Article(id=1322594983027262434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711123200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260816580, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260816580, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260816580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260816580, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=162, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594984616903651, articleId=1322594983027262434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=The Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties and Failure Characteristics of Red Sandstone with Different Saturation Levels, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In extensive cold region engineering, freeze-thaw failure of rock masses is a natural disaster that can’t be ignored. In order to explore the influence of freeze-thaw environment on the engineering stability of rock masses in cold regions, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on red sandstone in cold regions under different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 10, 20, 30 times) and saturation levels (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), and SEM microstructure analysis was performed on the rock specimens. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles and saturation, the crack closure stress σcc, initiation stress σci, damage stress σcd, peak stress σc, and frost resistance coefficient Kfm of red sandstone gradually decrease, and internal damage gradually intensifies. The failure mode of red sandstone specimens gradually changes from oblique shear failure and tensile failure to X-shaped failure, accompanied by a small amount of fragment peeled off. Recurrent freeze-thaw cycles leads to the expansion of original microcrack and the emergence of new cracks inside the rock, revealing the damage evolution characteristics of sandstone under different freeze-thaw cycles. The research results can provide a certain reference for the study of rock engineering stability and rock mechanics properties in cold regions.

, authors=Chaoyun YU1, Shenghui HUANG1, Xiangye WU2, 3, Yuhang TIAN2, 3, Junkun LI1, authorsList=Chaoyun YU, Shenghui HUANG, Xiangye WU, Yuhang TIAN, Junkun LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangye WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594989461323777, articleId=1322594983027262434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=冻融循环对不同饱和度红砂岩力学特性和破坏特征的影响, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在广泛寒区工程中,岩体的冻融破坏是一种无法忽视的自然灾害。为探究冻融环境对寒区岩体工程稳定性的影响,以寒区红砂岩为对象,开展不同冻融次数(0,10,20,30次)和不同饱和度(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)岩石的单轴压缩试验,并对岩样进行SEM微观结构分析。研究表明:随着冻融循环次数和饱和度的增加,红砂岩的裂纹闭合应力σcc、起裂应力σci、损伤应力σcd、峰值应力σc和抗冻系数Kfm均逐渐降低,内部损伤逐渐加剧;红砂岩试件破坏形态由斜剪破坏和张拉破坏逐渐向“X”形破坏转变,并伴有少量碎块剥落;循环往复的冻融作用致使岩石内部原有微裂隙扩展和新裂纹出现,揭示了砂岩在不同冻融条件下的损伤演化特征。研究成果可为寒区岩体工程的稳定性及岩石的力学性质研究提供一定参考。

, authors=于超云1, 黄生辉1, 吴祥业2, 3, 田宇航2, 3, 李俊昆1, authorsList=于超云, 黄生辉, 吴祥业, 田宇航, 李俊昆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴祥业, authorNote=

于超云(1989—),女,河南周口人,博士,讲师,主要从事岩石力学与地下工程方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

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吴祥业(1986—),男,黑龙江鸡西人,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿山压力与巷道围岩控制方面的研究。E-mail:
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于超云(1989—),女,河南周口人,博士,讲师,主要从事岩石力学与地下工程方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594999968055359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594983027262434, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristic stress values of dry and saturated red sandstone under different freeze-thaw cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水状态冻融循环次数/次裂纹闭合应力σcc/MPa起裂应力σci/MPa损伤应力σcd/MPa峰值应力σc/MPaσcc/σcσci/σcσcd/σc
干燥023.6938.9781.76100.200.2360.3890.816
1022.1738.2180.0096.820.2290.3950.826
2022.1636.6873.3696.400.2300.3800.761
3021.9135.6072.5994.270.2320.3780.770
饱和022.9237.4466.4292.450.2480.4050.718
1019.1030.5765.5291.590.2090.3340.715
2018.8926.7461.8988.710.2130.3010.698
3016.5723.2256.0782.060.2020.2830.683
), ArticleFig(id=1322595000064524352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594983027262434, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同冻融次数下干燥与饱和红砂岩特征应力值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水状态冻融循环次数/次裂纹闭合应力σcc/MPa起裂应力σci/MPa损伤应力σcd/MPa峰值应力σc/MPaσcc/σcσci/σcσcd/σc
干燥023.6938.9781.76100.200.2360.3890.816
1022.1738.2180.0096.820.2290.3950.826
2022.1636.6873.3696.400.2300.3800.761
3021.9135.6072.5994.270.2320.3780.770
饱和022.9237.4466.4292.450.2480.4050.718
1019.1030.5765.5291.590.2090.3340.715
2018.8926.7461.8988.710.2130.3010.698
3016.5723.2256.0782.060.2020.2830.683
), ArticleFig(id=1322595000442011713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594983027262434, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristic stress values of red sandstone with different saturation after 30 freeze-thaw cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饱和度/%裂纹闭合应力σcc/MPa起裂应力σci/MPa损伤应力σcd/MPa峰值应力σc/MPaσcc/σcσci/σcσcd/σc
023.6935.9176.4194.270.2510.3810.811
2020.6332.0975.2093.340.2210.3440.806
4019.5630.5774.3492.560.2110.3300.803
6018.9228.6772.5989.890.2100.3190.808
8017.5826.7468.1287.490.2010.3060.779
10016.5723.2256.0782.060.2020.2830.683
), ArticleFig(id=1322595000802721858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594983027262434, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冻融 30 次不同饱和度红砂岩特征应力值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饱和度/%裂纹闭合应力σcc/MPa起裂应力σci/MPa损伤应力σcd/MPa峰值应力σc/MPaσcc/σcσci/σcσcd/σc
023.6935.9176.4194.270.2510.3810.811
2020.6332.0975.2093.340.2210.3440.806
4019.5630.5774.3492.560.2110.3300.803
6018.9228.6772.5989.890.2100.3190.808
8017.5826.7468.1287.490.2010.3060.779
10016.5723.2256.0782.060.2020.2830.683
), ArticleFig(id=1322595002497220675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594983027262434, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Uniaxial compressive strength and frost resistance coefficient of red sandstone under different freeze-thaw cycles and saturation levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饱和度/%冻融次数单轴抗压强度/MPa抗冻系数/%
00100.20100.0
1096.8296.6
2096.4096.2
3094.2794.1
20098.30100.0
1095.8297.5
2094.6296.3
3093.3494.9
40096.73100.0
1094.8098.0
2094.2197.4
3092.5695.7
60095.52100.0
1094.1098.5
2093.5998.1
3089.8894.1
80094.02100.0
1093.5999.5
2092.2898.2
3087.4993.1
100092.45100.0
1091.5999.1
2088.7195.9
3082.0688.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322595002887290948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594983027262434, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同冻融次数与不同饱和度红砂岩单轴抗压强度与抗冻系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饱和度/%冻融次数单轴抗压强度/MPa抗冻系数/%
00100.20100.0
1096.8296.6
2096.4096.2
3094.2794.1
20098.30100.0
1095.8297.5
2094.6296.3
3093.3494.9
40096.73100.0
1094.8098.0
2094.2197.4
3092.5695.7
60095.52100.0
1094.1098.5
2093.5998.1
3089.8894.1
80094.02100.0
1093.5999.5
2092.2898.2
3087.4993.1
100092.45100.0
1091.5999.1
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冻融循环对不同饱和度红砂岩力学特性和破坏特征的影响
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于超云 1 , 黄生辉 1 , 吴祥业 2, 3 , 田宇航 2, 3 , 李俊昆 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(2): 162-170
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (2) : 162 -170
冻融循环对不同饱和度红砂岩力学特性和破坏特征的影响
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于超云(1989—),女,河南周口人,博士,讲师,主要从事岩石力学与地下工程方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

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于超云1 , 黄生辉1, 吴祥业2, 3 , 田宇航2, 3, 李俊昆1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学 土木工程学院,内蒙古 包头市 014017
  • 2.内蒙古科技大学 矿业与煤炭学院,内蒙古 包头市 014017
  • 3.内蒙古自治区矿业工程重点实验室,内蒙古 包头市 014017
通讯作者:
吴祥业(1986—),男,黑龙江鸡西人,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿山压力与巷道围岩控制方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

于超云(1989—),女,河南周口人,博士,讲师,主要从事岩石力学与地下工程方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

The Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties and Failure Characteristics of Red Sandstone with Different Saturation Levels
Chaoyun YU1 , Shenghui HUANG1, Xiangye WU2, 3 , Yuhang TIAN2, 3, Junkun LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014017, China
  • 2.School of Mining and Coal, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014017, China
  • 3.Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mining Engineering, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014017, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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在广泛寒区工程中,岩体的冻融破坏是一种无法忽视的自然灾害。为探究冻融环境对寒区岩体工程稳定性的影响,以寒区红砂岩为对象,开展不同冻融次数(0,10,20,30次)和不同饱和度(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)岩石的单轴压缩试验,并对岩样进行SEM微观结构分析。研究表明:随着冻融循环次数和饱和度的增加,红砂岩的裂纹闭合应力σcc、起裂应力σci、损伤应力σcd、峰值应力σc和抗冻系数Kfm均逐渐降低,内部损伤逐渐加剧;红砂岩试件破坏形态由斜剪破坏和张拉破坏逐渐向“X”形破坏转变,并伴有少量碎块剥落;循环往复的冻融作用致使岩石内部原有微裂隙扩展和新裂纹出现,揭示了砂岩在不同冻融条件下的损伤演化特征。研究成果可为寒区岩体工程的稳定性及岩石的力学性质研究提供一定参考。

冻融循环  /  饱和度  /  力学特性  /  破坏特征  /  红砂岩

In extensive cold region engineering, freeze-thaw failure of rock masses is a natural disaster that can’t be ignored. In order to explore the influence of freeze-thaw environment on the engineering stability of rock masses in cold regions, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on red sandstone in cold regions under different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 10, 20, 30 times) and saturation levels (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), and SEM microstructure analysis was performed on the rock specimens. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles and saturation, the crack closure stress σcc, initiation stress σci, damage stress σcd, peak stress σc, and frost resistance coefficient Kfm of red sandstone gradually decrease, and internal damage gradually intensifies. The failure mode of red sandstone specimens gradually changes from oblique shear failure and tensile failure to X-shaped failure, accompanied by a small amount of fragment peeled off. Recurrent freeze-thaw cycles leads to the expansion of original microcrack and the emergence of new cracks inside the rock, revealing the damage evolution characteristics of sandstone under different freeze-thaw cycles. The research results can provide a certain reference for the study of rock engineering stability and rock mechanics properties in cold regions.

Freeze-thaw cycle  /  Saturation  /  Mechanical property  /  Failure characteristics  /  Red sandstone
于超云, 黄生辉, 吴祥业, 田宇航, 李俊昆. 冻融循环对不同饱和度红砂岩力学特性和破坏特征的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 162 -170 .
Chaoyun YU, Shenghui HUANG, Xiangye WU, Yuhang TIAN, Junkun LI. The Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties and Failure Characteristics of Red Sandstone with Different Saturation Levels[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 162 -170 .
我国寒区面积约占国土面积的75%,其中,多年冻土区面积和季节性冻土区面积分别占国土面积的21.5%和53.5%[1]。对于大量寒区岩土工程,由于长期受季节更替和昼夜循环的温度差异影响,使得寒区岩石产生冻融损伤劣化,进而对岩土工程带来潜在的危害。在国家“西部大开发”战略和建设能源强国背景下[2],我国寒区岩土工程蓬勃发展,这些岩土工程都涉及岩体的冻融循环,都不同程度地遭受冻胀开裂、冻融滑塌和岩石崩裂等灾害问题,如能源地下低温储存的石油管线建设、青藏公路的建设、西北部及东北地区隧道工程建设等。因此,研究广泛寒区岩体历经冻融循环后的力学性质及损伤破坏特征具有一定的理论和工程实践意义。
岩石在冻融过程中,孔隙内部水先发生冻结,产生约9%的体积膨胀,导致岩石孔隙壁产生张拉应力,造成微孔隙发育,当孔隙水融化时,液态的孔隙水随微孔隙迁移,这种反复的冻结和融化过程导致岩石冻胀损伤不断增加。近年来,国内外学者针对冻融条件下岩石的力学性质以及损伤破坏做了大量研究。王劲翔等[3]在对英安岩进行饱水条件下的冻融试验时发现,冻融循环作用会导致岩石内部裂隙扩展和颗粒析出,且颗粒析出的劣化程度明显弱于裂隙扩展。尹彦波[4]发现冻融循环会逐渐减弱岩样动态强度的应变率效应,且冻融循环对应变率效应的弱化作用也集中在冻融前期。ZHANG等[5]通过单轴压缩试验,对干燥、饱水和经过一段时间冻融处理的试件进行分析,得出了红砂岩在接触水时的软化性质和在受到冻融影响时的破坏特征,并总结了岩石的弹性模量、硬度以及应力-应变之间的演化规律。LIU等[6]采用核磁共振(NMR)法对岩石试样进行分析,并得出冻融对岩石微观组织的破坏主要是微孔扩张成大孔,其次是微孔的萌生导致岩石的抗变形能力和耐久性变差。HE等[7]指出经过冻融循环的砂岩在不同含水状态下,内摩擦角和黏聚力比冻融之前有不同程度的劣化,且跟岩石含水率成正比。万亿等[8]、覃祖淼等[9]认为岩样经历冻融循环后其内部孔隙逐渐扩大和发展。张慧梅等[10]利用CT扫描和力学试验,从材料细观结构的物理本质诠释了冻融红砂岩的宏观力学行为。
学者们对于冻融岩石的力学性质及劣化机制的研究多以冻融饱和状态为前提,然而天然岩石往往处于非饱和状态。因此,本文通过对不同饱和度的红砂岩进行冻融后单轴压缩试验,分析了冻融作用下不同饱和度红砂岩的力学性质和破坏特征,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)检测分析饱和红砂岩冻融损伤演化特征,相关的研究成果可为我国寒区岩体工程的稳定性评价提供一定的理论依据。
试验所用砂岩为含黏土矿物的中粗石英砂岩,深红色,钙质致密胶结。为保证试样的一致性,试样均钻取自同一块完整红砂岩,质地均匀,无明显缺陷,密度为2470 kg/m3。根据国际岩石力学学会的标准,将岩样加工成高为100 mm、直径为50 mm的标准圆柱试样,如图1所示。
将红砂岩试样置于101-0B恒温干燥箱内,105 ℃环境下烘干24 h,然后将其放入干燥器中冷却至室温,测得干燥后岩样质量为ms。将红砂岩试样置于蒸馏水中,用真空饱和设备进行饱水处理[11],真空压力值控制为0.1 MPa,连续抽气4 h,试件真空浸泡24 h,测得饱和岩样质量为msat。
将完全饱和试样在105 ℃条件下进行烘干,并通过控制质量法获得饱和度分别为0(干燥)、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%(饱和)的岩石试样。饱和度计算式如下:
式中:Wsat为岩样的饱和含水率,%;ma为冻融前岩样质量,g;Wa为岩样冻融之前的含水率,%;Sr为岩样饱和度,%。
测得冻融前岩石质量为ma,用保鲜膜包裹防止冻融循环过程中试样中的饱和度发生变化。冻融试验相关指标设计以文献[12]为参考。将岩样置于低温冷藏箱中进行冻结,冻结温度为−20 ℃,连续冻结8 h,取出冻结后的试样,置于恒温(20 ℃)环境中,连续融化8 h,每个冻融循环周期为16 h。将所有红砂岩试样分为4组,冻融循环次数分别设定为0,10,20,30次。
试验加载设备采用HUT-106 万能试验机,最大加载载荷达1000 kN,对不同冻融次数的红砂岩试件进行单轴压缩试验,采用轴向荷载加载,加载速率为500 N/s。
裂纹体积应变法首先由 MARTIN等[13]提出,用于确定岩石的特征应力,此后得到了广泛的应用,具体计算方法如下:
式中:σ为主应力;ε为σ对应的主应变;E为弹性模量;μ为泊松比;εv、εev、εcv分别为岩石的总体积应变、弹性体积应变和裂纹体积应变。
单轴压缩试验中,σ2=σ3=0,体积应变为:
以干燥未冻融红砂岩试验结果为例,绘制典型岩石应力-应变曲线及各阶段特征应力,如图2所示。其中,σcc为裂纹闭合应力,是岩石线弹性阶段的下限;σci为起裂应力,是岩石线弹性阶段的上限;σcd为损伤应力,是裂纹稳定扩展与非稳定扩展的分界点,对应于体积应变曲线(σ1~εv)的拐点;σc为峰值应力。
在裂纹闭合阶段(阶段Ⅰ),红砂岩中存在的大量细微裂纹已经逐渐闭合,裂纹体积应变逐渐增大;当曲线斜率刚为0时,说明岩石进入弹性变形阶段(阶段Ⅱ),理论上岩石体积应变的增量应该等于弹性体积应变的增量,但由于岩石具有非线性弹性阶段,因此,二者间存在较小差异;在裂纹稳定扩展阶段(阶段Ⅲ)和裂纹不稳定扩展阶段(阶段Ⅳ),总体积应变包括裂纹扩展引起的体积增加,导致裂纹体积应变曲线呈负斜率。因此,裂纹体积应变曲线斜率为0的拐点对应的应力为起裂应力σci,总体积应变曲线斜率为0的点对应的应力为损伤应力σcd;峰后阶段(阶段Ⅴ)表示岩石宏观破裂和失效,与峰值应力σc相对应。
选择饱和度为0(干燥组)与饱和度为100%(饱和组)岩石来分析其冻融损伤特征。按上文所示计算方法得出干燥状态与饱和状态岩石特征应力值,结果见表1。
干燥状态红砂岩试样的特征应力值随着冻融循环次数的增加,均产生小幅度下降。一方面是由于实验室烘干仅使试样中的自由水挥发,而保留了稳定性较强的结晶水合物,经过冻融循环处理后,结晶水合物的颗粒大小和组合结构可能发生改变,导致岩石出现冻融损伤劣化;另一方面,由于试样中不同矿物的热膨胀系数存在差异,在冻融循环作用下矿物的胀缩程度不同,导致试样不同矿物颗粒之间的联结强度减弱,在轴向荷载作用下表现为力学性能被削弱。
图3和图4分别为干燥状态与饱和状态红砂岩试样在不同冻融次数下的应力-应变曲线[14]和体积应变曲线[15]。从图3和图4可以看出,单轴压缩作用下干燥与饱和红砂岩的冻融损伤演变关系如下。
在裂纹闭合阶段(阶段Ⅰ),岩石内部大量细微裂纹被压实闭合,轴向应力与轴向应变持续增加,该阶段收缩区域的特征是裂纹体积应变和总体积应变增加。随着冻融循环次数的增加,干燥状态红砂岩的闭合应力与峰值应力比值σcc/σc介于0.229~0.236之间,裂纹闭合阶段基本保持不变,而饱和状态红砂岩的闭合应力与峰值应力比值σcc/σc由0.248降至0.202,裂纹闭合阶段逐渐延长,说明冻融循环过程中水冰相变促进微裂隙节理发育,加剧了红砂岩中微裂纹的演化。
随着红砂岩中裂纹的逐渐闭合,应力达到裂纹闭合应力σcc,岩石变形进入弹性变形阶段(阶段Ⅱ)。此阶段轴向应力随轴向应变成线性增加,总体积应变也成线性增加,裂纹体积应变几乎保持不变,表明此时红砂岩体积呈线性收缩且弹性变形阶段几乎没有产生新的裂纹。饱和状态红砂岩的起裂应力与峰值应力比值σci/σc随着冻融循环次数的增加由0.405降至0.283,而干燥状态红砂岩的起裂应力与峰值应力比值σci/σc介于0.378~0.395之间。
岩石进入裂纹稳定扩展阶段(阶段Ⅲ),轴向应力-应变曲线斜率减小,裂纹体积应变相应减小,同时,总体积应变继续逐渐增加,岩石仍处于收缩状态。轴向应力的增加使红砂岩破坏和变质,并形成了新的裂纹[16]。饱和状态红砂岩的损伤应力与峰值应力比值σcd/σc随着冻融循环次数的增加由0.718降至0.683,而干燥状态红砂岩的损伤应力与峰值应力比值σcd/σc介于0.761~0.826之间,说明水会进一步降低红砂岩强度,加快岩石渐进破裂进程。本试验发现干燥状态与饱和状态红砂岩的损伤应力与峰值应力比值σcd/σc可作为预测实际工程应用中冻融循环下的岩石损伤指标。
当总体积应变达到峰值点(也称为体积膨胀点)时,就会触发裂纹不稳定扩展阶段(阶段Ⅳ),径向应变快速增加,裂纹体积应变也快速减小。即使载荷保持不变,最终也会产生破坏。随着冻融循环次数的增加,干燥状态的峰值应力σc有一定程度下降,冻融30次相比于未冻融时下降了5.9%;而饱和状态冻融30次的峰值应力σc相比于未冻融时下降了11.2%,相比于干燥未冻融时下降了18.1%。随着冻融循环次数的增加,水冰相变致使饱和组的峰值应力σc大幅度下降,而干燥状态的峰值应力σc受影响较小。
达到峰值应力时,岩石进入峰后阶段(阶段Ⅴ)。此时,红砂岩的裂纹体积应变和总体积应变成线性下降,径向应变和轴向应变显著增大。随着宏观裂纹的不断增加,红砂岩逐渐被完全破坏。
表2为冻融30次时不同饱和度红砂岩特征应力值。
由表2可以看出,冻融30次的岩石试件的特征应力均随着饱和度的增加而降低。当饱和度达到100%时,此时红砂岩所受损伤达到最大值,裂纹闭合应力σcc、起裂应力σci、损伤应力σcd和峰值应力σc分别降低了30.05%、35.34%、26.62%和12.95%。不同饱和度红砂岩特征应力出现下降的原因:一方面是由于红砂岩内部水分子无抗剪能力,降低了晶粒间相互作用(粒间摩擦、咬合),使得岩样在渐进破裂过程中所需外力减小;另一方面是岩石内部孔隙水发生冻结,产生的体积膨胀增加,导致岩石孔隙壁产生张拉应力,造成孔隙扩散,岩石所受冻胀损伤不断增加。
在寒区工程中,岩石的抗冻性能尤为重要,岩石的抗冻性能通常用抗冻系数来衡量。
式中:Kfm为抗冻系数;σc1为冻融前的单轴抗压强度;σc2为冻融后的单轴抗压强度。
不同冻融次数与不同饱和度红砂岩的抗压强度和抗冻系数见表3,其关系变化规律如图5所示。相同饱和度下抗冻系数随着冻融循环次数增加而总体下降,抗压强度和抗冻系数持续降低的原因是当冻融循环过程中岩石试件孔隙内的冰开始融化时,液态的孔隙水就会沿着孔隙裂缝流动,而新的裂缝又将被水所覆盖。在进行下一轮的冻结过程中,冰的体积将扩展,从而形成更大的膨胀力。如此反复冻结和融化,使岩石冻胀损伤不断增加。
由图5可知,不同饱和度与不同冻融次数的岩样的单轴抗压强度和抗冻系数具有相关性。当冻融次数较少时(0次或10次),抗压强度和抗冻系数的下降幅度明显小于之后冻融次数(20次或30次)的下降幅度,这是由于在冻融初期,损伤主要发生在试件表面,对试件强度影响不大,抗压强度和抗冻系数降低幅度不大;随着冻融循环次数的增加,施加在红砂岩试件表面的冻融损伤逐渐向内部转移,内部损伤不断加剧,试件强度不断降低,表现为抗压强度和抗冻系数下降幅度增大。当饱和度大于80%时,红砂岩试样抗压强度和抗冻系数下降幅度逐渐增大,这是由于水进入微裂隙与亲水矿物结合,形成水化黏土使内部结构变得越来越松散,促进了冻融循环过程中红砂岩内试样各孔隙的发育,很大程度上降低了红砂岩试样的抗冻性,在循环冻融过程中水分对岩样的破坏起重要作用。
图6为不同饱和度红砂岩试样经过不同冻融次数下单轴压缩后的破坏形态,图中所画红线为岩石破坏后所形成的裂隙纹路,红圈为破坏过程中岩块剥落区域(颜色标识见电子版)。从图6可以看出,经历不同冻融循环次数后的试样,其破坏形态有明显差异[17-18]。
当红砂岩试样没有经历冻融循环时(如图6(a)所示),其表面结构保持完好,抗压性能高,在轴向压应力的作用下,饱和度较低的试件呈现明显的斜剪破坏,并且贯穿整个试件的上下端部,岩样峰后承载力迅速下降。随着饱和度的增加,红砂岩试样破坏形态逐渐向剪切与张拉的组合破坏转变,这是由于一方面随着试样饱和度的增加,在荷载作用下其内部孔隙、裂隙中的水来不及排出,会在试件内部产生一定的孔隙水压力,使得试样原生裂隙尖端应力集中处受拉应力作用,引起裂隙扩展,导致试件表面裂隙增多;另一方面由于试件内部水分增加会使试件内部结构面黏聚力与内摩擦角减小,弱化其胶结作用[19],从而改变其内部结构,导致饱和度高的试件破坏呈现出剪切与张拉的组合破坏特征。
经历10次冻融循环作用后(如图6(b)所示),红砂岩试样内部由于水冰相变已经初步产生了一定的冻胀力,造成试件内部损伤,在轴向应力下,低饱和度试件(0~40%)以剪切和张拉组合破坏为主,而高饱和度试件(60%~100%)出现了一条主导剪切裂纹,同时伴随着数条微裂纹蔓延,且个别试件有小碎块剥落。这是由于冻融循环过程中水冰相变促进试件内部孔隙的节理发育,致使试件的强度减弱。但由于冻融次数较少,试件表面孔隙发育较为活跃,岩石所受冻融损伤由外而内,个别试件有小块碎块剥落。
图6(c)和图6(d)分别为经历20次和30次冻融循环作用下红砂岩破坏形态,其破坏形态规律基本相似。低饱和度(0~40%)以剪切和张拉组合破坏为主,这说明在冻融循环作用下低饱和度试件内部含水量少,内部孔隙发育不活跃,产生的冻胀力小,因此冻融循环对低饱和度试件的破坏形态影响不大;而高饱和度试件(60%~100%)有明显的剪切裂隙面,且多呈“X”形剪切破坏特征,其中部分试件有大量小块岩体剥落。由此可以发现,随着冻融次数与饱和度的增加,试样内部水冰相变不断产生体积膨胀,导致原有微裂隙的扩展和新裂隙出现[20],循环往复的冻融作用致使岩石所受冻融损伤加剧,抗压强度受到显著影响,其破坏形态也随之改变。
为了进一步研究饱和红砂岩的冻融损伤演化特征和内部结构变化规律,使用扫描电镜对不同冻融次数下饱和红砂岩进行检测,其微观形态如图7所示。由图7可以看出,岩样未经历冻融循环作用时,其内部存在少量自身孔隙“凹坑”和微裂纹;经历10次冻融循环后,岩石内部由于水冰相变已经初步产生了一定的冻胀力,造成冻融损伤,孔隙和微裂纹数量增加;岩石分别经历20次和30次冻融循环后,孔隙和新生裂纹数量明显增加并且相互贯通。由此可以发现,随着冻融次数的增加,岩样内部水冰相变不断产生体积膨胀,导致原有微裂隙的扩展和新裂纹出现[21],循环往复的冻融作用致使岩石所受冻融损伤加剧。
通过对不同冻融循环次数(0, 10, 20, 30次)及不同饱和度(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)的红砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验和SEM检测,分析了其力学性能和损伤特征,得出以下主要结论。
(1)红砂岩试样的裂纹闭合应力σcc、起裂应力σci、损伤应力σcd、峰值应力σc和抗冻系数Kfm均随着冻融次数和饱和度的增加而逐渐降低,冻融30次的饱和红砂岩试样峰值强度相比于未冻融时下降了11.2%,相比于干燥未冻融时下降了18.1%。冻融循环过程中的水冰相变会导致岩石内部产生微裂隙,降低其整体强度和稳定性。同时,水分的存在和交替冻融条件会加剧岩石的破坏和损伤。
(2)在冻融循环与饱和度的共同作用下,红砂岩试样破坏形态由斜剪破坏和张拉破坏逐渐向“X”形破坏形态转变,并伴有少量碎石飞出。
(3)循环往复的冻融作用致使岩石所受冻融损伤加剧,孔隙和新生裂纹数量增加并且相互贯通,揭示了红砂岩试样在不同冻融条件下的损伤演化特征。
(4)通过对不同饱和度冻融红砂岩试样的力学性能及其破坏特征进行研究,可以为寒区岩体工程中选择合适的材料和进行工程设计提供依据。对于饱和度较高的红砂岩岩体,可以通过降低其饱和度、加强保温等措施来防止冻害的发生,从而提高寒区岩体工程的耐久性和稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52264010)
  • 内蒙古自治区“高等学校青年科技人才发展项目”(NJYT23065)
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023QNJS096; 2024QNJS085)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-23
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52264010)
内蒙古自治区“高等学校青年科技人才发展项目”(NJYT23065)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023QNJS096; 2024QNJS085)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学 土木工程学院,内蒙古 包头市 014017
    2.内蒙古科技大学 矿业与煤炭学院,内蒙古 包头市 014017
    3.内蒙古自治区矿业工程重点实验室,内蒙古 包头市 014017

通讯作者:

吴祥业(1986—),男,黑龙江鸡西人,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿山压力与巷道围岩控制方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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