Article(id=1322594941604315800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260806704, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260806704, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260806704, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260806704, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=97, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594941772087961, articleId=1322594941604315800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Deep Hole Loosening and Pre-Splitting Blasting Technology for Hard Rock Fault in Protective Layer Working Face, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of protective layer mining, hard rock faults and hard nodules are often encountered, which causes that it is difficult for the shearer to cut, the cutting parts are seriously worn, and the advancing speed of the working face is seriously restricted. In order to solve the above problems, based on the engineering background of Ji15−17−13070 soft rock protective layer working face in Pingmei Thirteenth Mine, the mechanism of ultra-deep hole loose pre-splitting blasting was clarified. The radius range of the fracture zone in the fault hard rock was calculated to be 0.7−1.2 m. The influences of aperture and hole spacing on blasting effect were studied by numerical simulation method, and aperture and hole spacing were determined to be 94 mm and 2.0 m respectively. The technical scheme of “advance drilling in two roadways+ ultra-deep hole loose pre-splitting blasting in working face”, which can realize the parallel operation of propulsion and blasting, was put forward and the industrial test was carried out. The test results show that after adopting the technical scheme, the fault hard rock is fully broken, the wear of the shearer pick is reduced by more than 40%, the advancing speed of the working face is increased by about 25%, and the blasting pre-splitting effect is remarkable.

, authors=Zhanbiao YANG1, 2, Chengyang SHEN2, Shoude DUAN1, Xufeng WANG2, 3, 4, Xibing WANG2, Xin WANG2, Changxiong XIE2, authorsList=Zhanbiao YANG, Chengyang SHEN, Shoude DUAN, Xufeng WANG, Xibing WANG, Xin WANG, Changxiong XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chengyang SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594946897527482, articleId=1322594941604315800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=保护层工作面过硬岩断层超深孔松动预裂爆破技术研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

保护层开采过程中经常会遇到硬岩断层、硬结核等,致使采煤机在直接推采时截割困难、截割部件磨损严重,严重制约了工作面推进速度。为解决上述问题,以平煤十三矿己15-17-13070软岩保护层工作面为工程背景,明确了超深孔松动预裂爆破机理,计算得出了断层硬岩裂隙区半径范围为0.7~1.2 m,通过数值模拟方法研究孔径和孔间距对爆破效果的影响,确定了孔径和孔间距分别为94 mm和2.0 m,提出了可实现推进、爆破平行作业的“两巷超前钻孔+工作面超深孔松动预裂爆破”技术方案并进行了工业试验。试验结果表明,采用该技术方案后,断层硬岩破碎充分,采煤机截齿磨损最大降低约40%,工作面推进速度增加约25%,爆破预裂效果显著。

, authors=杨战标1, 2, 申成杨2, 段守德1, 王旭锋2, 3, 4, 王袭冰2, 王鑫2, 谢昌雄2, authorsList=杨战标, 申成杨, 段守德, 王旭锋, 王袭冰, 王鑫, 谢昌雄, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=申成杨, authorNote=

杨战标(1986—),男,河南郏县人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿开采相关工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
申成杨(2000—),男,陕西米脂人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制研究。E-mail:
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2.中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院,江苏 徐州市 221116, bio={"content":"

杨战标(1986—),男,河南郏县人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿开采相关工作。E-mail:

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杨战标(1986—),男,河南郏县人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿开采相关工作。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1322594955919475473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=CN, label=图14, caption=钻孔窥视图, figureFileSmall=tnjvgjhSdrteU/NW0V0GPQ==, figureFileBig=19b2eDBc/AuB3oIy56v3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594957576225554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main mechanical parameters of rock mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石名称抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa
泥岩22.30.8332.2
断层砂岩105.12.7374.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322594957664305939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要岩体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石名称抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa
泥岩22.30.8332.2
断层砂岩105.12.7374.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322594957756580628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Air and state equation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度R0/(×10–3g/cm)空气状态方程参数
E0/GPaC0C1C2C3C4C5
1.290.002 500000.40.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322594957840466709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

空气及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度R0/(×10–3g/cm)空气状态方程参数
E0/GPaC0C1C2C3C4C5
1.290.002 500000.40.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322594957962101526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Explosive and state equation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度R0/(g/cm3)爆速D/(m/s)初始内能E0/GPa相对体积V0JWL状态方程参数
a/GPab/GPaωR1R2
1.253 5007.01.026821.80.30.791.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322594958050181911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

炸药及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度R0/(g/cm3)爆速D/(m/s)初始内能E0/GPa相对体积V0JWL状态方程参数
a/GPab/GPaωR1R2
1.253 5007.01.026821.80.30.791.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322594958117290776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Rock model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度R0/(g/cm3)ABC压力系数/GPa剪切模量G/GPa抗拉强度T/MPaND1D2
K1K2K3
2.680.791.80.00785–171207.921.82.70.810.041
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岩石模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度R0/(g/cm3)ABC压力系数/GPa剪切模量G/GPa抗拉强度T/MPaND1D2
K1K2K3
2.680.791.80.00785–171207.921.82.70.810.041
), ArticleFig(id=1322594958247314202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Parameters of ultra-deep hole loosening pre-splitting blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径/mm孔间距/m孔深/m炮孔排距/排机巷倾角/(°)风巷倾角/(°)
942601–88
), ArticleFig(id=1322594958314423067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

超深孔松动预裂爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径/mm孔间距/m孔深/m炮孔排距/排机巷倾角/(°)风巷倾角/(°)
942601–88
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Shearer pick loss after blasting

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第1天第2天第3天第4天第5天第6天
383732342513
), ArticleFig(id=1322594958528332573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

爆破后采煤机截齿损耗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第1天第2天第3天第4天第5天第6天
383732342513
), ArticleFig(id=1322594958616412958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594941604315800, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Daily footage of working face after blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第1天第2天第3天第4天第5天第6天
5.54.56.04.56.55.0
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爆破后工作面日进尺

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第1天第2天第3天第4天第5天第6天
5.54.56.04.56.55.0
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保护层工作面过硬岩断层超深孔松动预裂爆破技术研究
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杨战标 1, 2 , 申成杨 2 , 段守德 1 , 王旭锋 2, 3, 4 , 王袭冰 2 , 王鑫 2 , 谢昌雄 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(2): 97-105
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (2) : 97 -105
保护层工作面过硬岩断层超深孔松动预裂爆破技术研究
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杨战标(1986—),男,河南郏县人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿开采相关工作。E-mail:

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杨战标(1986—),男,河南郏县人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿开采相关工作。E-mail:

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杨战标1, 2 , 申成杨2 , 段守德1, 王旭锋2, 3, 4, 王袭冰2, 王鑫2, 谢昌雄2
作者信息
  • 1.平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司,河南 平顶山市 467000
  • 2.中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院,江苏 徐州市 221116
  • 3.中国矿业大学 江苏省矿山地震监测工程实验室,江苏 徐州市 221116
  • 4.中国平煤神马控股集团有限公司 炼焦煤资源绿色开发全国重点实验室,河南 平顶山市 467000
通讯作者:
申成杨(2000—),男,陕西米脂人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

杨战标(1986—),男,河南郏县人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿开采相关工作。E-mail:

Study on Deep Hole Loosening and Pre-Splitting Blasting Technology for Hard Rock Fault in Protective Layer Working Face
Zhanbiao YANG1, 2 , Chengyang SHEN2 , Shoude DUAN1, Xufeng WANG2, 3, 4, Xibing WANG2, Xin WANG2, Changxiong XIE2
Affiliations
  • 1.Pingdingshan Tianan Coal Mining Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China
  • 2.School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
  • 3.Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Mine Earthquake Monitoring and Prevention, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, China Pingmei Shenma Group Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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保护层开采过程中经常会遇到硬岩断层、硬结核等,致使采煤机在直接推采时截割困难、截割部件磨损严重,严重制约了工作面推进速度。为解决上述问题,以平煤十三矿己15-17-13070软岩保护层工作面为工程背景,明确了超深孔松动预裂爆破机理,计算得出了断层硬岩裂隙区半径范围为0.7~1.2 m,通过数值模拟方法研究孔径和孔间距对爆破效果的影响,确定了孔径和孔间距分别为94 mm和2.0 m,提出了可实现推进、爆破平行作业的“两巷超前钻孔+工作面超深孔松动预裂爆破”技术方案并进行了工业试验。试验结果表明,采用该技术方案后,断层硬岩破碎充分,采煤机截齿磨损最大降低约40%,工作面推进速度增加约25%,爆破预裂效果显著。

保护层开采  /  硬岩断层  /  深孔爆破  /  数值模拟

In the process of protective layer mining, hard rock faults and hard nodules are often encountered, which causes that it is difficult for the shearer to cut, the cutting parts are seriously worn, and the advancing speed of the working face is seriously restricted. In order to solve the above problems, based on the engineering background of Ji15−17−13070 soft rock protective layer working face in Pingmei Thirteenth Mine, the mechanism of ultra-deep hole loose pre-splitting blasting was clarified. The radius range of the fracture zone in the fault hard rock was calculated to be 0.7−1.2 m. The influences of aperture and hole spacing on blasting effect were studied by numerical simulation method, and aperture and hole spacing were determined to be 94 mm and 2.0 m respectively. The technical scheme of “advance drilling in two roadways+ ultra-deep hole loose pre-splitting blasting in working face”, which can realize the parallel operation of propulsion and blasting, was put forward and the industrial test was carried out. The test results show that after adopting the technical scheme, the fault hard rock is fully broken, the wear of the shearer pick is reduced by more than 40%, the advancing speed of the working face is increased by about 25%, and the blasting pre-splitting effect is remarkable.

Protective layer mining  /  Hard rock fault  /  Deep hole blasting  /  Numerical simulation
杨战标, 申成杨, 段守德, 王旭锋, 王袭冰, 王鑫, 谢昌雄. 保护层工作面过硬岩断层超深孔松动预裂爆破技术研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 97 -105 .
Zhanbiao YANG, Chengyang SHEN, Shoude DUAN, Xufeng WANG, Xibing WANG, Xin WANG, Changxiong XIE. Study on Deep Hole Loosening and Pre-Splitting Blasting Technology for Hard Rock Fault in Protective Layer Working Face[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 97 -105 .
岩石保护层指的是为降低邻近煤层的突出危险而预先开挖的矿层[1],通常布置在强度较低的软岩层中。由于地质环境的复杂性,在开采保护层的过程中可能会遇到硬岩断层,强行推进会造成采掘机械磨损严重,严重制约工作面的推采速度[2]。针对上述问题,目前国内矿井多数采用气动凿岩机打眼、浅孔钻爆法破岩,该方法不仅效率低,而且爆破可能导致岩块溅射砸坏管线,存在安全隐患[3]。深孔松动预裂爆破技术因爆破效果好、不产生抛掷、对生产影响小等特点,现已得到广泛关注[4-5]。国内外学者围绕硬岩深孔松动预裂爆破技术开展了大量研究。
李廷春等[6]、张浩等[7]、李荣昌等[8]、陈向前[9]为克服综采工作面推采时遇到硬岩断层影响生产效率的问题,提出使用深孔预裂爆破技术弱化硬岩,根据工程特点确定爆破参数和爆破方案,保障了工作面安全高效通过断层。刘冲[10]、韩磊等[11]、赵利峰等[12]为解决陷落柱区域严重影响工作面正常生产的问题,结合工作面陷落柱地质构造特征,采用深孔爆破技术通过陷落柱,保障了工作面安全高效回采。陈帮洪等[13]、韩晓飞等[14]、尹忠昌等[15]分析了深孔爆破预裂机理,通过数值模拟对主要爆破参数进行研究,根据模拟结果设计爆破方案,并通过现场试验验证了爆破效果。王小涵等[16]为了对深孔预裂爆破的效果进行量化评估,选择了赵固二矿作为研究工程案例,并通过应用层次分析(AHP)结合模糊综合评价的方法,构建了一个用于评估深孔预裂爆破成效的评价模型。蔡峰等[17]建立了一个数值模拟模型,用于分析耦合装药对深孔爆破中透射波能量和爆炸负荷的影响,并探究了耦合装药对深孔预裂爆破中应力波能量衰减的影响。
平煤十三矿13070保护层工作面受到正断层影响,下盘砂岩层上抬,导致保护层中侵入硬岩,且工作面存在大量硬度较高的结核,直接截割难度高、采煤机截齿磨损大,严重制约了回采速度。为保证保护层工作面的高效推进,本文以13070保护层工作面为研究对象,通过数值模拟、理论分析和现场试验相结合的方法,明确孔径和孔间距对爆破效果的影响,提出“两巷超前钻孔+工作面超深孔松动预裂爆破”技术方案并进行了工业试验,以期为类似矿井提供参考。
平煤十三矿己15−17−13070软岩保护层工作面走向长1 480 m,倾向长136.9 m,设计采高为1.7 m,工作面平均埋深为776 m,巷道布置如图1所示。13070工作面位于主采煤层己15−17煤层顶板上方15.6~23.0 m,开采岩层为泥岩,回采所遇断层岩性为砂岩,主要岩体力学参数见表1。工作面顶板为细、中粒砂岩,底板为细砂岩,工作面综合柱状图如图2所示。
由于平煤十三矿地质条件的复杂性,工作面开采过程中经常会遇到坚硬岩石,其中以硬结核和断层硬岩居多。
(1)13070软岩保护层工作面地质构造复杂,在保护层中分布有硬度和块度均较大的菱铁质结核,结核体岩石坚固性系数f为4.5,远远大于保护层开采的泥岩硬度。
(2)13070 保护层工作面断层发育,在风机巷掘进过程中,共揭露大小断层 19条,均为正断层。在正断层的影响下,下盘细砂岩层上抬,保护层中侵入砂岩,断层剖面如图3 所示。断层砂岩层硬度较高,f约为 10.5。
保护层回采泥岩f为2.2,与断层、结核等坚硬构造的岩石坚固性系数差异较大,采煤机截齿在正常推采遇到硬岩时,截齿端部会形成较大的冲击载荷,导致滚筒剧烈振动,截割部件磨损严重,设备使用寿命减少。据统计,截割硬岩段采煤机截齿损耗每刀高达10~15个,且回采速度显著降低。为了减少采煤机磨损、提高回采效率,采用超深孔松动预裂爆破的方式弱化断层硬岩。
相较于浅孔爆破,超深孔松动预裂爆破技术具有单孔装药量大、爆破效率高的优点;采用综合机械化施工,工人劳动强度低;封堵段长,不会导致爆破时碎石飞溅,安全性好,应用前景更为广阔。超深孔松动预裂爆破发生后,炸药所含有的化学能量主要通过2种方式在岩石内部释放:形成爆破冲击波和产生爆破气体。根据爆破后破坏程度的不同,炮孔周围岩体可分为粉碎区、裂隙区和弹性振动区3个区域,如图4所示。
(1)粉碎区:爆破发生后,炮孔周围岩体会受到两种力的作用:一是爆破形成的冲击波造成的冲击压力;二是爆破产生的高压气体膨胀后的静载压力。强大的压力会将距离炸药较近的岩石直接压碎,形成的破碎区域即为粉碎区。
(2)裂隙区:在粉碎区形成之后,冲击波的能量大量散失,衰减后转变为应力波。应力波本身无法直接压碎岩石,但在与爆生气体共同作用下能够使岩石产生大量裂隙,形成裂隙区。裂隙区范围远大于粉碎区,是岩石损伤的主要区域,明确预裂区的半径对确定合理孔径、孔间距等爆破参数具有重要意义。裂隙区半径的计算公式如下[18]:
式中:Rp为裂隙区半径,mm;P0为爆生气体准静压,MPa;rb为炮孔半径,mm;ST为岩石单轴抗拉强度,MPa。
爆生气体准静压P0的计算公式如下[19]:
式中:ρ0为炸药密度,kg/m3;D为炸药爆速,m/s;dc为装药直径,mm;db为炮孔直径,mm。
据调查,矿井现有钻孔设备钻孔直径范围为75~108 mm,计算得出裂隙区半径范围为0.7~1.2 m。
(3)弹性振动区:爆破冲击波和爆生气体的能量在岩石的破坏过程中被不断消耗,在一定距离后能量已无法破坏岩体,冲击波通过弹性振动形式进行传播,振动的区域称为弹性振动区。
为确定超深孔松动预裂爆破的主要参数,使用ANSYS/Mechanical APDL Product Launche建立模型,利用LS-ProPost对模型进行参数设定。爆破模型主要建立3个模块:空气、炸药、岩石,具体参数分别见表2至表4。表4中A为无量纲的黏性系数,B为压力强度系数,C为应变率系数,N为压力硬化指数,D1和D2为损伤系数。
为确定硬岩超深孔松动预裂爆破的孔径,根据矿山现有钻机设备,建立75 mm、86 mm、94 mm和108 mm等4种不同孔径的数值模型,模型尺寸为2.0 m×2.0 m,药柱直径为75 mm,通过分析比较不同孔径时应力波的传播特性和爆破后裂隙的发育状况以确定最佳炮孔直径。
图5、图6分别为炸药爆破100 μs时和300 μs时不同孔径下的应力分布云图。由图5可知,在爆破后相同时间内,随孔径的增大,应力传播距离整体增加,但孔径为94 mm时应力传播距离比应力为108 mm时更远。由图6可知,在爆破300 μs时,孔径为94 mm和108 mm的模型应力传播距离远大于孔径为75 mm和86 mm的模型,说明同一时刻大孔径的模型炮孔围岩应力传播范围更广。
以模型中心位置为基点,在距离模型中心处每间隔0.2 m布置一个测点,共布置5个测点。图7为不同孔径下测点应力变化曲线,以0.2 m测点为例,4种孔径下应力峰值分别为51.48 MPa、51.75 MPa、55.80 MPa、49.14 MPa,应力峰值先升后降,孔径为94 mm时应力峰值最高。爆破后岩体表面会受到压应力,内部会由于压缩作用而引发拉应力,测点所测应力峰值越高,说明岩体承受的两种应力越大,破碎的概率也越高。孔径在一定范围内,随着孔径的增大,炮孔围岩应力峰值先增加后减少,因此孔径的选择并非越大越好。
此外,孔径为75 mm和86 mm时应力呈先升后降的趋势,孔径为94 mm和108 mm时应力在到达峰值下降后,于爆破500 μs后再次小幅度上升。超深孔爆破是爆破应力波和爆生气体联合破岩,在装药不变的前提下,孔径增加,药柱与孔壁间空气含量增加,而爆生气体的做功慢于冲击波的做功,因此孔径较大时围岩应力在达到峰值下降后再次发生小幅上升。
图8为爆破1 000 μs时不同孔径下岩体内裂隙扩展情况。由图8可知,不同孔径模型主裂隙数量均为8条,长度差异较小,但细微裂隙数量存在较大差异。孔径为75 mm、86 mm和94 mm时,孔径与岩体产生的细微裂隙数量成正比。相同装药条件下,孔径增大,药柱与孔壁间空气含量增加,空气缓冲作用加强,爆破冲击波对围岩的破碎作用受到影响,爆生气体做功的占比得以提升,有效地促进了裂隙的发育和生成。孔径为108 mm时,裂隙数量减少,这是由于在药柱直径不变的情况下,孔径增加,装药不耦合系数随之增加。研究表明,孔壁所受切向应力会随装药不耦合系数的增大而减小,因此裂隙数量也会出现一定程度减少。
综上所述,孔径为94 mm时,爆破作用下炮孔周围岩体应力峰值最高,裂隙扩展最多,因此确定超深孔松动预裂爆破孔径为94 mm。
由前文可知,爆破裂隙区半径为0.7~1.2 m,因此,选取炮孔间距为1.4~2.4 m。建立1.4 m、1.7 m、2.0 m和2.3 m等4种不同孔间距的数值模型,研究炮孔间距对岩体预裂的影响。图9为爆破200 μs时不同孔间距下的应力分布云图。
由图9(a)可知,爆破应力波在炮孔连线的中点处发生交汇叠加,并向相反方向扩展,此时位于应力交汇处的岩体便会受到拉伸作用。随着炮孔间距的增大,相邻炮孔的动载扰动逐渐减弱,直至间距超过某一阈值后,爆破将变为相互独立的单孔爆破。
为观测不同孔间距下相邻炮孔连线中点处的应力变化情况,在中点位置布置一个测点,测点应力变化曲线如图10所示。
由图10可知,随着时间的增加,测点应力呈现先升后降的趋势,且中心测点应力峰值与孔间距成反比。随着孔间距的增大,应力峰值减少,孔间距为1.4 m、1.7 m、2.0 m、2.3 m时对应的应力峰值分别为37.99 MPa、29.33 MPa、22.76 MPa、17.01 MPa,相邻孔间距应力峰值降幅分别为22.80%、22.40%、25.26%。
图11为爆破1 000 μs时不同孔间距下裂隙扩展情况。由图11可知,爆破作用下炮孔周围粉碎区周围裂隙向外延伸。当孔间距为1.4 m时,相邻炮孔连线中心位置形成破碎区;随着孔间距的增大,炮孔两侧以及炮孔连线方向的裂隙分布密度均减少,在孔间距达到2.3 m时,炮孔间仅有一条贯通裂隙,说明应力叠加作用基本消失。
结合上述分析可知,随着炮孔间距的增大,相邻炮孔之间岩体承受的叠加应力降低,同时炮孔之间因爆破作用扩展的裂隙数量也会相应减少。孔间距降低虽然爆破效果会更好,但同时材料消耗和施工强度会随之增加,结合模拟结果综合考虑后,确定炮孔间距为2.0 m。
超深孔松动预裂爆破采用深孔钻车钻孔,在工作面钻孔空间较小,不便施工,而且会对工作面正常推进造成影响,因此针对保护层断层区域设计采用“两巷超前钻孔+工作面超深孔松动预裂爆破”技术方案,炮孔布置如图12所示。具体爆破参数见表5。
爆破的具体工艺流程如下。
(1)钻孔。钻孔位置选取在巷帮中心位置,由于工作面倾角为8°,钻孔倾角应与工作面倾角保持一致,故机巷钻孔倾角为−8°,风巷钻孔倾角为8°。钻孔后需使用空气压缩机将孔内废渣吹出,确保装药顺畅。
(2)装药。炸药选型为矿用水胶炸药。为了防止装药卡孔,装药前应对钻孔通透性进行测试,此外首根药柱需安装一个圆头导向装置,确保装药顺畅。使用连续安装杆把药筒推入炮孔底部后抽出安装杆,继续安装下一组药筒。最内部和最外部的一筒药柱是炮头,导爆索需要插入炮头内部约20 cm处,使用胶带把索线紧密地缠绕在药筒的外壁上,并通过安装杆将其推入孔中直至达到预定的深度,将2根导爆索引出炮孔,在孔口预留20 cm用于起爆。
(3)封孔。鉴于超深孔爆破涉及的孔径较大及装药量较多,为了确保安全,采用“两堵两注”的方式进行注浆封孔,封孔长度为20 m,必须待所注浆液彻底凝固后再起爆,保障封堵效果。“两堵两注”封孔器示意如图13所示。
“两堵两注”的封孔技术在原有“两堵一注”方法的基础上进行了改进。与“两堵一注”的囊袋式封孔器相比,“两堵两注”型的封孔器增加了一个额外的注浆管道,这样的设计可以有效防止出现因爆破阀未能成功开启而导致的封孔失败情况。
(4)起爆。使用起爆器起爆。首先把雷管固定在孔口预留的导爆索上,然后将二者一同推回孔内预留位置,最后用炮泥再次进行封堵,引爆雷管和起爆导爆索。
为了观测超深孔松动预裂爆破效果,在两个装药孔连线中心位置开一个与装药孔深度相同的观测孔,使用钻孔窥视仪对炮孔围岩裂隙发育和破坏程度进行观测。从观察到孔壁出现裂隙开始记录,此时距离孔口约10 m,钻孔窥视图如图14所示。
由图14可知,在距离孔口约13 m位置开始观测到爆破裂隙,随着孔深的增加,在距孔口15 m处裂隙进一步扩展,在距孔口19 m位置时孔壁围岩出现破碎鼓包现象,延伸至距孔口20 m位置,孔壁围岩整体破碎严重,此时钻孔窥视仪无法进一步深入观测。由此可见,爆破后围岩得到充分破碎,超深孔松动预裂爆破取得了良好效果。
工作面推进过程中遇到的硬岩断层在采用超深孔松动预裂爆破后,硬岩破碎充分,硬岩强度得到弱化,采煤机截割强度显著降低。据统计,在未采用超深孔松动预裂爆破技术前,13070保护层工作面推采遇到硬岩断层时平均每日截齿损耗约为40~50个。表6为采用超深孔松动预裂松动爆破技术后过断层截齿损耗情况,平均每日损耗约为30个,相较于未采用超深孔松动预裂爆破技术时,截齿损耗最大降低约40%。这表明超深孔松动预裂爆破取得了良好的致裂效果。
断层硬岩在超深孔松动预裂爆破后,采煤机截割难度降低,工作面回采速度明显提升。据统计,在未采用超深孔松动预裂爆破技术前,13070保护层工作面推采断层硬岩段平均进尺约为每天4刀。表7为爆破后经过断层期间日进尺,平均日进尺约为5刀,相比于未采用超深孔松动预裂爆破时提升了约25%。
本文针对平煤十三矿13070保护层工作面推采遇硬岩断层、硬结核等导致机具磨损严重、推进速度降低的问题,明确了超深孔松动预裂爆破机理,研究了孔径和孔间距对爆破效果的影响,提出并实施了超深孔松动预裂爆破方案,主要结论如下。
(1)基于超深孔松动预裂爆破的破岩机理,明确了裂隙区范围,计算得出孔径为75~108 mm时保护层工作面断层硬岩爆破裂隙区半径为0.7~1.2 m。
(2)孔径在75~108 mm范围内,随着孔径的增大,炮孔周围围岩应力峰值和裂隙发育先增加后减少,确定爆破孔径为94 mm时爆破效果最好。
(3)孔间距在1.4~2.0 m范围内,随着孔间距的增大,炮孔连线中心岩石应力减小,炮孔间裂纹贯穿度和裂隙分布密度减小,综合爆破效果和耗材,确定爆破孔间距为2.0 m。
(4)本文提出了“两巷超前钻孔+工作面超深孔松动预裂爆破”技术方案,并进行了工业试验。试验结果显示,采用该技术方案后采煤机截齿磨损最大降低约40%,工作面推进速度提升约25%,爆破预裂效果显著。

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2025年第45卷第2期
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    1.平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司,河南 平顶山市 467000
    2.中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院,江苏 徐州市 221116
    3.中国矿业大学 江苏省矿山地震监测工程实验室,江苏 徐州市 221116
    4.中国平煤神马控股集团有限公司 炼焦煤资源绿色开发全国重点实验室,河南 平顶山市 467000

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申成杨(2000—),男,陕西米脂人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制研究。E-mail:
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