Article(id=1322594964089979718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709136000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260812065, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260812065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260812065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260812065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=184, endPage=194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594964266140487, articleId=1322594964089979718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Simulation Study on Energy Evolution and Failure Characteristics of Layered Composite Rock, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In geotechnical engineering, instability failure often occurs in multi-layer rock mass at the same time, and its different combinations, lithology and other factors will affect the development trend of cracks. The discrete element PFC2D software was used to establish the sample model, and the uniaxial compression experiment was simulated to reveal the influence of the proportion of soft and hard rock strata on the mechanical properties, failure characteristics and energy evolution law of rock samples. The results are drawn as follows. Firstly, the proportion of hard rock in the layered composite rock sample is the main factor affecting the peak strength of the rock sample. As the proportion of hard rock increases, the peak stress of the rock sample gradually increases. Secondly, the number of microcracks and the total input strain energy of the layered composite rock sample are the minimum when the thickness ratio (R) of the adjacent rock layer is the smallest, indicating that the decrease of R will lead to the early failure of the rock sample. Thirdly, the elastic energy consumption ratio K is introduced into the energy analysis of layered composite rock samples, and it is verified that the increase of K value would be used as an early warning signal for rock deformation and failure. Fourthly, the main failure mode of the layered composite rock sample is tension-shear mixed failure, and the macroscopic cracks generally originate in soft rock part. Then, due to the sharp increase of the transverse strain of the soft rock part, the cracks penetrate into the hard rock part, revealing that the failure of the rock sample is a process of gradual loss of bearing capacity. The research results can provide a reference for practical engineering.

, authors=Liang HU1, Taoli XIAO1, Haicheng SHE1, 2, Yunfeng ZHAO1, Yuanlong ZHENG1, 3, authorsList=Liang HU, Taoli XIAO, Haicheng SHE, Yunfeng ZHAO, Yuanlong ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Taoli XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594968846320491, articleId=1322594964089979718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=层状复合岩的能量演化及破坏特征模拟研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在岩土工程中,失稳破坏常会同时发生于多层岩体内,其不同的组合方式、岩性等因素均会影响裂纹的发展趋势。研究采用离散元PFC2D软件建立试样模型,并模拟单轴压缩试验揭示软硬岩层占比对岩样力学性质、破坏特征及能量演化规律的影响。研究表明:(1)层状复合岩样中的硬岩部分占比是影响岩样峰值强度的主要因素,随着硬岩部分占比增大,岩样的峰值应力逐渐增大;(2)层状复合岩样的微裂纹数及输入总应变能均在相邻岩层厚度比(R)最小时取得最小值,表明R的减小会导致岩样破坏的提前发生;(3)在层状复合岩样的能量分析中引入弹性能耗比K,并验证了K值的增大可以作为岩石发生变形破坏的预警信号;(4)层状复合岩样的主要破坏模式为张拉-剪切混合破坏,宏观裂纹基本起裂于软岩部分,而后由于软岩部分横向应变的急剧增大,裂纹向硬岩部分贯通,揭示岩样的破坏是一个逐步丧失承载力的过程。研究成果可为实际工程提供参考。

, authors=胡量1, 肖桃李1, 折海成1, 2, 赵云峰1, 郑远龙1, 3, authorsList=胡量, 肖桃李, 折海成, 赵云峰, 郑远龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=肖桃李, authorNote=

胡量(2000—),男,湖北咸宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石力学相关研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
肖桃李(1978—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事深部岩体围岩稳定性研究。E-mail:
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胡量(2000—),男,湖北咸宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石力学相关研究。E-mail:

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胡量(2000—),男,湖北咸宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石力学相关研究。E-mail:

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Specimen code and percentage of thickness of interlayer with intermediate rock

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试样代号岩层组合方式夹层厚度占比/%
D类大理岩夹类砂岩0
D-S-2020
D-S-4040
D-S-6060
D-S-8080
S100
S类砂岩夹类大理岩0
S-D-2020
S-D-4040
S-D-6060
S-D-8080
D100
), ArticleFig(id=1322594976899384243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594964089979718, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样代号与中间岩石夹层厚度占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样代号岩层组合方式夹层厚度占比/%
D类大理岩夹类砂岩0
D-S-2020
D-S-4040
D-S-6060
D-S-8080
S100
S类砂岩夹类大理岩0
S-D-2020
S-D-4040
S-D-6060
S-D-8080
D100
), ArticleFig(id=1322594976962298804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594964089979718, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Numerical simulation model parameters

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项目细观参数岩性
类大理岩类砂岩
颗粒最小颗粒粒径Rmin/mm0.30.3
颗粒粒径比Rmin/Rmax1.661.66
颗粒密度ρs/(kg·m–3)2 3202 079
颗粒接触模量Ep/GPa6.085.03
颗粒接触刚度比(kn/ks)p0.611.389
颗粒摩擦因数μp0.50.5
平节理接触半径乘子11
有效模量Ep/GPa6.085.03
刚度比0.611.389
内摩擦因数0.50.5
抗拉强度/MPa2.686.28
黏聚力/MPa31.4420.76
平滑节理接触法向刚度/(GPa·m–1)500
切向刚度/(GPa·m–1)500
内摩擦因数0.5
内摩擦角/(°)0.7
抗拉强度/MPa4.2
黏聚力/MPa5.3
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数值模拟模型参数

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项目细观参数岩性
类大理岩类砂岩
颗粒最小颗粒粒径Rmin/mm0.30.3
颗粒粒径比Rmin/Rmax1.661.66
颗粒密度ρs/(kg·m–3)2 3202 079
颗粒接触模量Ep/GPa6.085.03
颗粒接触刚度比(kn/ks)p0.611.389
颗粒摩擦因数μp0.50.5
平节理接触半径乘子11
有效模量Ep/GPa6.085.03
刚度比0.611.389
内摩擦因数0.50.5
抗拉强度/MPa2.686.28
黏聚力/MPa31.4420.76
平滑节理接触法向刚度/(GPa·m–1)500
切向刚度/(GPa·m–1)500
内摩擦因数0.5
内摩擦角/(°)0.7
抗拉强度/MPa4.2
黏聚力/MPa5.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322594977121682358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594964089979718, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the results of indoor tests and numerical simulations for physical and mechanical parameters of rock samples

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岩性单轴抗压强度弹性模量泊松比
试验值/MPa模拟值/MPa误差/%试验值/MPa模拟值/MPa误差/%试验值模拟值误差/%
类大理岩71.4569.712.449.239.081.630.140.140
类砂岩46.8144.834.236.186.291.780.270.263.70
), ArticleFig(id=1322594977201374135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594964089979718, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩样物理力学参数室内试验与数值模拟的结果对比

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岩性单轴抗压强度弹性模量泊松比
试验值/MPa模拟值/MPa误差/%试验值/MPa模拟值/MPa误差/%试验值模拟值误差/%
类大理岩71.4569.712.449.239.081.630.140.140
类砂岩46.8144.834.236.186.291.780.270.263.70
), ArticleFig(id=1322594977281065912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594964089979718, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Failure characteristics of rock samples

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岩层组合方式不同中间岩石夹层厚度占比的岩样破坏特征
020%40%60%80%100%
类砂岩夹类大理岩多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏拉-剪混合破坏拉-剪混合破坏多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏
类大理岩夹类砂岩多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏拉-剪混合破坏拉-剪混合破坏多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1322594977369146297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594964089979718, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岩样破坏特征

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岩层组合方式不同中间岩石夹层厚度占比的岩样破坏特征
020%40%60%80%100%
类砂岩夹类大理岩多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏拉-剪混合破坏拉-剪混合破坏多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏
类大理岩夹类砂岩多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏拉-剪混合破坏拉-剪混合破坏多拉少剪破坏多拉少剪破坏
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层状复合岩的能量演化及破坏特征模拟研究
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胡量 1 , 肖桃李 1 , 折海成 1, 2 , 赵云峰 1 , 郑远龙 1, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(2): 184-194
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (2) : 184 -194
层状复合岩的能量演化及破坏特征模拟研究
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胡量1 , 肖桃李1 , 折海成1, 2, 赵云峰1, 郑远龙1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.长江大学 城市建设学院,湖北 荆州市 434023
  • 2.陕西省油气井及储层渗流与岩石力学重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
  • 3.珠海建工控股集团有限公司,广东 珠海市 519085
通讯作者:
肖桃李(1978—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事深部岩体围岩稳定性研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

胡量(2000—),男,湖北咸宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石力学相关研究。E-mail:

Simulation Study on Energy Evolution and Failure Characteristics of Layered Composite Rock
Liang HU1 , Taoli XIAO1 , Haicheng SHE1, 2, Yunfeng ZHAO1, Yuanlong ZHENG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Urban Construction, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
  • 2.The Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid & Rock Mechanics in Oil and Gas Reservoir of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
  • 3.Zhuhai Construction Engineering Group, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519085, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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在岩土工程中,失稳破坏常会同时发生于多层岩体内,其不同的组合方式、岩性等因素均会影响裂纹的发展趋势。研究采用离散元PFC2D软件建立试样模型,并模拟单轴压缩试验揭示软硬岩层占比对岩样力学性质、破坏特征及能量演化规律的影响。研究表明:(1)层状复合岩样中的硬岩部分占比是影响岩样峰值强度的主要因素,随着硬岩部分占比增大,岩样的峰值应力逐渐增大;(2)层状复合岩样的微裂纹数及输入总应变能均在相邻岩层厚度比(R)最小时取得最小值,表明R的减小会导致岩样破坏的提前发生;(3)在层状复合岩样的能量分析中引入弹性能耗比K,并验证了K值的增大可以作为岩石发生变形破坏的预警信号;(4)层状复合岩样的主要破坏模式为张拉-剪切混合破坏,宏观裂纹基本起裂于软岩部分,而后由于软岩部分横向应变的急剧增大,裂纹向硬岩部分贯通,揭示岩样的破坏是一个逐步丧失承载力的过程。研究成果可为实际工程提供参考。

层状复合类岩石  /  数值模拟  /  破坏特征  /  能量演化  /  弹性能耗比

In geotechnical engineering, instability failure often occurs in multi-layer rock mass at the same time, and its different combinations, lithology and other factors will affect the development trend of cracks. The discrete element PFC2D software was used to establish the sample model, and the uniaxial compression experiment was simulated to reveal the influence of the proportion of soft and hard rock strata on the mechanical properties, failure characteristics and energy evolution law of rock samples. The results are drawn as follows. Firstly, the proportion of hard rock in the layered composite rock sample is the main factor affecting the peak strength of the rock sample. As the proportion of hard rock increases, the peak stress of the rock sample gradually increases. Secondly, the number of microcracks and the total input strain energy of the layered composite rock sample are the minimum when the thickness ratio (R) of the adjacent rock layer is the smallest, indicating that the decrease of R will lead to the early failure of the rock sample. Thirdly, the elastic energy consumption ratio K is introduced into the energy analysis of layered composite rock samples, and it is verified that the increase of K value would be used as an early warning signal for rock deformation and failure. Fourthly, the main failure mode of the layered composite rock sample is tension-shear mixed failure, and the macroscopic cracks generally originate in soft rock part. Then, due to the sharp increase of the transverse strain of the soft rock part, the cracks penetrate into the hard rock part, revealing that the failure of the rock sample is a process of gradual loss of bearing capacity. The research results can provide a reference for practical engineering.

Layered composite rock  /  Numerical simulation  /  Failure characteristics  /  Energy evolution  /  Elastic energy consumption ratio
胡量, 肖桃李, 折海成, 赵云峰, 郑远龙. 层状复合岩的能量演化及破坏特征模拟研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 184 -194 .
Liang HU, Taoli XIAO, Haicheng SHE, Yunfeng ZHAO, Yuanlong ZHENG. Simulation Study on Energy Evolution and Failure Characteristics of Layered Composite Rock[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 184 -194 .
在岩土工程中,大多会以岩石作为施工对象,而层状复合岩体作为施工过程中常见的一种特殊岩体,对其力学性能与损伤机制的研究也得到越来越多的重视[1]。该类岩体的岩性及内部岩层组合方式的不同会导致其在施工过程中发生不同程度的拉伸劈裂及剪切滑移破坏,由于有片理、节理、层理等宏观结构面及矿物解理面、微裂隙等微观结构面的存在,在受到工程扰动时,岩石整体应力状态重新分布,局部发生应力集中,而当应力集中达到一定程度时,岩体的软弱部分开始破坏,当宏观裂隙逐渐扩展、贯通,岩石整体承载力逐渐下降直至发生失稳破坏。因此,研究层状复合岩体的损伤演化机制对实际工程的安全性评估及监测有着重要意义。
目前已有许多学者对不同类型复合岩体的力学性质及损伤演化机制开展了大量研究。TIEN等[2]预制了不同倾角的层状复合类岩石,将其看作横向各向同体,分析了其力学性质及破坏机理,并提出了能够准确预测其强度及破坏模式的破坏准则。QI等[3]利用相似材料制备了层状复合类岩石,并结合声发射(AE)系统及数字图像(DIC)系统对其进行单轴压缩试验,分析认为其破坏特征主要为拉伸-剪切-滑动破坏。杨圣奇等[4]采用离散元软件对页岩进行了数值模拟研究,得出试样最终破坏后产生的微裂纹数随岩层倾角的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。鲜学福等[5]对三类岩石拼接而成的层状复合岩进行了研究,得出各层岩石由于层间的黏结作用力,其强度与单岩试样强度不同。康玉梅等[6]制取不同层厚比的软硬互层类岩石,并在不同的加载速率下对其进行单轴压缩试验,分析认为岩石抗压强度随较硬岩占比增大而增大,软硬岩层厚比是影响岩石破坏特征的主导变量。赵娜等[7]采取实地采样的红砂岩及灰泥岩进行加工,并将其人工黏结在一起进行单轴压缩试验,分析得到软硬组合的岩体裂纹均起裂于软岩岩层,且软岩岩层倾角越大,岩体越容易发生破坏的结论。谢良甫等[8]对泥岩、砂岩组成的软硬互层岩体进行了单轴压缩试验,得出层厚比小于0.6时试样裂纹发育速度较快的结论。李子运等[9]利用在重庆市江津地区采取的页岩进行不同围压下的三轴加、卸荷试验,结合能量原理得出页岩的弹性能耗比K在峰前并未有明显变化,而当进入峰后阶段,K值会发生突增的结论。肖桃李等[10]、冯豪天等[11]利用PFC2D对含裂隙岩体的力学性质及裂纹扩展模式展开了研究。殷鹏飞等[12]利用PFC2D结合室内试验对层状复合岩石进行研究,分析认为数值模型能够较好地反映出岩石的力学性质及各向异性规律。姚池等[13]建立了不同倾角软硬互层岩石的PFC2D数值模型,并对其进行单轴压缩试验,得出了其破坏均是由弱相材料起裂并主要产生劈裂及剪切滑移破坏的结论。舒杨等[14]利用PFC2D颗粒流软件对含交叉多裂隙的岩体进行了数值模拟试验,研究了裂隙夹角对其力学性质及破坏模式的影响。王云飞等[15]利用室内试验结果对PFC2D的数值模型的力学参数进行标定,对含不同倾角预制裂隙的岩体开展研究,分析得出其弹性能的最大值随着裂隙倾角的增大而增大的结论。
综上所述,已有许多学者将岩层倾角及层厚作为影响因素对层状岩体的力学性质或破坏模式进行了较为深入的研究,但鲜有学者结合能量理论对层状复合岩体的损伤演化机制进行探讨,而能量作为反映岩体内部损伤破坏的一个重要的表征变量,其变化规律对于层状复合岩体的损伤演化机制研究具有重要意义。本文基于室内单轴压缩试验的结果对PFC2D离散元模型的细观参数进行标定,再模拟单轴压缩试验揭示软硬岩层厚度对岩样的力学性质、破坏特征及能量演化特征的影响。
由于深部岩石开采难度较大,且寻找相同尺寸、有明显规律的层状复合岩体更为不易,故试验运用相似模拟法,采用水泥、石英砂、铁粉、硅粉等材料制作类岩石试样,分别制作了类砂岩、类大理岩以及不同比例的层状复合类岩样,以满足脆性岩石的基本特性,并便于制作统一的标准岩样。
试验中采用ABS材质的塑料模具,类大理岩的质量配合比为:425#普通硅酸盐水泥:石英砂:铁粉:硅粉:减水剂:消泡剂:水为1:0.8:0.25:0.13:0.003:0.003:0.3。类砂岩的质量配合比为:325#白色普通硅酸盐水泥:石英砂:消泡剂:水为1:0.7:0.003:0.35。将模具中间的隔板切除,用砂纸打磨至内壁光滑,采用尺寸为70.5 mm×100 mm×1 mm的钢板作为中间隔板,用于分隔类大理岩浆体与类砂岩浆体,按照预设厚度将类岩石浆体浇入模具后置于振动台上振捣20 s排出浆体内的气泡,经过20 min左右拔掉中间隔板使其自然胶结,静置24 h后脱模,并放入标准养护室养护28 d后进行单轴压缩试验。试样的尺寸为70.7 mm×70.7 mm×210.5 mm,分别制作完整类砂岩样,完整类大理岩样,中部类岩层体积占比为20%、40%、60%、80%的类大理岩夹类砂岩样及类砂岩夹类大理岩样,试样如图1所示,代号见表1。
颗粒流程序PFC2D基于离散单元法建立数值模型,在处理非连续介质例如岩石类材料的问题时,可以有效地模拟裂纹从发育到破坏的过程。本文采用平直节理接触模型(FJM),在岩样交界面处添加平滑节理接触模型(SJM),如图2所示,平直节理接触模型可以通过抑制颗粒间的旋转从而提高模型的压拉比,在平滑节理接触模型下可产生局部相对滑动而非单纯的挤压,使其更加接近实际岩石颗粒受压时产生的力学行为,将其中黏结单元的破坏记录为微裂纹的产生。参考陈鹏宇等[16]的研究,初步选定部分细观参数如最小颗粒粒径、颗粒粒径比、颗粒摩擦系数μp、内摩擦系数,然后利用“试错法”依照室内试验得出的宏观力学参数对其他细观参数进行反复修正,通过宏观弹性模量调整颗粒接触模量、宏观泊松比调整颗粒刚度比、宏观抗拉强度调整接触抗拉强度、宏观抗压强度调整接触黏聚力,直到与需要的宏观力学参数相对应,最终确定的数值模型细观参数见表2,对模型上下端的“墙”赋予一个0.04 m/s的恒定速度[17]来模拟单轴压缩试验环境,加载至强度达到峰后70%时停止,数值模型如图3所示。
图4为对标准岩样进行室内试验与数值模拟试验得到的应力-应变曲线,从图4可以看出,数值模拟试验得到的应力-应变曲线在加载初期相较于室内试验并未出现明显的下凹趋势,这是由于室内试验的预制类岩样孔隙率较大且存在部分原生缺陷,在应力-应变曲线上会表现出更为明显的压密阶段,类大理岩与类砂岩的数值模型及室内预制样部分力学参数见表3,由图4及表3可以看出,室内试验与数值模拟试验所得到的试样宏观力学性质与破坏模式基本相似,验证了数值模拟试验的可行性。
图5为通过数值模拟试验得到的应力-应变曲线图,从图5可以看出,每个岩样均经历了压密阶段、线弹性阶段、损伤阶段及峰后阶段。可以发现层状复合类岩样的应力-应变曲线均位于类大理岩样及类砂岩样之间,但类砂岩占比较多的层状类岩样峰值强度与类砂岩样差距并不大,其原因是,虽然其相较于类砂岩样含有部分类大理岩,对其强度有一定的增强,但岩层交界面作为层状类岩样整体中的软弱结构面,又会削弱层状类岩样的强度,导致其与类砂岩样强度接近;且层状类岩样在损伤阶段即峰值应力前后会出现一定程度的波动,这是由于宏观裂纹在发展过程中穿过岩样交界面时会在交界面处产生应力集中现象,局部应力过高,此部分发生局部脆性断裂,在应力-应变曲线上则表现为应力波动。
在层状类岩样整体的变形破坏过程中,伴随着裂纹的产生及发展,其系统内部的能量同时也在发生转换。文献[18]假设在整个单轴压缩试验过程中,系统与外界没有进行热交换,结合热力学第一定律可以推导出在单轴压缩试验中岩样的能量计算公式:
式中:U为系统输入总应变能;Ue、Ud分别为系统试验过程中产生的应变弹性能及应变耗散能;σi、εi分别为主应力及主应变;Eu为卸载弹性模量。各部分能量与应力-应变曲线的关系如图6所示。由于本试验为单轴压缩试验,σ2=σ3=0,且未进行卸载试验,根据张萍等[18]的研究,可用初始弹性模量E0近似代替卸载弹性模量Eu,故式(2)、式(3)可改写为:
层状复合类岩样内部微裂纹的萌生、发展直至最后的贯通均伴随着能量的变化,故分别以微裂纹数的变化及各部分能量的转化与通过数值模拟试验得到的应力-应变曲线的关系作为特征量,分析层状复合类岩样在单轴压缩过程中的能量演化规律。由于各试样分析结果间存在相似性,故选取编号S-D-20、S-D-80、D-S-20及D-S-80的试样进行分析,图7、图8分别为微裂纹数、能量与应力应变曲线之间的关系。
由图7、图8可以看出,试样在加载初期的压密阶段(OA)并未有明显裂纹萌生,且其内部能量的增长以弹性能为主,耗散能并未有明显增长;试样加载进入线弹性阶段(AB)后,应力-应变曲线近似呈直线式上升,试样内部开始出现少量微裂纹,以张拉裂纹为主,总能量的变化仍以弹性能为主且呈缓慢上升趋势;当试样加载进入损伤阶段(BC)后,应力-应变曲线先直线式上升,后斜率减小,微裂纹持续发展,但仍以张拉裂纹为主,在试样的起裂部位即类砂岩内开始出现少量剪切裂纹,从试样表面可以观察到宏观裂纹逐渐发展,此阶段总能量也开始迅速增长,以弹性能为主,弹性能的增长趋势类似应力-应变曲线,耗散能开始有少量增长,表明试样开始出现非弹性变形;当试样加载进入峰后阶段(CD)时,应力-应变曲线开始下降,微裂纹数曲线斜率增大,张拉裂纹剧烈发育,试样内部萌生明显的剪切裂纹,试样表面宏观裂纹逐渐贯通整个试样,总能量持续上升但上升趋势放缓,弹性能的变化与应力-应变曲线类似,开始逐渐下降,而耗散能则呈近似弧形开始迅速上升,并在后期逐渐超过弹性能,表明试样逐渐丧失承载能力。
图9所示为能量与微裂纹数的关系,结合其对试样的变形破坏过程分析可得,试样在压密阶段及弹性阶段的总能量在最终总能量中的占比为21.74%~30.61%,所萌生的微裂纹数在最终裂纹数中的占比为7.43%~8.46%;在损伤阶段的总能量在最终总能量中的占比为40.38%~52.45%,所萌生的微裂纹数在最终裂纹数中的占比为28.29%~34.16%;在峰后阶段的总能量在最终总能量中的占比为23.64%~32.81%,所萌生的微裂纹数在最终裂纹数中的占比为57.95%~63.76%。由此可以看出,各过程总能量占比由小到大依次为:压密阶段+弹性阶段、峰后阶段、损伤阶段。各过程萌生的微裂纹占比从小到大依次为:压密阶段 +弹性阶段、损伤阶段、峰后阶段。由以上分析可以看出,总能量及微裂纹在试样加载前期均未剧烈发展,占比最小,损伤阶段的总能量大于峰后阶段,但损伤阶段的微裂纹数小于峰后阶段,这是由于试样内部能量在损伤阶段开始大量积聚,而此阶段宏观裂纹只在起裂部分即类砂岩部分稳定发展,并未与类大理岩部分贯通,当达到峰值应力后,试样内部能量的持续增加导致试样达到其储能能力的极限,内部能量开始释放,并表现为微裂纹的剧烈发育,峰后阶段的耗散能也开始急剧增长,揭示了层状类岩样整体的破坏是一个逐步丧失承载力的过程。
对试验所得结果进行统计,可以得到试验各阶段的微裂纹数,结合式(1)至式(5)算出加载至试样峰值应力及加载结束时的各部分能量,绘制出图10。
由图10可以看出,在试样加载至峰值应力及加载结束时,微裂纹数随着较硬岩即类大理岩部分占比的增加总体上呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,在加载至峰值应力时,试样均在中部岩层占比为40%时取得最小值,而加载结束时试样均在中部岩层占比为60%时取得最小值,这是由于相邻岩层厚度比(R)在小于0.6时岩体内部微裂纹发育速度加快[8],即中部岩层占比为60%时试样微裂纹发展较其他试样更快,试样的整体破坏发生得较早,在峰后阶段其微裂纹数的增长幅度相对较小,试样还未来得及发生更多的变形破坏便达到了数值模拟试验的终止条件。
能量的变化趋势与裂纹数大致相同,通过统计可以得到,试样在加载至峰值应力直至加载结束时输入总应变能的增幅为1.26~1.57倍,弹性应变能的降幅为0.54~0.74,耗散应变能的增幅为6.75~32.68倍。从图10可以看出,总能量的增长以耗散能为主,试样的能量依然是在峰值应力时在中部岩层占比为40%时取得最小值,在加载结束时在中部岩层占比为60%时取得最小值,进一步验证了试样在R小于0.6时内部破坏发生较快,裂纹未得到充分发育,导致输入的能量减少,试样内部积聚的弹性能以及破坏产生的耗散能也随之减少,即试样的储能极限降低。
在试样的加载过程中,输入总应变能逐步转变为应变弹性能及应变耗散能,根据赵奎等[19]的研究,将试样的耗散能与弹性能之比定义为弹性能耗比K,即K=Ud/Ue,其变化特征可反映类岩样内部的损伤演化机制。K<1表示耗散能小于弹性能,试样处于稳定状态;K=1表示耗散能等于弹性能,试样处于即将发生失稳破坏的临界状态;K>1表示耗散能大于弹性能,试样已经发生失稳破坏。图11为弹性能耗比K随类岩样中部岩层厚度的变化特征图。
由图11可以看出,层状类岩样在加载初期K值均会发生突增,这是由于压密阶段试样内部的弹性能还未开始增长,但由于原始缺陷的闭合,颗粒之间发生摩擦产生了少量耗散能,K值突增;而当试样经过了短暂的压密阶段进入线弹性阶段,耗散能便趋于稳定没有明显增长,试样发生线弹性变化,弹性能开始在试样内部大量积聚,导致K值呈反比例函数式减小;当试样进入损伤阶段,试样开始发生塑性变形,前期积聚的弹性能开始释放,耗散能发生明显增长,故K值开始有所上升。从图11可以观察到,不论是类大理岩夹类砂岩试样或是类砂岩夹类大理岩部分,中部岩层占比为60%时K值均最早表现出上升趋势,表明其内部弹性能的释放与耗散能的增长较快,储能极限较低,试样最早发生变形破坏,这与上文层厚对试样能量变化的影响分析一致。
图12为层状类岩样的最终破坏图,从左到右中部岩层占比依次增大,图中红色线条代表起裂裂纹,蓝色线条代表主破裂裂纹,绿色线条代表远场裂纹(颜色标识见电子版)。
由图12可知,起裂裂纹均产生于较软岩即类砂岩部分,而后向类大理岩部分发展并最终形成贯通类岩样的主破裂裂纹,且主要破坏形式均为张拉-剪切混合破坏,其原因是在相同的受荷环境下类砂岩与类大理岩所产生的横向应变不同,故岩层间的黏结力使层状类岩样在岩层交界面处受到横向黏结约束力,导致各部分材料几乎处于三向应力状态,类似三轴试验,故可将此时的破坏形式称为“假三轴”破坏形式[20]。由于横向应变较大的类大理岩部分会约束横向应变较小的类砂岩部分产生横向应变,类砂岩部分在岩层交界面处受到黏结约束拉应力,其由单向受压应力状态变为三向压-拉应力状态,类大理岩部分则由单向受压应力状态变为三向受压应力状态。在层状类岩样中的类砂岩部分强度低于类砂岩试样,类大理岩部分强度高于类大理岩试样,故先由较软岩即类砂岩部分开始破坏,此时较硬岩即类大理岩部分还有一定承载能力,当类砂岩部分裂纹发展至一定程度时,会使其横向应变急剧增大,导致裂纹向类大理岩部分发展直至贯通试样,进一步揭示了层状类岩样整体的破坏是一个逐步丧失承载力的过程。
对数值模拟试验所得试样的微裂纹数进行分析,得到各岩样的破坏特征,具体见表4。试样在中部岩层占比为0、20%、80%及100%时,其内部微裂纹以张拉裂纹为主,伴随有少量的剪切裂纹出现,在中部岩层占比为40%、60%时,试样表现为拉-剪混合破坏,这种破坏特征的转变说明了岩层交界面越接近中部,各层岩样的受力状态越接近“假三轴”形式,导致剪切裂纹的增多,进一步印证了层状复合岩体的相邻岩层层厚比对试样的破坏特征有着重要影响。
(1)层状复合类岩样峰值应力基本位于类砂岩样及类大理岩样之间,试样峰值强度大致随类大理岩部分占比的增大而增大,含类砂岩部分较多的岩样峰值强度与类砂岩样区别并不大,岩层交界面作为岩体中的软弱结构面对岩样强度影响较大。
(2)结合加载过程中对微裂纹数及能量的分析,试样在峰值应力及加载结束时,随着较硬岩即类大理岩部分占比的增加,微裂纹数及能量总体上均呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,加载结束时,均在中部岩层占比为60%时取得最小值。达到峰值应力前微裂纹以张拉裂纹为主,总能量的积聚以弹性能为主,加载至峰值应力过后剪切裂纹及耗散能开始有明显增长。
(3)基于对试样弹性耗能比K的分析,可以看出试样在中部岩层占比为60%时K值均最早表现出上升趋势,表明其内部能量转化及变形破坏发生较快,验证了K值的增大可以作为岩石发生变形破坏的特征量之一。
(4)层状复合类岩样主要破坏模式均为张拉-剪切混合破坏,由于层间存在横向黏结作用力,各岩层部分处于“假三轴”受力模式,层状类岩样中的类砂岩部分强度低于类砂岩试样,类大理岩部分高于类大理岩试样,破坏均先发生于类砂岩部分中,而后由于其横向应变的急剧增大使裂纹贯通类大理岩部分,表明层状类岩样的破坏是一个逐步丧失承载力的过程。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204201)
  • 油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室开放基金项目(YQZC202204)
  • 水利部水库大坝安全重点实验室开发研究基金项目(YK323003)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204201)
油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室开放基金项目(YQZC202204)
水利部水库大坝安全重点实验室开发研究基金项目(YK323003)
作者信息
    1.长江大学 城市建设学院,湖北 荆州市 434023
    2.陕西省油气井及储层渗流与岩石力学重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
    3.珠海建工控股集团有限公司,广东 珠海市 519085

通讯作者:

肖桃李(1978—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事深部岩体围岩稳定性研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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