂隙快速扩张，导致岩石试件发生岩爆现象。这一过程可划分为动力扰动破坏阶段（阶段Ⅳ）。
不同轴向应力的变化对于动力扰动下花岗岩贯穿巷道的声发射特征参数有较为明显的影响。在图7中，在阶段Ⅲ期间，ZX-4试件振铃计数平静期相较于ZX-2与ZX-3试件明显缩短，这说明轴向应力越大，岩石劣化程度越高。在阶段Ⅳ期间，轴向应力越大，岩石试件发生岩爆所需动力扰动时间越短，即岩石孕育岩爆时间缩短，岩石累积能量速率越快，岩石岩爆现象更加明显。
岩石试件发生应变型岩爆应具备一定条件。起初，在静态加载阶段，必须对岩石施加足够的初始轴向应力，积累所需的弹性应变能，引发初始损伤；接着进入动力扰动阶段，此时外部能量输入会进一步加剧岩石损伤以至超过岩石的承载能力导致岩石发生岩爆破坏。静态加载与动力扰动两个阶段累积的能量达到岩石破坏的临界点，岩石才会发生岩爆现象，多余能量会以岩石碎块的形式弹射释放。
5　结论
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（1）当轴向应力超过岩石峰值强度的76.5%时，同时再施加幅值为30 MPa和频率为2 Hz的动力扰动，试样巷道围岩会引发岩爆现象，且随着轴向应力的增加，岩石试样的岩爆孕育时间变短、破碎程度增大。
（2）在动力扰动作用下，巷道围岩的破坏模式为张拉-剪切破坏，其中以张拉破坏为主，且伴随整个加载过程；在动力扰动阶段，剪切破坏取代张拉破坏并成为主要的破坏模式。
（3）轴向应力的增加能够缩短声发射振铃计数平静期，在动力扰动阶段，初始轴向应力越大，岩石劣化程度越高，动力扰动所需时间越短，岩石试样累积能量速率越快，岩爆程度越剧烈。
（4）利用声发射振铃计数建立岩石损伤演化模型，在初始裂隙压密阶段，损伤曲线基本平缓；在线弹性阶段，损伤呈“缓坡”状增长；在轴向应力维持阶段，损伤增长缓慢；在动力扰动破坏阶段，损伤曲线急剧上升直至达到1。
基金
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  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021209131; E2024209024)
  • 河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(QN2021111)
文献
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间：2024-06-18
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-18
基金
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021209131; E2024209024)
河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(QN2021111)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院，河北　唐山市　063210
    2.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心，河北　唐山市　063210

通讯作者:

李群（1988—），男，河北唐山人，博士，讲师，主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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