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In order to make slag resource utilization and harmless treatment, CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2 (CMAS) slag glass-ceramics were successfully prepared with different additions of cadmium using glass-ceramics preparation technology with solid wastes such as tailings and fly ash as main raw materials. The crystallization characteristics of glass-ceramics with different additions of cadmium were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD, SEM, and Raman spectrum. At the same time, the bulk density, flexural strength, thermal expansion coefficient, Vickers hardness and toxicity leaching concentration of glass-ceramics with different additions of cadmium were analyzed. The results show that with the increase of cadmium addition, the full width at half maximum of the crystallization peak gradually decreases, which promotes the crystallization of the glass-ceramics, but the main crystal phase does not change significantly. The related elements in the glass-ceramics are depolymerized due to the addition of cadmium, which changes the microstructure of the glass-ceramics. In addition, the flexural strength, Vickers hardness and bulk density of the glass-ceramics increase with the increase of cadmium slag addition. The results of toxicity leaching test indicate that the maximum leaching concentration of cadmium is 0.030 37 mg/L, which is far lower than the maximum leaching concentration of hazardous waste specified by the state.

, authors=Rui MA1, 2, Xiutao CUI2, Nannan WU1, Shunli OUYANG1, 2, authorsList=Rui MA, Xiutao CUI, Nannan WU, Shunli OUYANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shunli OUYANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594908930687427, articleId=1322594899371868571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=重金属镉对矿渣微晶玻璃微观结构与理化性能的影响, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了将矿渣资源化利用和无害化处理,以尾矿和粉煤灰等固体废弃物为主要原料,通过添加不同含量的镉,利用微晶玻璃制备技术成功制备出了CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2(CMAS)系矿渣微晶玻璃,通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)、XRD、SEM和拉曼光谱等手段对添加不同含量镉的微晶玻璃的析晶特性进行了表征,分析了不同镉含量微晶玻璃的体积密度、抗折强度、热膨胀系数、维氏硬度、毒性浸出浓度。结果表明,随着镉含量的增加,析晶峰的半高宽逐渐减小,促进了微晶玻璃的析晶,但是主晶相并未发生明显改变;微晶玻璃内相关元素因为镉的加入发生了解聚效应,改变了玻璃的微观结构;微晶玻璃的抗折强度、维氏硬度和体积密度随镉渣含量的增加呈增大趋势;毒性浸出试验的结果表明,镉的浸出浓度最高为0.030 37 mg/L,远低于国家规定的危险废物最高浸出浓度。

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马瑞(1995—),男,河北张家口人,硕士研究生,主要从事固体废弃物的综合利用的研究。E-mail:

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欧阳顺利(1983—),男,吉林长春人,博士,教授,主要从事固体废弃物综合利用和分子光谱学等方面的研究。E-mail:
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ArticleFig(id=1322594915150840319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=图11, caption=镉在微晶玻璃中的结构, figureFileSmall=T+PsKdlHUre19mLIUEyZfw==, figureFileBig=+UfxcfJPt/9snR6t1TbBGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594915238920704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of fly ash

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3Na2OMgOK2OCaOTFeCaF2其他 (不反应)
13.41.23.153.1514.26.980.2157.71
), ArticleFig(id=1322594916987945473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

粉煤灰的化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3Na2OMgOK2OCaOTFeCaF2其他 (不反应)
13.41.23.153.1514.26.980.2157.71
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917164106242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Formulation of glass-ceramics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方编号镉渣引入量组分
SiO2CaOAl2O3MgONa2OK2OB2O3Fe2O3Cd其他
S10.341.6014.728.106.548.381.10513.960.210.09
S20.641.5314.718.086.108.281.10513.940.420.24
S30.941.3014.548.065.998.281.09513.940.630.27
S41.241.1514.208.065.998.181.09513.940.840.35
S51.540.7914.098.035.998.081.09513.931.050.45
S62.040.1413.988.015.897.981.09513.921.400.59
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917298323971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微晶玻璃配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方编号镉渣引入量组分
SiO2CaOAl2O3MgONa2OK2OB2O3Fe2O3Cd其他
S10.341.6014.728.106.548.381.10513.960.210.09
S20.641.5314.718.086.108.281.10513.940.420.24
S30.941.3014.548.065.998.281.09513.940.630.27
S41.241.1514.208.065.998.181.09513.940.840.35
S51.540.7914.098.035.998.081.09513.931.050.45
S62.040.1413.988.015.897.981.09513.921.400.59
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917495456260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Thermodynamic data of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Tg/℃Tc/℃ΔTc/℃ΔT′
S16447821380.214
S26447921480.230
S36437801370.213
S46427881460.227
S56427761340.208
S66447761320.205
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917575148037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

样品的热力学数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Tg/℃Tc/℃ΔTc/℃ΔT′
S16447821380.214
S26447921480.230
S36437801370.213
S46427881460.227
S56427761340.208
S66447761320.205
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917688394246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The main vibration types and corresponding bands in the Raman spectra of precursor glasses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波数/cm–1振动类型
580完整的硅氧四面体(Q4)中Si—O0的摇摆振动
600解聚的硅氧四面体中Si—O—Si的弯曲振动
700~850四面体间桥氧Si—O—Si的对称伸缩振动
850~1 300不同Qn(n为0,1,2,3,4)结构单元中Si—O-和Si—O0的伸缩振动
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917759697416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

前驱体玻璃拉曼光谱中的主要振动类型和对应的谱带

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波数/cm–1振动类型
580完整的硅氧四面体(Q4)中Si—O0的摇摆振动
600解聚的硅氧四面体中Si—O—Si的弯曲振动
700~850四面体间桥氧Si—O—Si的对称伸缩振动
850~1 300不同Qn(n为0,1,2,3,4)结构单元中Si—O-和Si—O0的伸缩振动
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917847777801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The fitting results of 800−1 200 cm−1 Raman band of precursor glass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合项S1S2S3S4S5S6
ν1879.29877.48877.49877.51877.44877.61
ν2925.73929.20929.22929.27929.25929.53
ν3989.48996.59996.61996.69996.84997.04
ν41 066.531 069.181 069.191 069.231 069.311 069.40
W148.5454.0954.1154.1353.9854.28
W273.8681.1281.1181.1381.4481.18
W3102.19106.11106.08106.01106.08105.64
W476.6276.0176.0075.9675.9275.80
s113 500.6118 102.8818 122.8218 147.2617 916.3218 311.58
s249 467.3973 390.1773 423.9673 567.0374 055.5474 183.55
s398 904.75118 682.53118 632.69118 489.78118 370.31117 780.06
s421 092.9322 299.6222 295.7322 270.9422 130.9522 199.12
A17.387.797.807.817.717.88
A227.0431.5731.5831.6531.8631.91
A354.0651.0551.0350.9750.9250.66
A411.539.599.599.589.529.55
X18.498.968.978.988.879.06
X227.5832.2032.2132.2832.5032.55
X356.2253.0953.0753.0152.9652.69
X47.715.755.755.735.675.70
), ArticleFig(id=1322594917952635402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

前驱体玻璃800~1 200 cm−1拉曼谱带拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合项S1S2S3S4S5S6
ν1879.29877.48877.49877.51877.44877.61
ν2925.73929.20929.22929.27929.25929.53
ν3989.48996.59996.61996.69996.84997.04
ν41 066.531 069.181 069.191 069.231 069.311 069.40
W148.5454.0954.1154.1353.9854.28
W273.8681.1281.1181.1381.4481.18
W3102.19106.11106.08106.01106.08105.64
W476.6276.0176.0075.9675.9275.80
s113 500.6118 102.8818 122.8218 147.2617 916.3218 311.58
s249 467.3973 390.1773 423.9673 567.0374 055.5474 183.55
s398 904.75118 682.53118 632.69118 489.78118 370.31117 780.06
s421 092.9322 299.6222 295.7322 270.9422 130.9522 199.12
A17.387.797.807.817.717.88
A227.0431.5731.5831.6531.8631.91
A354.0651.0551.0350.9750.9250.66
A411.539.599.599.589.529.55
X18.498.968.978.988.879.06
X227.5832.2032.2132.2832.5032.55
X356.2253.0953.0753.0152.9652.69
X47.715.755.755.735.675.70
), ArticleFig(id=1322594918044910091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The fitting results of 800−1 200 cm−1 Raman bands of glass-ceramics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合项S1S2S3S4S5S6
ν1877.41878.92880.43881.01882.05896.85
ν2954.38963.35962.84962.56962.36968.20
ν31 012.741 023.881 021.701 022.201 021.051 039.28
ν41 066.721 075.631 073.921 077.271 076.791 090.24
W155.6955.2560.5261.9464.3372.13
W282.3783.0978.5576.9174.6277.59
W352.3049.6650.6553.9954.6257.43
W480.8584.0887.6481.6382.8159.44
s1150 071.50221 038.77259 432.59269 247.67286 310.631 822 212.36
s2679 555.59931 213.04888 206.93866 554.56839 495.37565 523.33
s3173 646.23150 930.74169 489.99213 746.05226 995.35174 680.54
s4303 980.80340 880.94366 777.73329 182.96335 744.57121 196.05
A111.4313.4415.4116.0516.9617.46
A251.7556.6452.7551.6549.7254.19
A313.689.1810.0712.7413.4416.74
A423.1520.7321.7819.5619.8811.61
), ArticleFig(id=1322594918145573388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

微晶玻璃800~1 200 cm−1拉曼谱带拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合项S1S2S3S4S5S6
ν1877.41878.92880.43881.01882.05896.85
ν2954.38963.35962.84962.56962.36968.20
ν31 012.741 023.881 021.701 022.201 021.051 039.28
ν41 066.721 075.631 073.921 077.271 076.791 090.24
W155.6955.2560.5261.9464.3372.13
W282.3783.0978.5576.9174.6277.59
W352.3049.6650.6553.9954.6257.43
W480.8584.0887.6481.6382.8159.44
s1150 071.50221 038.77259 432.59269 247.67286 310.631 822 212.36
s2679 555.59931 213.04888 206.93866 554.56839 495.37565 523.33
s3173 646.23150 930.74169 489.99213 746.05226 995.35174 680.54
s4303 980.80340 880.94366 777.73329 182.96335 744.57121 196.05
A111.4313.4415.4116.0516.9617.46
A251.7556.6452.7551.6549.7254.19
A313.689.1810.0712.7413.4416.74
A423.1520.7321.7819.5619.8811.61
), ArticleFig(id=1322594918237848077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号体积密度/(g/cm3)抗折强度/MPa维氏硬度/GPa耐酸性/%耐碱性/%
S12.992107.7516.7088.0894.74
S22.997139.0016.7992.8094.80
S32.996162.7517.2696.8293.28
S42.999155.0017.3798.1690.48
S53.008168.6517.5391.9293.94
S63.015212.7018.1192.7894.56
), ArticleFig(id=1322594918325928462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

样品的理化性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号体积密度/(g/cm3)抗折强度/MPa维氏硬度/GPa耐酸性/%耐碱性/%
S12.992107.7516.7088.0894.74
S22.997139.0016.7992.8094.80
S32.996162.7517.2696.8293.28
S42.999155.0017.3798.1690.48
S53.008168.6517.5391.9293.94
S63.015212.7018.1192.7894.56
), ArticleFig(id=1322594918401425935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Leaching concentration cadmium in glass-ceramics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GB 5085.3—2007中规定的浸出浓度S1S2S3S4S5S6
10.001 240.003 170.009 570.013 220.023 670.030 37
), ArticleFig(id=1322594918518866448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

微晶玻璃中镉的浸出浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GB 5085.3—2007中规定的浸出浓度S1S2S3S4S5S6
10.001 240.003 170.009 570.013 220.023 670.030 37
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重金属镉对矿渣微晶玻璃微观结构与理化性能的影响
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马瑞 1, 2 , 崔秀涛 2 , 吴楠楠 1 , 欧阳顺利 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(2): 268-278
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (2) : 268 -278
重金属镉对矿渣微晶玻璃微观结构与理化性能的影响
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马瑞(1995—),男,河北张家口人,硕士研究生,主要从事固体废弃物的综合利用的研究。E-mail:

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2.内蒙古科技大学 材料与冶金学院,内蒙古 包头市 014010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322594909207511492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594909228483013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, companyId=1322594909207511492, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Basic Teaching Department, Guangzhou Maritime College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510725, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594909236871622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, companyId=1322594909207511492, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广州航海学院 基础教学部,广东 广州 510725)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322594909308174791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594909316563400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, companyId=1322594909308174791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Material and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594909337534921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594899371868571, companyId=1322594909308174791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.内蒙古科技大学 材料与冶金学院,内蒙古 包头市 014010)])])]
马瑞1, 2 , 崔秀涛2, 吴楠楠1, 欧阳顺利1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广州航海学院 基础教学部,广东 广州 510725
  • 2.内蒙古科技大学 材料与冶金学院,内蒙古 包头市 014010
通讯作者:
欧阳顺利(1983—),男,吉林长春人,博士,教授,主要从事固体废弃物综合利用和分子光谱学等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

马瑞(1995—),男,河北张家口人,硕士研究生,主要从事固体废弃物的综合利用的研究。E-mail:

Effect of Heavy Metal Cadmium on the Microstructure and Physicochemical Properties of Slag Glass-Ceramics
Rui MA1, 2 , Xiutao CUI2, Nannan WU1, Shunli OUYANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Basic Teaching Department, Guangzhou Maritime College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510725, China
  • 2.School of Material and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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为了将矿渣资源化利用和无害化处理,以尾矿和粉煤灰等固体废弃物为主要原料,通过添加不同含量的镉,利用微晶玻璃制备技术成功制备出了CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2(CMAS)系矿渣微晶玻璃,通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)、XRD、SEM和拉曼光谱等手段对添加不同含量镉的微晶玻璃的析晶特性进行了表征,分析了不同镉含量微晶玻璃的体积密度、抗折强度、热膨胀系数、维氏硬度、毒性浸出浓度。结果表明,随着镉含量的增加,析晶峰的半高宽逐渐减小,促进了微晶玻璃的析晶,但是主晶相并未发生明显改变;微晶玻璃内相关元素因为镉的加入发生了解聚效应,改变了玻璃的微观结构;微晶玻璃的抗折强度、维氏硬度和体积密度随镉渣含量的增加呈增大趋势;毒性浸出试验的结果表明,镉的浸出浓度最高为0.030 37 mg/L,远低于国家规定的危险废物最高浸出浓度。

矿渣微晶玻璃  /  镉渣含量  /  固化  /  微观结构  /  理化性能

In order to make slag resource utilization and harmless treatment, CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2 (CMAS) slag glass-ceramics were successfully prepared with different additions of cadmium using glass-ceramics preparation technology with solid wastes such as tailings and fly ash as main raw materials. The crystallization characteristics of glass-ceramics with different additions of cadmium were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD, SEM, and Raman spectrum. At the same time, the bulk density, flexural strength, thermal expansion coefficient, Vickers hardness and toxicity leaching concentration of glass-ceramics with different additions of cadmium were analyzed. The results show that with the increase of cadmium addition, the full width at half maximum of the crystallization peak gradually decreases, which promotes the crystallization of the glass-ceramics, but the main crystal phase does not change significantly. The related elements in the glass-ceramics are depolymerized due to the addition of cadmium, which changes the microstructure of the glass-ceramics. In addition, the flexural strength, Vickers hardness and bulk density of the glass-ceramics increase with the increase of cadmium slag addition. The results of toxicity leaching test indicate that the maximum leaching concentration of cadmium is 0.030 37 mg/L, which is far lower than the maximum leaching concentration of hazardous waste specified by the state.

Slag glass-ceramics  /  Addition of cadmium slag  /  Solidification  /  Microstructure  /  Physicochemical Property
马瑞, 崔秀涛, 吴楠楠, 欧阳顺利. 重金属镉对矿渣微晶玻璃微观结构与理化性能的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 268 -278 .
Rui MA, Xiutao CUI, Nannan WU, Shunli OUYANG. Effect of Heavy Metal Cadmium on the Microstructure and Physicochemical Properties of Slag Glass-Ceramics[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 268 -278 .
近年来,工业化进程不断加快,环境问题已成为全球关注的焦点。社会可持续发展的关键问题之一便是工业固体废物的处置和处理以及重金属对环境污染的防治。矿渣是工业过程中的一种废料,是冶炼生产过程中排放的含有Cd、Cr、Mn等重金属的冶金渣,矿渣的排放和储存不仅对环境造成了严重的污染,而且给生产企业带来了巨大的环保压力[1]。矿渣作为二次资源的综合利用有两种主要途径:一是作为冶炼溶剂在本厂循环利用,可回收丰富的金属铁和其他元素,减少废物排放,节约能源和原材料;二是作为建筑材料、筑路材料或农业肥料的原材料。综合利用矿渣有助于降低环境负担,提高资源利用率[2]。
解决上述问题的关键在于将矿渣合理的资源化利用和无害化处理。微晶玻璃是由玻璃和晶相组成的多相固体,其通过基础玻璃的受控结晶而形成[3-4]。它具有优良的机械性能,也可用于废物中重金属的解毒和固化[5-7]。因此,微晶玻璃制备技术在固体废弃物的无害化处理和资源化利用中得到了广泛的应用。目前,各种固体废弃物,如铬铁矿渣、拆解废电池、医院垃圾焚烧灰和其他危险废物焚烧残渣,已被证明可以被微晶玻璃有效固定化[8-10]。因此,从矿渣中固化重金属也可以借助于微晶玻璃,微晶玻璃对有害金属的固化效果与其结构密切相关,而微晶玻璃的结构主要取决于其基本组成和析晶行为。镉(Cd)作为周期表中的第48个元素,有着改善合金的性能。RAMESH等[11]研究了重金属含量较多的燃烧灰在燃烧和冷却过程中重金属的变化,发现Cr3+替代了莫来石晶相中处于八面体位置的Al3+,同时推断出Pb2+和Cd2+进入了莫来石结构中的氧空位,由此可得重金属离子被固化在晶相中。KRAUSOVA等[12]研究发现通过添加一些氧化物(如TiO2、BaO或SiO2),就可以简单地将焚烧后的废物用来生产微晶玻璃,焚烧废物中的有毒金属Cd2+一部分进入了非晶态基质,一部分Cd2+取代Ca2+进入透辉石相,少量Cd2+被并入Mg2+位,形成含镉镁橄榄石相。LIU等[13]研究不同重金属离子对氟氧化物玻璃和微晶玻璃形成的影响,在微晶玻璃的制备过程中,引入合适的CdF2对调节和控制玻璃网络结构和结晶过程至关重要,适量的CdF2有利于提高玻璃的稳定性及其结晶性。
矿渣的堆积占用了大量的土地资源,为实现矿渣的资源化利用和无害化处理,本文利用微晶玻璃制备技术,通过研究矿渣微晶玻璃的析晶动力学、晶相组成以及体积密度等理化性能,确定了微晶玻璃综合性能的最优配方,研究了镉渣含量对主晶相形成的影响,以及微晶玻璃对有害金属的固化效果和理化性能。
本试验使用镉渣与粉煤灰制备矿渣微晶玻璃,镉渣的含量范围为0.3%~2.0%,粉煤灰的添加量为34%,粉煤灰的化学组成见表1。
设计的微晶玻璃配方及其样品编号见表2。试验中采用石英砂(>99%)、氧化钙(>99%)、氧化镁(>99%)、三氧化二铝(>99%)试剂进行补充,弥补CMAS系矿渣微晶玻璃主要成分的不足。按照设计配方称取180 g配料,放入球磨机中混合2 h,得到均匀的混合物。
每个含有均匀混合物的石英坩埚在1 550 ℃的高温室电阻炉中以10 ℃/min的升温速率熔融3 h。每个熔融试样取约5%分别倒入水中,得到水淬样品,这些水淬试样用于DSC分析。其他熔融玻璃在金属模具中成型,并进行退火处理,得到前驱体玻璃。通过DSC分析制备的玻璃样品,确定合适的核化温度与晶化温度。将样品放入电阻炉中以核化温度保温4 h后,再将温度提高到晶化温度保温4 h,待冷却到室温,获得微晶玻璃。
采用差热分析仪(NETZSCH STA 449C)获得微晶玻璃的析出峰温度(Tp),以10 ℃/min的速率在25~1 300 ℃的温度范围内对微晶玻璃进行加热,研究了微晶玻璃在氩气气氛中的析晶动力学行为。采用X射线衍射仪对微晶玻璃样品进行物相分析,扫描角速度为0.2°/s,扫描角度范围为10°~80°。
使用Zeiss Supra 55 FESEM扫描电镜对微晶玻璃样品的微观结构和组织进行分析。将微晶玻璃样品切割成3 mm×4 mm×6 mm的矩形试样,选取表面平整,肉眼无缺陷(如气孔)的试样,用600~2 000目砂纸打磨,逐级粗磨。选择0.25 μm的金刚石喷雾抛光,将其抛光至表面无划痕,呈现为镜面,然后用5%的氢氟酸溶液腐蚀表面70 s,用蒸馏水和乙醇冲洗掉腐蚀表面的残酸,用吹风机干燥,最后用导电胶将微晶玻璃样品固定在载物台上,并使用离子喷射仪镀上金属导电膜。
采用拉曼光谱仪对样品进行结构测定,配备自动x−y−z台,50x Olympus长焦镜头,分辨率为±1 cm−1,532 nm激光波长,1 800 line/mm光栅,曝光时间为3 s, 2次累加,扫描波形范围为100~1 900 cm−1,所有光谱在室温下采集。
采用显微硬度测试仪(DHV-1000)测定维氏硬度,每个样品至少测量5个点,以获得平均硬度,误差为±0.2 GPa;使用通用测试机(CSS-44100)采用三点弯曲法测试样品(3 mm×4 mm×40 mm)的抗弯强度,测量速度为0.5 mm/min;使用阿基米德排水法测定体积密度。
测试样品的热膨胀系数时,将样品切割为5 mm×5 mm×50 mm的试样条,设置位移变化量程为0~5 000,补偿值为0~1 600 ℃,升温速率为5 ℃/min,空气气氛,测试温度范围为30~600 ℃。
根据《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法硫酸硝酸法》(HJ/T 299—2007)测定重金属的浸出浓度。样品的粒度小于200目(74 μm),使用浓硫酸和浓硝酸混合液作为缓冲溶液,pH为3.2,样品的液固比为10:1(L/kg),将样品放入振荡瓶中进行测试。
图1为不同镉渣含量的水淬渣的DSC曲线,由图1可知,玻璃转变温度Tg和析晶放热峰温度Tp并未呈现一定的规律。根据图1总结出每个样品的热力学数据,结果见表3。析晶能力强弱的重要依据是DSC曲线的半高宽,半高宽与结晶速率成负向相关。镉渣的添加导致析晶峰的半高宽有所减小,说明镉加速了玻璃基体的析晶速度。同时,玻璃的结晶趋势也可由玻璃的热稳定性体现,一般来讲,热稳定性与ΔT和ΔT′成正向相关,ΔTc=Tc−Tg,ΔT′=(Tc−Tg)/Tg,Tc为结晶初始温度,热稳定性参数ΔT和ΔT′越大,玻璃的热稳定性越好[14]。ΔT越大,表明玻璃晶相与液相之间的界面能越大,玻璃热稳定性越好,玻璃的核化与晶化受到抑制变得越长,玻璃中能量传递受到阻碍,成核和结晶将消耗更多的能量,导致玻璃在更高的温度下结晶[15]。由表3可知,S5、S6样品的ΔT值较小,结合XRD和微观形貌检测结果,可发现此时微晶玻璃的结晶度较高并且性能较好,因此镉渣的添加促进了微晶玻璃的形核析晶。
图2为不同镉渣含量的微晶玻璃的XRD检测结果。由图2可知,样品S1至S6析出的晶体类型均为单一的透辉石(含铁),并且随着镉渣含量的增加,衍射峰未发生明显偏移,说明透辉石的结晶趋势并未受到镉渣含量的影响。样品S1至S6的衍射峰强度逐渐增强,表明镉是促进微晶玻璃析晶的,而衍射峰的强度与结晶度也有一定关系。本研究采用Jade 6软件对X射线衍射图谱分析计算得出相对结晶度(近似值),结晶度随镉渣含量的变化曲线如图3所示。
微晶玻璃样品的结晶程度由结晶度表示[16],结晶度体现了晶体材料内部结构的缺陷,影响材料的硬度和密度。XRD图谱的衍射峰越宽,结晶度越小,衍射能力越弱;衍射峰越窄,结晶度越大,衍射能力越强。由图3可知,6组样品整体的结晶度较高,随着镉渣含量的增加,微晶玻璃的结晶度整体呈现上升趋势。在样品S1、S2中,镉渣的添加量较低,Cd2+形成的形核位点相对较少,玻璃的结晶度相对较低,然而随着镉渣含量的逐渐增加,样品的结晶度也逐渐增高。样品S6的结晶度最高,说明在使用粉煤灰和镉渣制备微晶玻璃的过程中,MgO和Cr2O3会诱导透辉石向外延生长,同时,Cd2+进入玻璃网络后,会打破原有稳定的硅氧四面体结构,释放出更多的自由氧。此时八面体[MgO6]10−、[SiO3]2−和[CaO6]10−以双链的形式结合成透辉石,其中的有效元素形成晶相,而重金属镉作为形核剂可以促进玻璃析晶。
图4为6组微晶玻璃样品的微观结构,在图中都观察到了明显的晶粒,微晶玻璃生长出以球状晶体为主的细小晶体,因为尾矿中含有大量的氧化铁等晶核剂,充足的晶核剂保证了微晶玻璃在热处理过程中的形核和析晶,说明Cd2+主要存在于玻璃相中,不参与主晶相的形成,因此对晶体的形貌没有明显的影响,XRD结果也证明了这一点。S1所析出晶粒较少,晶粒间孔隙较多,不仅析出球晶还析出少量的花瓣状晶体,各晶体交错生长,结合XRD图谱,样品S1的衍射峰强度较低,说明此晶体析晶不完全。同时,当镉渣的含量从0.3%增加到2.0%时,S1至S6六组样品的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,并呈现出更加均匀且致密的特征。这表明随着镉渣含量的增加,玻璃中的形核位点也增多。在透辉石以这些形核位点为中心生长的过程中,晶粒间的孔隙逐渐减少。这种现象导致了生长界面之间更容易接触,从而促使生长过程趋于停止。因此,在这种情况下,生成的透辉石数量增多,而晶粒的尺寸则变得更小,同时,随着透辉石晶粒的不断形成,其晶粒逐渐细化且更加均匀。随着镉渣含量的增加,更多的Cd2+可以促进玻璃析晶,Cd2+进入玻璃网络后,会破坏Si—O—Al键,从而导致玻璃的黏度降低,促进了质点的扩散,所以当Cd2+浓度增加到一定程度时,便会发生分相,导致每相之间的界面增大,提供了形核的条件,使得母体玻璃中的一些成分发生转移,在相与相之间的界面处发生富集,从而促进玻璃析晶。
图5是分别添加0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%、1.5%、2.0%的镉渣制备得到的前驱体玻璃样品的拉曼光谱,图中显示出样品具有典型的长程无序非晶结构,大致可以分为两部分:第一部分位于400~600 cm−1频段,代表玻璃网络中网络结构单元特征振动模式的低频段;第二部分位于800~1 200 cm−1频段,代表网络连通性的高频段。在低频段,振动峰的强度随着Cd含量的增加并未发生明显改变,说明不同含量的Cd对玻璃网络的影响不大。在高频段,利用高斯去卷积方法对800~1 200 cm−1波数拉曼峰进行分峰拟合,得到了玻璃样品中不同Qn结构单元的峰面积。
根据先前的研究[17-19],硅氧网络可以分为两种,一种是位于500 cm−1位置的峰位,对应Si—O键(Qn,n=1,2,3,4)的完全弯曲振动模式的桥氧键;另一种是位于700 cm−1位置的峰位,对应于硅氧网络之外的O—Si—O键(Qn)的伸缩振动模式的非桥氧键。前驱体玻璃网络结构当中几个主要的官能团振动类型和对应的谱带见表4[20]。
MYSEN[21]发现单体(Q0Si)、二聚体(Q1Si)、链(Q2Si)和片(Q3Si)的特征频率分别为840~860 cm−1、900~920 cm−1、960~980 cm−1和1 050 cm−1,结合本文研究材料,确定905 cm−1,960 cm−1,1 015 cm−1,1 060 cm−1分别对应Q1(含有3个非桥氧的硅),Q2(含有2个非桥氧的硅),Q3(含有1个非桥氧的硅),Q4(不含非桥氧的硅)的伸缩振动,并且遵循高斯规律。对6组前驱体玻璃进行高斯拟合得到如图6所示的拟合结果,各拟合峰对应的拉曼光谱的峰值(ν)、半高宽(W)、面积(s)、面积百分比(A)见表5,结构单元Qn的摩尔分数(Xn)与其面积百分比之间的关系如式(1)所示(α1=1.15,α2=1.02,α3=1.04)[22-24]:
根据拟合结果计算出每个结构单元Qn的摩尔分数(Xn)见表5。
从拟合结果可以看出,Q3所占的面积百分比最大,说明该体系中以层状结构为主。随着镉渣含量的增加,Q1和Q2所占的面积百分比不断增加,Q3和Q4所占的面积百分比不断减少,即代表Q1(双面体结构)和Q2(链状结构)的拟合峰强逐渐增加,而Q3(层状结构)和Q4(SiO2架状结构)的拟合峰强逐渐降低,并且Q1和Q2的摩尔分数逐渐增加,Q3和Q4的摩尔分数逐渐减少。这说明随着镉渣含量的增加,含有不同非桥氧数的结构基元Qn的含量发生了变化,与硅原子相关联的桥氧键的数量逐渐减少,聚合程度较大的架状和层状结构逐渐解聚成聚合程度较低的链状和双面体结构。而硅原子连接的桥氧键的多少直接影响到基础玻璃中硅酸盐体系的聚合度,进而影响到玻璃的黏度。桥氧键的减少导致聚合度降低,整个玻璃网络呈现解聚的趋势。通过对比不同镉渣配比的基础玻璃的桥氧键可以发现,在一定范围内,镉渣的加入可以促进析晶过程。
图7为不同镉渣含量的微晶玻璃的拉曼光谱图。本文微晶玻璃的主晶相为透辉石相,它的主要拉曼位移位于200 cm−1、306 cm−1、370 cm−1、457 cm−1、520 cm−1、656 cm−1、756 cm−1、975 cm−1。0~400 cm−1位置的拉曼谱线与硅酸盐结构中的长程有序性相对应,反映碱土金属和氧(M—O)之间的振动以及晶格骨架间点阵振动模式,457 cm−1附近的峰表示Si—O—Si键的弯曲振动模式,520 cm−1附近的峰表示硅氧四面体结构中Si—O键的伸缩振动,656 cm−1附近的峰表示 Si—O—Si 键的对称弯曲振动,756 cm−1附近的峰表示具有 4 个非桥氧键硅氧四面体(Q0)Si—O 伸缩振动,975 cm−1附近的峰表示具有 2 个非桥氧键的硅氧四面体(Q2)的硅氧伸缩振动[25]。756 cm−1处的拉曼峰(Q0)随镉渣含量的增加而降低,Q0表示微晶玻璃中游离态硅氧四面体含量的变化,其含量的减少说明玻璃的结晶度在逐渐增加,这也意味着镉渣的添加可促进玻璃析晶。
将800~1 200 cm−1范围内的拉曼谱带进行高斯拟合,拟合结果见表6。
从峰位看,6组微晶玻璃样品的峰位略有不规律地向高波段移动的趋势。
式中:ν为拉曼带的峰位;μ为约化质量;c为光速;k为 Si—NBO 键的力常数,k值与玻璃网络中的金属离子有关。
微晶玻璃的成核和结晶是金属离子经过聚集沉淀形成晶核的过程,在此过程中高场强的金属离子如Cd、Fe等首先析出,导致Si—NBO键的力常数相应增大,质量降低,最终导致拉曼峰的波数增大。随着Cd2+的增加和富集,[SiO4]四面体周围金属阳离子的浓度升高,这导致桥氧键的含量相应减少,从而加速了离子扩散过程,这一过程促进了晶体的成核和晶粒的生长。此外,晶体能够吸附微晶玻璃网络中的氧化物,使得析晶过程更为顺利。
对镉渣含量为0.3%~1.5%的矿渣微晶玻璃样品的基本物理力学性能做了测试,测试结果见表7。
材料的理化性能取决于内部的微观结构[26],当镉渣的含量从0.3%增加到2.0%,微晶玻璃的体积密度由2.991 7 g/cm3小幅度增加到3.014 9 g/cm3,这主要与析出晶相数量以及晶相排布有关。对于S1样品,其微观结构以大小不一、分布稀疏的球晶和花瓣状晶为主,存在大量孔洞和间隙等缺陷,致密化程度低。随着镉渣含量的增加,晶粒间隙和晶粒尺寸略有减小,小晶体的析出提高了微观结构中质点的排列紧密度。然而,镉渣的增加也降低了微晶玻璃网络的完整性,从而降低了其黏度。这种情况有利于有机物和黏性流体的传递,进而促进了微晶玻璃的形核与结晶过程,加速了气孔的消除,同时,微晶玻璃的整体结构致密度也随之提高。
维氏硬度表示微晶玻璃对压入塑性变形,划痕、磨损或切削等的抗力。一般来说,结晶度、晶体类型和晶体形态会影响微晶玻璃的抗折强度和维氏硬度。由表7可知,6组微晶玻璃样品的维氏硬度和抗折强度随镉渣含量的增加而增大,随着镉渣的增加,玻璃基体中有更多的晶粒析出,晶粒尺寸细小且分布均匀,抗折强度逐渐增大。结合微晶玻璃的显微形貌图,S3至S6样品开始出现微裂纹且逐渐增多,微裂纹可以释放玻璃内部应力,并且析出的晶粒数量逐渐增多,尺寸也变得细小且分布密集,因此硬度逐渐增大。
维氏硬度测试过程中的压痕如图8所示,压痕的扩展同样与晶粒尺寸、晶粒分布和空隙等因素有关。裂纹沿菱形压痕的对角线方向产生并扩展,6组裂纹都为直线性扩展,裂纹扩展的主要方式为穿晶扩展,样品S1至S6裂纹的扩展情况差异并不十分明显,结合扫描电镜图可知,S1样品的晶粒尺寸较大,其裂纹扩展程度也就越大[27]。随着镉渣含量的增加,裂纹扩展长度有所缩短,晶粒尺寸越细小时结晶度越高,这可能是由于透辉石结晶度升高导致裂纹扩展缩短。根据前面的研究结果可知,Cd2+具有破坏玻璃网络的能力,使得玻璃的黏度降低,促使微晶玻璃的晶型由花瓣状晶向球晶转变,致密的球形晶体结构有助于提高微晶玻璃的力学性能[28],当微晶玻璃在外加应力的作用下发生断裂时,透辉石晶粒起到了关键作用。它们能够使玻璃内部裂纹尖端产生弯曲,并发生钝化,从而增加了产生裂纹所需的破裂功。这一过程可以减缓甚至阻止裂纹穿过透辉石晶相与玻璃相之间的界面。因此,微晶玻璃内部的透辉石晶粒越细、含量越多、内部越致密,微晶玻璃的抗压强度与维氏硬度也就相应增强。
图9为不同镉渣含量微晶玻璃在100~500 ℃的热膨胀系数(CTE)曲线。
热膨胀系数与玻璃相和晶相的组成有关,属于材料的宏观性能。由图9可知,同一试样热膨胀系数随温度的升高逐渐增大,其中S1的热膨胀系数最低,表明物体受热发生的形变程度最小,具有良好的抗热震性能。材料的热膨胀系数与材料内部结构密切相关,结构紧密的固体,热膨胀系数越大,反之,热膨胀系数越小。因为结构疏松,内部空隙较多,当温度升高,原子振幅加大,原子间距增加,一部分被结构内部空隙所容纳,宏观膨胀就小。结合SEM图可以看出S1样品有较多空隙,因此S1样品有较小的热膨胀系数。随着镉渣含量的增加,样品的结晶度增加,形成更加紧密的结构,热膨胀系数也不断增加。
本文制备的微晶玻璃中含有重金属镉,重金属镉不可生物降解,会对环境造成污染。为了进一步研究镉在微晶玻璃中的固化效果,对制备的微晶玻璃样品中镉的含量进行测定,浸出液中镉的含量见表8,随着镉渣含量的增加,镉的浸出浓度逐渐增加,但总体而言镉元素的浸出浓度符合《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007)中规定的危险废物浸出浓度。
为了定量分析浸出液中的镉与样品中镉的质量百分比,引入了一个指标不稳定系数(U),不稳定比率的计算公式如下:
式中:V表示浸出液的体积,L;c表示浸出液中镉的含量,mg/L;m表示样品质量,g;w表示样品中镉的含量,%。
添加不同含量镉渣微晶玻璃的不稳定系数如图10所示。结合XRD和SEM可知,随镉渣含量的增加,微晶玻璃的结晶度呈现增加趋势,而镉的浸出浓度和不稳定系数也逐渐增加,说明只有少量镉可以被固化于透辉石晶相中,而其余镉可能位于非晶态基质里。
镉在微晶玻璃中的结构如图11所示,根据前文能谱分析可知,少量镉可能被纳入透辉石中,少量Cd2+将与Ca2+置换,而剩余镉进入玻璃网络中,因此微晶玻璃能较好地固化镉。
本文以粉煤灰和镉渣为原料,采用熔融法成功制备了微晶玻璃,重点研究了不同镉渣含量对晶相组成、结晶度、显微结构、玻璃网络结构以及物理力学性能等方面的影响。
(1)使用粉煤灰和镉渣制备的微晶玻璃主晶相为透辉石(含铁),随着镉渣含量增加,DSC曲线的半高宽减小,加速了晶体从前驱体玻璃中析出的速度,镉渣含量为2.0%时,ΔT最小,此时玻璃最容易成核和结晶。随着镉渣的增加,X射线衍射强度逐渐增加,晶体的微观结构也从花瓣晶变成球晶并逐渐致密。
(2)对前驱体玻璃800~1 200 cm−1范围的拉曼光谱分峰拟合,随着镉渣含量的增加,Qn的含量由聚合程度较大的架状和层状结构逐渐解聚成聚合程度较低的链状和双面体结构,整个玻璃网络趋于解聚。对微晶玻璃800~1 200 cm−1范围的拉曼光谱分峰拟合后的峰位研究发现,6组微晶玻璃样品的峰位略有不规律向高波段移动趋势,随着Cd2+增加与富集,能够吸附玻璃网络中的氧化物,也更容易析晶。
(3)微晶玻璃样品中镉渣含量增加,抗折强度、维氏硬度以及体积密度都呈增大趋势,当镉渣的含量为2.0%时,抗折强度、维氏硬度、体积密度均达到最大值,分别为212.7 MPa、18.11 GPa、3.014 9 g/cm3,结合SEM可知,越致密的球形透辉石晶体结构越有助于提高微晶玻璃的力学性能。
(4)通过TCLP检测,镉的浸出浓度最高为0.030 37 mg/L,远低于远低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007)中规定的最高允许浸出浓度,并且镉少部分被纳入透辉石晶相,剩余部分进入玻璃网络。
此项研究结果不仅为矿渣的资源化利用和无害化处理提供了重要的理论依据,也为工业化制备高性能微晶玻璃开拓了新的途径。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(11964025; 11564031)
  • 内蒙古自治区重大基础研究开放课题(0406091701)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-20
基金
国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(11964025; 11564031)
内蒙古自治区重大基础研究开放课题(0406091701)
作者信息
    1.广州航海学院 基础教学部,广东 广州 510725
    2.内蒙古科技大学 材料与冶金学院,内蒙古 包头市 014010

通讯作者:

欧阳顺利(1983—),男,吉林长春人,博士,教授,主要从事固体废弃物综合利用和分子光谱学等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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