Article(id=1322594869676200652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260789554, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260789554, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260789554, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260789554, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=90, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594869839778509, articleId=1322594869676200652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on the Principle of Porous and Equal Discharge of Paste Filling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The porous and equal discharge technology for filling pipelines can eliminate the unattached goaf area formed by the self-flow gradient of the paste, improve the roof-contact effect of the mining site, and avoid the problem of roof subsidence. Firstly, through theoretical analysis, the head loss along the porous and equal flow discharge pipeline and the pressure head at each discharge hole were preliminarily determined, and on this basis, the diameter of the discharge hole was obtained. Then, using a self-developed porous and equal discharge test device, the influences of inlet flow rate, the number of holes, and hole spacing on the equal discharge effect were studied through experiments. Finally, numerical simulation methods were used to analyze the pressure and flow rate variations of the discharge pipeline. The results indicate that the spacing between the discharge holes has the most significant impact on the uniformity of discharge, followed by the number of holes. When the hole spacing is 14.5 cm, the flow rate at the inlet is 330 mL/h, and the number of holes is 6, the uniformity of discharge can reach up to 96%. When the paste flows in a horizontal pipe section, the static pressure of the pipeline decreases along the flow direction, and negative pressure appears at the discharge holes. The closer the discharge hole is to the inlet of the paste, the greater the pressure difference. After the paste reaches a stable state, the flow rate of each discharge hole is basically the same, and the uniformity coefficient reaches 98.8%, which means that the paste can achieve porous and equal discharge.

, authors=Yongbing WANG1, Longjian BAI2, Hongjiang WANG2, Longsen YUAN3, Runfang ZHANG2, Hongwei SHI1, Gaoli TENG1, authorsList=Yongbing WANG, Longjian BAI, Hongjiang WANG, Longsen YUAN, Runfang ZHANG, Hongwei SHI, Gaoli TENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594873937613546, articleId=1322594869676200652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=膏体充填多孔等量泄流原理试验研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

充填管道多孔等量泄流技术能够消除由膏体自流坡度形成的未接顶空区,提升采场接顶效果,避免顶板下沉问题。首先,通过理论分析初步确定多孔等流量泄流管道沿程水头损失和各泄流孔处的压力水头,并基于此得到泄流孔直径。然后,采用自主研发的多孔等量泄流试验装置,通过试验研究了入口流量、开孔个数和孔间距对等量泄流效果的影响。最后,采用数值模拟方法分析了泄流管道的压强和流量变化规律。结果表明:泄流孔间距对泄流孔的泄流均匀度影响最显著,其次为开孔个数;孔间距为14.5 cm、入口流量为330 mL/h、开孔个数为6个时,泄流均匀度高达96%。膏体在水平管段流动时,管道静压沿流动方向呈下降趋势,在泄流孔口处出现负压,且越靠近膏体入口端的泄流孔处压强差越大;膏体达到稳定状态后各泄流孔出流量基本一致,均匀度系数达98.8%,即膏体可以实现多孔等量泄流。

, authors=王勇兵1, 白龙剑2, 王洪江2, 袁龙森3, 张润芳2, 石宏伟1, 滕高礼1, authorsList=王勇兵, 白龙剑, 王洪江, 袁龙森, 张润芳, 石宏伟, 滕高礼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王勇兵(1984—),男,云南曲靖人,高级工程师,主要从事充填采矿方面的研究。E-mail:

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王勇兵(1984—),男,云南曲靖人,高级工程师,主要从事充填采矿方面的研究。E-mail:

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王勇兵(1984—),男,云南曲靖人,高级工程师,主要从事充填采矿方面的研究。E-mail:

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Material parameters

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材料密度/(kg/m3)泊松比黏度/(kg·m–1·s–1)
全尾砂膏体2 0200.230.645
钢8 0200.29—
), ArticleFig(id=1322594882942784305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594869676200652, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

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材料密度/(kg/m3)泊松比黏度/(kg·m–1·s–1)
全尾砂膏体2 0200.230.645
钢8 0200.29—
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膏体充填多孔等量泄流原理试验研究
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王勇兵 1 , 白龙剑 2 , 王洪江 2 , 袁龙森 3 , 张润芳 2 , 石宏伟 1 , 滕高礼 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(2): 90-96
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (2) : 90 -96
膏体充填多孔等量泄流原理试验研究
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王勇兵(1984—),男,云南曲靖人,高级工程师,主要从事充填采矿方面的研究。E-mail:

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王勇兵(1984—),男,云南曲靖人,高级工程师,主要从事充填采矿方面的研究。E-mail:

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王勇兵1 , 白龙剑2, 王洪江2, 袁龙森3, 张润芳2, 石宏伟1, 滕高礼1
作者信息
  • 1.云南驰宏锌锗股份有限公司,云南 曲靖市 654212
  • 2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083
  • 3.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司,福建 龙岩市 364299
作者简介:

王勇兵(1984—),男,云南曲靖人,高级工程师,主要从事充填采矿方面的研究。E-mail:

Experimental Study on the Principle of Porous and Equal Discharge of Paste Filling
Yongbing WANG1 , Longjian BAI2, Hongjiang WANG2, Longsen YUAN3, Runfang ZHANG2, Hongwei SHI1, Gaoli TENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Yunan Chihong Zn & Ge Co., Ltd., Qujing, Yunnan 654212, China
  • 2.School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Longyan, Fujian 364299, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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充填管道多孔等量泄流技术能够消除由膏体自流坡度形成的未接顶空区,提升采场接顶效果,避免顶板下沉问题。首先,通过理论分析初步确定多孔等流量泄流管道沿程水头损失和各泄流孔处的压力水头,并基于此得到泄流孔直径。然后,采用自主研发的多孔等量泄流试验装置,通过试验研究了入口流量、开孔个数和孔间距对等量泄流效果的影响。最后,采用数值模拟方法分析了泄流管道的压强和流量变化规律。结果表明:泄流孔间距对泄流孔的泄流均匀度影响最显著,其次为开孔个数;孔间距为14.5 cm、入口流量为330 mL/h、开孔个数为6个时,泄流均匀度高达96%。膏体在水平管段流动时,管道静压沿流动方向呈下降趋势,在泄流孔口处出现负压,且越靠近膏体入口端的泄流孔处压强差越大;膏体达到稳定状态后各泄流孔出流量基本一致,均匀度系数达98.8%,即膏体可以实现多孔等量泄流。

膏体充填  /  等量泄流  /  孔间距  /  自流坡度  /  接顶率

The porous and equal discharge technology for filling pipelines can eliminate the unattached goaf area formed by the self-flow gradient of the paste, improve the roof-contact effect of the mining site, and avoid the problem of roof subsidence. Firstly, through theoretical analysis, the head loss along the porous and equal flow discharge pipeline and the pressure head at each discharge hole were preliminarily determined, and on this basis, the diameter of the discharge hole was obtained. Then, using a self-developed porous and equal discharge test device, the influences of inlet flow rate, the number of holes, and hole spacing on the equal discharge effect were studied through experiments. Finally, numerical simulation methods were used to analyze the pressure and flow rate variations of the discharge pipeline. The results indicate that the spacing between the discharge holes has the most significant impact on the uniformity of discharge, followed by the number of holes. When the hole spacing is 14.5 cm, the flow rate at the inlet is 330 mL/h, and the number of holes is 6, the uniformity of discharge can reach up to 96%. When the paste flows in a horizontal pipe section, the static pressure of the pipeline decreases along the flow direction, and negative pressure appears at the discharge holes. The closer the discharge hole is to the inlet of the paste, the greater the pressure difference. After the paste reaches a stable state, the flow rate of each discharge hole is basically the same, and the uniformity coefficient reaches 98.8%, which means that the paste can achieve porous and equal discharge.

Paste filling  /  Equal discharge  /  Hole spacing  /  Self-flow gradient  /  Roof-contact ratio
王勇兵, 白龙剑, 王洪江, 袁龙森, 张润芳, 石宏伟, 滕高礼. 膏体充填多孔等量泄流原理试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 90 -96 .
Yongbing WANG, Longjian BAI, Hongjiang WANG, Longsen YUAN, Runfang ZHANG, Hongwei SHI, Gaoli TENG. Experimental Study on the Principle of Porous and Equal Discharge of Paste Filling[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 90 -96 .
采场充填接顶对矿山压力控制有积极作用,但也是膏体充填采矿中的技术难点[1]。目前,国内大部分采用充填法的矿山将膏体泄流口安装在采场挡墙顶部,称为单孔泄流。受膏体料浆流动性的限制,当膏体进入采场后不会自流成水平状态,而是在采场的上方形成一个三角形未接顶空区[2-3]。三角形空区的存在会劣化充填体对顶板的支撑效果,造成顶板下沉等问题。因此,消除三角形未接顶空区是提高充填接顶效果的有效途径。姚振巩[4]首次提出等量分流技术,即增加膏体的泄流口能够改善充填体的沉降特性和颗粒分布状态。
针对“充填接顶”这个在膏体充填领域广泛存在的问题[5],大量的学者通过研发新材料[6]、新技术[7]和新装备[8]以提高采场接顶率。然而,已有研究大多以优化充填料浆配比[9]、膨胀性和采场结构[10]为主,改善接顶率的方法有强制崩落接顶、膨胀接顶和加压泵送接顶[11],并没有特别考虑采空区料浆的泄流方式。国内膏体充填管道系统末端泄流方式为自然出流[12],这种泄流方式存在无法消除流量变化、气泡溃灭引起的管道振动[13]和膏体料浆[14]冲击扰动采场内浆体等方面的问题。为了消除由膏体自流坡度形成的三角形未接顶空区,改善充填体质量的不均匀性和提升采场充填接顶率,本文将探明多孔等量泄流原理,提出充填管道等量泄流设计方法。
本文基于流体力学理论,考虑矿山充填实际情况,自主研发了多孔等量泄流试验装置,通过模拟试验研究了入口流量、开孔个数和孔间距对等量泄流效果的影响。在试验的基础上,利用Fluent软件,分析了多孔泄流中孔口处的压强和流量变化规律,并提出了多孔等量泄流管道设计方法。研究成果可为充填管道等量泄流孔的设计提供理论依据。
依据有压管道沿程水头损失达西-韦斯巴赫公式[15],沿水流方向单位长度管道上的水力坡度可表达为式(1)。
式中:Δhf为水力坡度,m;D为管道内径,m;λ为沿程摩擦阻力因数;v为管道截面平均流速,m/s;g为重力加速度,m/s2。
流速v为流量和截面积的比值,则水力坡度可表达为式(2)。
式中,Q为管道流量,m3/s。
在膏体充填过程中,伸入采场管道的长度远大于泄流孔直径,局部结构变化所占的比例很小。因此,忽略局部水头损失,即水力坡度仅考虑沿程水头损失。
多孔等量泄流管道中,流量和每段管道的水力坡度都是逐渐递减的。假设每个泄流孔之间的孔距相等,且孔距为a,开孔个数为管道总长和孔间距的比值,则总孔数为E的多孔等流量泄流管道沿程水头损失见式(3)。
令,即:
式中:a为孔距,m;E为总孔数,个。
管道上的泄流口为薄壁圆形孔口。依据薄壁圆形孔口出流公式,泄流孔处的流量计算见式(5)。
式中:Ai为第i个泄流孔的面积,m2;qi为第i个泄流孔的出流量,m3/h;μ为管道薄壁孔口的流量系数,取0.62;Hi为第i个孔口的压力水头,m。
泄流孔直径计算公式见式(6)。
综上可知,首先用式(2)和式(3)可得到多孔等流量泄流管道沿程水头损失和各泄流孔处的压力水头。然后,基于各泄流孔的压力水头利用公式(6)得到开孔直径。
试验材料主要为云南某铅锌矿的浓密机底流全尾砂,密度为2 750 kg/m3。充填所用全尾砂的粒级分布曲线见图1。由图1可知,全尾砂中−74 μm所占比例为65.06%,−200 μm所占比例为86.72%,加权平均粒径为78.25 μm,属于尾中砂[16]。
多孔等量泄流试验装置由充填泄流管道和采场的等比例缩小模型组成。泄流管道直径D=15 mm,采场模型尺寸为:长×宽×高=750 mm×150 mm×150 mm。
多孔等量泄流模型试验主要研究入口流量、开孔个数和孔间距这3个因素对多孔等量泄流效果的影响,料浆质量浓度为78%,泄流孔直径为5~7 mm。采用正交设计试验方案,入口流量设置为260 mL/h、300 mL/h、340 mL/h;开孔个数为5个、6个、7个;孔间距为10 cm、20 cm、30 cm。
首先,配置10~25 L质量浓度为78%的膏体料浆,并用清水润湿模拟管道,减弱管壁效应的影响[17]。然后,将膏体料浆加入漏斗,打开膏体出料阀门,观察泄流孔的出流情况,并使用容器收集每个孔流出的膏体料浆。最后,用量杯测定每个孔流出的料浆量,做好记录。
孔间距与开孔个数对等量泄流效果交互影响的等高线及响应曲面见图2(颜色标识见电子版)。由图2可知,均匀度系数受开孔间距的影响变化很大,两端颜色越来越浅,颜色变化相比于开孔个数对响应值的影响更显著,在孔间距为10 cm时,孔口出流的均匀度系数随开孔个数的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势,在开孔个数为6时出现最大值,这说明开孔个数并非越多越好,存在一个中间峰值。在开孔个数为6时,均匀度系数在孔间距为14.5 cm处出现最大值,且在20~30 cm区间内,均匀度系数从95.65%递减至90.07%,变化显著。
开孔个数和入口流量对等量泄流效果交互影响的等高线见图3(颜色标识见电子版)。
由图3可知,等高线图颜色变化受开孔个数的影响相较于入口流量更加显著,且均匀度系数随着入口流量和开孔个数的增大均表现出先增大后减小的趋势,在入口流量为300 mL/h时,均匀度系数随开孔个数增大从95.65%降至92.86%后又回升至95.65%。在入口流量为330 mL/h、开孔个数为6个时,均匀度系数达到峰值。
孔间距和流量对等量泄流效果交互影响的等高线见图4(颜色标识见电子版)。由图4可知,等高线图中曲线形状为椭圆形,表明孔间距及入口流量对等量泄流效果影响显著,且等高线图颜色变化受孔间距的影响相较于入口流量更明显。孔间距为20 cm时,均匀度系数随入口流量变化不大,约为95.65%。整体来看,均匀度系数受孔间距影响呈现出的规律与上文分析结果一致,随着孔间距的增大,均匀度系数先增大后减小。在入口流量为330 mL/h、孔间距为15 cm时,均匀度系数达到峰值,为96.58%。
(1)模型参数与网格划分。采用Fluent数值模拟软件构建多孔等量泄流数值模型[18]。充填泄流管道数值模型参数为:内径150 mm,长5 000 mm,如图5所示。图中4个绿色点为泄流孔,位置分别为z=0 m、z=0.5 m、z=1.5 m、z=2.5 m(颜色标识见电子版)。为了提高网格质量以及后处理的计算速度,将四面体网格转化成多面体网格,网格数为30 188,网格精度为0.01[19]。
(2)边界条件及材料参数。在数值模拟中,流体为全尾砂、水泥和水组成的全尾砂膏体。对膏体赋予相应的黏度和密度等参数[20]。数值模型在入口端采用速度边界,设定泄流管道入口处的膏体流速为1.5 m/s,末端不设置出口边界,膏体均从泄流孔流出,泄流孔采用质量出口边界条件,均为自由出流。膏体模型使用k−ε湍流模型,管道材料为钢。数值模拟中材料参数见表1。
为了观察管道内部的压强变化,创建沿管道轴向中心截面(X方向)以及垂直管道轴向(Z方向)各泄流孔中心截面,创建z=0 m,z=0.5 m,z=1.5 m,z=2.5 m共4个截面,各截面压力云图如图6所示。
由图6可知,膏体从水平管入口端沿管道流动过程中,管道的静压呈现下降趋势,但是在泄流孔的孔口处却出现了负压,其原因在于泄流孔处流量损失造成泄压。泄流孔处压力最小,这是由于膏体在水平管段流动时,流态相对稳定,当到达泄流孔附近时,孔径突然缩小导致膏体流态发生变化,管道内的膏体由被挤压状态转变为孔口自由出流,流速突然增大。根据膏体流速与压强的关系(边界层效应)可知,膏体速度加快时会导致膏体边界压力减小,与此同时,部分膏体静压转换成动压,产成扰动圈致使静压值出现波动并达到最小值。
管道入口处静压值为14.3 kPa,沿着膏体流动方向逐渐递减,在管道末端静压值为6.53 kPa。各泄流孔处的压强变化表现出相同的规律,均为从管内正压变化为负压,再恢复至正压。在管壁与空气交界处,压力迅速下降至负值并且在泄流孔圆周附近达到静压最小值,为−3.36 kPa。各个泄流孔出口端与大气接触,压强值均为0.19 kPa,但是远离管道入口端的泄流孔对应的管道压力较小。综上所述,靠近膏体入口端的泄流孔处的压强差大,且距离入口端越近压强差值越大。
分别对4个泄流孔进行流量监测,得到各个泄流孔的流量与迭代次数关系,如图7所示。由图7可知,各泄流孔出口处的流量波动曲线最终都趋近于平稳,说明流动达到了收敛状态,管内膏体稳定出流。膏体达到稳定状态时,泄流孔流量分别为10.26, 10.23, 10.43, 10.27 kg/s,均匀度系数为98.8%,达到多孔等量泄流标准。
在出口1处,膏体流量从38.65 kg/s急剧下降后趋于10.26 kg/s,这是由于膏体进入管道后在管首段的压强最大,而膏体运动的基本原理是从压强大的区域流向压强小的区域,所以当流经第一个泄流孔时,管壁内外的巨大压强差使得出口流量瞬间“飙升”至高点,然后随着膏体继续向前流动出现分流情况,流量又迅速下降。
在出口2处,膏体流量先从8.41 kg/s上升至11.34 kg/s后“倒流”回10.23 kg/s直至稳定,以及后面的泄流孔出口流量均开始由从小流量慢慢加大到稳定状态,这说明膏体在面对多个出口边界时存在一个调节区间,在这个区间内膏体通过自我调节能力将流量调控至稳定状态。
(1)针对单孔泄流会造成采场内形成三角形未接顶空区的问题,基于流体力学理论,提出多孔等量泄流充填管道中开孔直径和个数的设计方法。
(2)采用自制多孔等量泄流管道模型开展模拟试验,结果表明泄流孔间距对泄流孔的泄流均匀度影响最显著。当孔间距为14.5 cm、入口流量为330 mL/h、开孔个数为6时,泄流均匀度高达96%。相比于单孔泄流,多孔泄流能够消除由膏体自流坡度形成的三角形未接顶空区。
(3)膏体在水平管段流动时,管道静压沿流动方向呈下降趋势,在泄流孔口处出现负压且越靠近膏体入口端的泄流孔处压强差越大。
(4)通过监测泄流口流量可知,膏体达到稳定状态后,各泄流孔出流量基本一致,均匀度系数达98.8%,即膏体可以实现多孔等量泄流。本研究为膏体充填领域等量泄流技术的推广应用提供了理论支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(51834001)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
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国家自然科学基金重点项目(51834001)
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    1.云南驰宏锌锗股份有限公司,云南 曲靖市 654212
    2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083
    3.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司,福建 龙岩市 364299
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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