Article(id=1322594955600711956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260810041, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260810041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260810041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260810041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=116, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594955806232853, articleId=1322594955600711956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Development and Application Effect Analysis on Nano Silicon-Based Micro-Foam Drilling Fluid, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problem of pore wall instability in the fractured formation during geological drilling at Pingpo Coal Mine in Gansu Province, the mineral compositions, microstructures and pore characteristics of mud shale formation in coal measure strata were comprehensively analyzed. It is found that the clay minerals are mainly composed of illite and montmorillonite with high contents, and the degree of mineral particle cementation is low. At the same time, the large pores and medium pores account for more than 80% of the total pores volume, which is easy to cause pore wall collapse under the erosion of fluid medium. Nano materials and micro-foam agents with excellent performances were selected through laboratory experiments, and a kind of nano silicon-based micro-foam drilling fluid suitable for fractured formation drilling was developed based on the low solid content drilling fluid. The results show that the drilling fluid has a good fluidity and filtration, which can effectively suppress the deformation of coal measure strata and the collapse of pore walls, and has strong infiltration sealing performance and inhibition capabilities. Through the field application of the new drilling fluid in coal measure strata drilling, the pure drilling rate of the drilling hole was increased by 40%, the core recovery rate reached 95% and the monthly efficiency was increased by 72%, which proved that the new drilling fluid has a good wall protection and anti-collapse function in the fractured formation of coal measure strata.

, authors=Jianlin YUN1, Jinke YUAN2, Sheng WANG2, Wei LI1, Junxue ZHAO1, Xinwei LIU1, authorsList=Jianlin YUN, Jinke YUAN, Sheng WANG, Wei LI, Junxue ZHAO, Xinwei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinke YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594958968738088, articleId=1322594955600711956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液的研制及应用效果分析, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对甘肃平坡煤矿地质钻探中破碎地层的孔壁失稳问题,通过综合分析煤系地层中泥页岩矿物组成、微观结构和孔隙特征,发现该地层以伊利石和蒙脱石为主的黏土矿物含量高,矿物颗粒胶结程度较低,同时大孔和中孔孔隙占总孔隙体积的80%以上,在流体介质侵蚀下易引起孔壁失稳。通过室内试验优选出了性能优良的纳米材料和微泡剂,并结合低固相钻井液研发了适合煤系破碎地层钻探的纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液,该钻井液流动性及滤失性好,能够有效抑制煤系地层变形和孔壁坍塌,具有较强的入渗封堵性能和抑制能力。该新型钻井液在煤系地层钻探的现场应用结果表明,钻探的纯钻率提高了40%,岩芯采取率达到95%,台月效率提升了72%,证明该新型钻井液在煤系破碎地层中具有良好的护壁防塌功能。

, authors=贠建林1, 袁进科2, 王胜2, 李伟1, 赵军学1, 刘昕伟1, authorsList=贠建林, 袁进科, 王胜, 李伟, 赵军学, 刘昕伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁进科, authorNote=

贠建林(1972—),男,甘肃静宁人,高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质钻进工艺及技术研究。E-mail:

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袁进科(1982—),男,四川泸州人,博士,副教授,主要从事钻探工艺及钻井液研究。E-mail:
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贠建林(1972—),男,甘肃静宁人,高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质钻进工艺及技术研究。E-mail:

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贠建林(1972—),男,甘肃静宁人,高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质钻进工艺及技术研究。E-mail:

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label=Table 1, caption=

Mineral content analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石英菱铁矿锐钛矿黄铁矿黏土
21.40.22.50.475.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322594967307014506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594955600711956, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿物含量分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石英菱铁矿锐钛矿黄铁矿黏土
21.40.22.50.475.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322594967382511979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594955600711956, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Properties of nano silicon composite drilling fluid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浆液密度/(g·cm–3)漏斗黏度/(mPa·s)滤失量/mL泥皮厚度/mm表观黏度/(mPa·s)塑性黏度/(mPa·s)pH
钻井液基浆+0.5%纳米硅1.0621.67101.877.15.58
钻井液基浆+1.0%纳米硅1.0722.41111.417.76.28
钻井液基浆+2.0%纳米硅1.0825.02131.338.27.58
), ArticleFig(id=1322594967478980972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594955600711956, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纳米硅复合钻井液性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浆液密度/(g·cm–3)漏斗黏度/(mPa·s)滤失量/mL泥皮厚度/mm表观黏度/(mPa·s)塑性黏度/(mPa·s)pH
钻井液基浆+0.5%纳米硅1.0621.67101.877.15.58
钻井液基浆+1.0%纳米硅1.0722.41111.417.76.28
钻井液基浆+2.0%纳米硅1.0825.02131.338.27.58
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纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液的研制及应用效果分析
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贠建林 1 , 袁进科 2 , 王胜 2 , 李伟 1 , 赵军学 1 , 刘昕伟 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(2): 116-122
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (2) : 116 -122
纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液的研制及应用效果分析
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贠建林(1972—),男,甘肃静宁人,高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质钻进工艺及技术研究。E-mail:

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贠建林1 , 袁进科2 , 王胜2, 李伟1, 赵军学1, 刘昕伟1
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃省煤田地质局一四五队,甘肃 张掖市 730099
  • 2.成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
通讯作者:
袁进科(1982—),男,四川泸州人,博士,副教授,主要从事钻探工艺及钻井液研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

贠建林(1972—),男,甘肃静宁人,高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质钻进工艺及技术研究。E-mail:

Development and Application Effect Analysis on Nano Silicon-Based Micro-Foam Drilling Fluid
Jianlin YUN1 , Jinke YUAN2 , Sheng WANG2, Wei LI1, Junxue ZHAO1, Xinwei LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Gansu Bureau of Coal Geology One Four Five Brigade, Zhangye, Gansu 730099, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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针对甘肃平坡煤矿地质钻探中破碎地层的孔壁失稳问题,通过综合分析煤系地层中泥页岩矿物组成、微观结构和孔隙特征,发现该地层以伊利石和蒙脱石为主的黏土矿物含量高,矿物颗粒胶结程度较低,同时大孔和中孔孔隙占总孔隙体积的80%以上,在流体介质侵蚀下易引起孔壁失稳。通过室内试验优选出了性能优良的纳米材料和微泡剂,并结合低固相钻井液研发了适合煤系破碎地层钻探的纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液,该钻井液流动性及滤失性好,能够有效抑制煤系地层变形和孔壁坍塌,具有较强的入渗封堵性能和抑制能力。该新型钻井液在煤系地层钻探的现场应用结果表明,钻探的纯钻率提高了40%,岩芯采取率达到95%,台月效率提升了72%,证明该新型钻井液在煤系破碎地层中具有良好的护壁防塌功能。

纳米硅  /  微泡沫  /  钻井液  /  破碎地层  /  孔壁失稳

To address the problem of pore wall instability in the fractured formation during geological drilling at Pingpo Coal Mine in Gansu Province, the mineral compositions, microstructures and pore characteristics of mud shale formation in coal measure strata were comprehensively analyzed. It is found that the clay minerals are mainly composed of illite and montmorillonite with high contents, and the degree of mineral particle cementation is low. At the same time, the large pores and medium pores account for more than 80% of the total pores volume, which is easy to cause pore wall collapse under the erosion of fluid medium. Nano materials and micro-foam agents with excellent performances were selected through laboratory experiments, and a kind of nano silicon-based micro-foam drilling fluid suitable for fractured formation drilling was developed based on the low solid content drilling fluid. The results show that the drilling fluid has a good fluidity and filtration, which can effectively suppress the deformation of coal measure strata and the collapse of pore walls, and has strong infiltration sealing performance and inhibition capabilities. Through the field application of the new drilling fluid in coal measure strata drilling, the pure drilling rate of the drilling hole was increased by 40%, the core recovery rate reached 95% and the monthly efficiency was increased by 72%, which proved that the new drilling fluid has a good wall protection and anti-collapse function in the fractured formation of coal measure strata.

Nano silicon  /  Micro-foam  /  Drilling fluid  /  Fractured formation  /  Pore wall instability
贠建林, 袁进科, 王胜, 李伟, 赵军学, 刘昕伟. 纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液的研制及应用效果分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 116 -122 .
Jianlin YUN, Jinke YUAN, Sheng WANG, Wei LI, Junxue ZHAO, Xinwei LIU. Development and Application Effect Analysis on Nano Silicon-Based Micro-Foam Drilling Fluid[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 116 -122 .
在煤矿区地质钻探过程中,钻遇地层岩性复杂,并且煤层自身以胶结、疏松形式存在,在钻探扰动影响下内部煤体的支撑能力会急剧下降[1]。煤系地层具有岩体结构复杂、微裂缝发育等特点,钻探过程中的孔壁稳定性是地质钻探的关键之一[2]。煤系地层的孔壁失稳会造成孔内塌孔严重、钻孔深度浅、卡钻及埋钻等问题,严重时甚至导致钻孔报废,给钻孔安全带来了极大挑战[3]。煤系地层钻探过程中绝大多数的孔壁失稳问题发生在泥页岩地层,因此煤系泥页岩地层的孔壁稳定问题最为突出[4]。王波等[5]针对煤系破碎地层,研究了矿物组分、理化特性和微观结构,发现泥页岩具有黏土矿物含量高、裂隙发育及自吸能力强等特点。耿殿栋等[6]采用X射线衍射法和环境扫描电镜,从微观角度分析了煤系破碎地层的矿物组成及结构,揭示了泥页岩的弱化损伤机理。DOKHANI等[7]指出微裂缝的存在是导致泥页岩孔壁失稳的关键因素,黏土矿物与滤液的作用影响泥页岩孔壁的早期稳定性。
我国甘肃省煤矿资源储量丰富,煤层多、埋藏大,但煤系地层中岩石裂隙较发育,应力敏感性较强,在钻探过程中孔壁稳定性降低,因此对使用的钻井液提出了较高的要求。当前,微泡沫钻井液由于具有良好的护壁作用,在钻探方面逐渐推广应用。李志勇等[8]指出微泡剂产生大量微泡,通过钻井液可以有效封堵地层中的微小孔隙、裂隙,并且浆液密度低、携岩性能好、滤失量小。马腾飞等[9]指出微泡沫钻井液具有良好的流变性、携岩性、抑制性、封堵性和储层保护效果,特别适用于煤系泥页岩地层钻井过程中孔壁稳定性的提高。目前微泡沫冲洗液在煤系地层钻探中已开展了初步研究,但针对破碎地层钻井液防漏堵漏仍然存在不可预见性[10]。当前,纳米材料因表面效应和小粒径效应在改善钻井液性能方面具有巨大潜力,是钻井液添加剂的进阶选择[11]。纳米材料包括纳米硅、纳米碳酸钙等,可以提高浆液水化性能,改善浆液的封堵效果,是未来微裂隙、微孔隙护壁堵漏的发展方向之一[12]。微泡沫钻井液具有密度低、负压差、储层保护效果好等优点,本文将其与纳米材料特殊的物理化学效应相结合,研究基于纳米材料的煤层微泡沫钻井液对增强孔壁稳定性的作用。
甘肃省山丹县平坡煤矿钻探中遇到的孔壁垮塌问题绝大部分是由煤系地层泥页岩的变形破坏引起,因此,以该矿区煤系破碎地层钻探为例,通过扫描电镜与X衍射分析,探索岩体的微观结构与物质组成,在低固相钻井液的基础上,结合纳米材料和微泡沫材料,采用理论研究和室内试验的方式研发适于煤系地层地质钻探的新型钻井液,并通过现场应用验证了该钻井液的使用效果。
勘查区地层属于祁连至北秦岭分区,地层由老至新依次为:下寒武统大黄山群(∈1dh)、石炭系统羊虎沟组(C2y)、二叠统太原组(P1t)、二叠统大黄沟组(P2d)、二叠统窑沟群(P3yg)以及新近系建勒河组(N2s)。含煤地层主要分布在二叠统太原组(P1t),主要由灰色砂岩、灰黑色泥岩、黑色炭质页岩及煤层组成,埋藏深度为距地面1 045~1 090 m。通过XY-6钻机采用绳索取芯技术取出岩芯,主要是泥页岩和少量煤岩,性硬且脆,可塑性差,结构比较破碎。
利用D/max-2500PC衍射仪,进行破碎地层岩样的全岩矿物及黏土矿物含量分析,结果见图1和表1。从表1中可以看出,岩样的黏土矿物总量达到75.4%,矿物成分中石英含量也达到21.4%,夹杂的金属矿物以铁矿、钛矿为主。黏土矿物中的伊利石和蒙脱石占了岩样矿物的绝大部分,黏土中大量分布的这两种矿物是造成破碎地层岩样中的泥页岩吸水膨胀的主要原因。同时因为分布含量较多的伊利石和蒙脱石离子键较少,非均质水化,岩样的吸水膨胀变化程度不均,从而减小了泥页岩地层的整体结构强度[13-14]。在钻探过程中由于滤液的进入,孔内岩石所受膨胀应力不均,钻孔结构破坏,极易造成破碎地层孔壁垮塌。
图2、图3为岩样SEM扫描电镜照片。通过图2可以看出,在10 000倍镜下观察矿物颗粒整体轮廓清晰,细粒黏土与片状黏土混杂,同时还分布一定量的石英晶体,并且可以看出岩样的孔隙集中分布在1~4 μm,最大孔隙超过1 mm,孔隙率较高,并且结构松散。同时,颗粒之间以弱胶结形式接触,颗粒相互接触面积小,形成架空松散结构,这种结构在水与外力作用下极易发生破坏。
图3显示20 000高倍镜下,黏土矿物颗粒呈糜棱状、针刺状结构,局部呈典型蜂窝状,颗粒之间的架空结构更明显,胶结程度较低或者基本无胶结。因此黏土颗粒结构稳定性差,受外力作用易产生面–面滑动,使得岩体微观结构产生不可恢复的破坏[15]。
压汞法可以定性半定量地研究煤样的孔隙结构,通过采取的煤样进行压汞测试,对煤样孔径分布进行定性分析[16],结果如图4和图5所示。由图4可知,进汞曲线中最大进汞量为0.004 2 mL·g−1,随着压力的增大,进汞曲线的斜率先增大后减小。以0.1 MPa为界,前半段区间进汞曲线的斜率明显大于后半段区间,说明岩样的孔隙较大。进汞曲线与退汞曲线不重合,呈一定角度开口,说明煤样中存在大量半封闭孔,孔隙连通性一般。
通过图5可知,累积进汞体积与压力的变化特征可分为3个阶段:快速进汞阶段,压力在0.005~0.1 MPa,此阶段压入汞的孔隙最大;减速进汞阶段,压力为0.1~1.0 MPa,此阶段煤样中的孔隙分布数量较少;停滞进汞阶段,压力≥1.0 MPa,特别是压力大于10 MPa后,岩样孔隙已经饱和。结合压汞曲线特征,可以将孔隙分为[17]:大孔隙(d≥10 μm),中孔隙(1.0 μm≤d<10 μm),小孔隙(0.1 μm≤d<1.0 μm),微孔隙(d<0.1 μm)。岩样以大孔、中孔的孔隙分布为主,占总孔隙体积的80%以上,平均粒径为3.13 μm,说明泥页岩中的大孔隙和中孔隙不仅会影响孔壁整体结构,而且对钻井液在煤系地层内的流动也有影响。
通过对岩样的组成结构分析,得出煤系地层中泥页岩以黏土矿物为主,并且伊利石和蒙脱石占了黏土矿物的绝大部分,同时孔隙结构以大孔隙和中孔隙为主,易导致孔壁泥页岩受力不均,因此遇到扰动后很容易从孔壁脱落而被冲蚀,造成孔壁坍塌。
煤系破碎地层中采用的钻井液应具有良好的流变性能(黏度在20~30 mPa·s范围内),密度较小(1.02~1.05 g·cm−3)且具有一定的可调节性,拥有较低的滤失量(<12 mL/30 min),并且可以抑制泥岩、页岩等水敏性地层膨胀、分散造浆问题以及良好的携裹孔内岩屑的能力。
钻井液基浆采用低固相钻井液,它是指浆液体系中的固相含量小于4%的钻井液,这种材料既可以获得无固相钻井液体系的高钻速,还具有较好的携裹悬浮岩屑的能力和防止孔壁垮塌的性能[18]。结合现场情况,采用两种钻井液处理剂进行浆液配制:配方1,清水+3%膨润土+3%腐植酸钾+0.4%随钻堵漏剂;配方2,清水+3%膨润土+0.6%改性沥青+0.2%羧甲基纤维素+0.3%广谱护壁剂。通过室内试验得到配方1的浆液密度为1.06 g/cm3,黏度为20 mPa·s,泥皮厚度为2.1 mm, pH为8;配方2的浆液密度为1.08 g/cm3,黏度为19 mPa·s,泥皮厚度为2.5 mm, pH为8。两种钻井液的密度相差不大,且泥皮厚度适当,但是配方2黏度较低,难以满足现场钻探对钻井液的使用要求,同时由于腐植酸钾对煤系破碎地层具有良好的适应性,可提高孔壁稳定,因此选择配方1作为钻井液基浆。
纳米材料可以填充进地层孔隙,形成致密的泥饼,以提高破碎地层孔壁的稳定性[19]。材料选用纳米硅(Nano−SiO2),为白色粉末,平均粒径为20 nm,比表面积为(200±50)m2/g,表观密度为40~60 g/L。以配方1基浆为基础,纳米硅的添加比例为0.5%、1.0%和2.0%(质量分数),研究纳米硅的加入对低固相钻井液的影响,试验结果见表2。从表2中可以看出,浆液的漏斗黏度有所增加,同时泥皮厚度减小,说明纳米硅的加入密实了泥饼的内部结构,纳米硅复合钻井液浆的胶结程度更高。
采用透射电镜(TEM)观察纳米硅在浆液中的分散形态,试验结果如图6所示。
从图6可以看出,纳米硅在浆液中呈球形颗粒状分布,粒径较小且均匀(20~30 nm)。纳米硅颗粒边界清晰,未发现明显的团聚、粘连现象,说明纳米材料在低固相浆液中分散性好。
微泡沫是基于高分子聚合物及表面活性材料,经过特殊搅拌方式复合形成的由多层气泡膜包裹的泡沫,它无需大量空气便可在浆液内产生。微泡沫具有特殊结构,高剪切稀释性好且井底压力低,可以提高浆液黏度从而有效清洗孔内岩屑[20]。采用微泡沫的钻井液护壁堵漏性能优良,有利于提高岩芯采取率。微泡沫钻井液浆液在界面张力作用下可形成网状泡沫聚集体,这种聚集体在压力作用下具有极高能量,在地层孔壁周围形成微环境[21]。微泡沫钻井液在孔隙、裂隙位置通过桥塞作用控制水的侵入,以达到提高孔壁稳定性的目的(见图7)。
微泡沫以发泡剂为基础,并结合稳泡剂组成。根据煤系地层特点,发泡剂选择十二烷基硫酸钠,添加比例为0.7%,稳泡剂选择FM型和PEG型两种,其中FM型属于硅树脂系,透明液体;PEG型属于聚乙醇系,无色液体。FM型和PEG型稳泡剂掺量比例均为0.1%~0.5%,微泡剂半衰期特征和发泡量特征如图8和图9所示。
从图8和图9可以看出,添加FM型稳泡剂的微泡剂泡沫稳定时间明显比添加PEG型的要持久,同时两者的发泡量相差不大,生成的泡沫也细小均匀。添加0.2%FM 型微泡沫的半衰期达到18 min, 发泡量达到710 mL, 具有更优发泡性能,因此最终选择0.7%发泡剂和0.2%FM 型稳泡剂组成微泡剂。
纳米硅在钻井液中的颗粒粒径为20~30 nm,而泥页岩平均孔隙约为3 μm,添加了纳米硅的钻井液可以更好地进入孔壁地层。加入了微泡剂的钻井液对泥页岩具有一定的包被效应,可对破碎地层孔壁稳定起到保护作用。因此在低固相钻井液基础上,结合纳米硅和微泡剂,形成适用于煤系地层泥页岩钻探的纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液,具体配方为:3%膨润土浆+1%纳米材料+0.7%发泡剂+0.2%稳泡剂+3%腐植酸钾+0.4%随钻堵漏剂,此时浆液密度为1.03 g/cm3,漏斗黏度为23.44 mPa·s,滤失量为8 mL,泥皮厚度为1.47 mm, pH为8。
平坡煤矿大地构造位于北祁连加里东褶皱带的走廊过渡带中段,在祁吕弧形构造内侧的北端,属于南山褶皱带的一部分。平坡向斜即在NE~SW地应力作用下形成。平坡煤矿六号井田位于平坡向斜南翼的东端,为一向北东倾斜的单斜构造。六号井田内三层可采煤层的煤炭资源量为3 467.56 kt,保有资源储量为1 791.44 kt。现场针对六号井田的煤矿资源采用地质岩芯钻探方式进行地质勘察,现场钻孔用XY-6型立轴式岩芯钻机及其配套设备进行回转钻进施工。采用Φ95 mm钻头+Φ89 mm绳索取芯钻具+Φ73 mm内管的钻具钻至终孔。
现场ZK51钻孔钻进到孔深1 050 m的煤系地层时,孔壁不稳定,孔内塌陷现象严重。该段地层主要由煤系地层的泥页岩、煤岩等组成,钻孔中发生垮塌后反复扫孔处理,但是由于孔壁缩径严重导致扫孔不顺,孔内沉砂严重。同时钻探过程中还发生了煤样打丢的情况,岩芯采取率较低。
通过现场使用的普通植物胶钻井液调查,浆液在该段地层中漏失严重,并且返回浆液黏度增加明显,流动性显著降低。
通过现场调查,发现孔壁失稳的主要原因是钻井液通过裂缝渗入地层,并与地层中的黏土矿物发生水化反应,随着时间的推移,黏土矿物水化时间越长,水化膨胀量越大。同时,在地应力的作用下,具有强蠕变性的煤系地层发生塑性流动。因此,本文提出改善钻井液的方案,使其具有抑制煤系地层黏土矿物水化反应和平衡地应力的性能。
现场基于新研制的纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液进行作业,并表现出了良好的性能,主要表现在以下5个方面。
(1)钻孔清洁效果较好,携带岩屑稳定。通过纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液良好的携裹性能和对水敏性地层的抑制性能,岩屑聚集情况得到了有效的缓解。同时孔内的固孔效果得到了提升,携裹的岩屑随着钻井液返流通畅,孔内循环流动性较好,增加了现场钻进效率。
(2)钻井液润滑性能好,摩擦阻力得到降低。新型钻井液使用后下放钻具组合的摩擦阻力减小,减少了钻探过程中的托压现象。新型钻井液基于低固相浆液,固相含量低,同时采用微泡沫材料,浆液的润滑性能好,携沙能力强,性能稳定。
(3)钻孔孔壁稳定性提高。采用纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液后,钻孔孔壁稳定性显著提高,钻进过程中不仅顺利取出了泥页岩地层岩芯,而且孔壁均未出现明显孔壁剥落、掉块等复杂情况。因此该新型防塌钻井液改善了浆液封堵效果,起到了良好的孔壁保护作用。
(4)钻探经济效益提升。前期ZK51钻孔的纯钻率约为46.8%、岩芯采取率小于90%,台月钻深约为244 m。采用新型防塌钻井液进行钻进后,纯钻率达到了65.3%,岩芯采取率达到了95%,台月钻深达到了420 m,相比使用前,效率提升了72%,节约钻进成本约15 万元。
(5)钻井液环保性能良好。新型钻井液是由纳米硅、微泡沫等组成,均属于环保型材料,根据《溶性油田化学剂环境保护技术要求》(SY/T 6787—2010)标准,其重金属含量均在限值范围以内,Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg及As均未超标。因此现场钻探泥浆为无毒无害的环保型水基钻井液,满足现场环境保护需要。
(1)平坡煤矿区受构造运动影响显著,除了松散破碎的煤层,还有水敏性强的泥页岩地层。泥页岩岩样以黏土矿物为主,伊利石和蒙脱石占了黏土矿物的绝大部分。同时泥页岩内部呈蜂窝状结构,颗粒之间的架空特征明显,胶结程度较低。孔隙以大孔、中孔的孔隙分布为主,占总孔隙体积的80%以上,易导致孔壁泥页岩地层受力不均,因此遇到扰动后很容易从孔壁脱落而被冲蚀,造成煤系破碎地层孔壁坍塌。
(2)以低固相钻井液为基浆,结合纳米硅和微泡剂研发了纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液。该新型钻井液主要具有物理封堵孔壁微裂缝以及提高孔壁稳定性的作用,能够有效抑制煤系地层变形和孔壁坍塌,具有较强的入渗封堵和抑制能力,同时浆液的流动性以及滤失性好,适用于孔隙裂隙发育及水敏性强的松散破碎地层。
(3)经过现场应用验证可知,采用了纳米硅基微泡沫钻井液后,钻孔的纯钻率提高了40%,岩芯采取率达到了95%,有效解决了钻探过程中泥页岩地层孔壁坍塌、浆液漏失严重等一系列技术难题,在润滑防塌、孔眼净化及孔壁保护等方面起到了良好的效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42072339)
  • 甘肃煤田地质局研究课题(2022-E001)
  • 成都理工大学珠峰科学研究计划项目(80000-2023ZF11411)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42072339)
甘肃煤田地质局研究课题(2022-E001)
成都理工大学珠峰科学研究计划项目(80000-2023ZF11411)
作者信息
    1.甘肃省煤田地质局一四五队,甘肃 张掖市 730099
    2.成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059

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袁进科(1982—),男,四川泸州人,博士,副教授,主要从事钻探工艺及钻井液研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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