Article(id=1322594828261642645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594813749350688, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712419200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260779681, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260779681, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260779681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260779681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594813749350688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260776220, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260776220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=49, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594828953702806, articleId=1322594828261642645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization on Roadway Section Shape of Phosphate Mine with Brittle Direct Roof in Western Hubei Based on Prevention and Control of Rock Burst, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rock burst is the main technical challenge that troubles the safe mining of phosphate mines in the western Hubei region. In order to reduce the rock burst risk of brittle direct roof of phosphate mines in western Hubei, taking the +80 m working face of Shaqihe Phosphate Mine as the research object, the applicability of different roadway section shapes in mines with brittle direct roof was analyzed, and an inverted trapezoidal section scheme conducive to prevention and control of rock burst was proposed. Numerical simulation method was used to study the distribution characteristics of stress, elastic energy, and displacement of surrounding rocks under different section shapes, the optimal section shape was selected, and the design of relatively safe and economical section parameters were optimized. Finally, engineering verification was carried out on the working face site. The results show that for mines with brittle direct roof, the stress concentration of the roof with rectangular section is the most significant, the roof subsidence of the positive trapezoidal section is large, while the roof stress distribution of the inverted trapezoidal section is relatively uniform, and the roof stress and elastic energy are obviously released, thus reducing the risk of rock burst. Thus, the inverted trapezoidal section is the optimal section shape, with corresponding parameters of 3.4 meters for the upper bottom, 3 meters for the lower bottom, and 4 meters for the height. After optimizing the roadway section, the rock burst of direct roof on the working face has been significantly reduced. The research results can provide a successful example for the prevention and control of rock burst in similar mine roadways in western Hubei.

, authors=Junbao ZHOU1, Qihu WANG1, 2, Nan YAO1, 2, Xiaobing LUO3, Meng WU1, Zhen ZHANG1, Jisuo LING4, Zhaoyun HUANG5, authorsList=Junbao ZHOU, Qihu WANG, Nan YAO, Xiaobing LUO, Meng WU, Zhen ZHANG, Jisuo LING, Zhaoyun HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594833588408754, articleId=1322594828261642645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于岩爆防治的鄂西磷矿脆性直接顶板巷道断面形状优化, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩爆是困扰鄂西地区磷矿安全开采的主要技术难题,为了降低鄂西磷矿脆性直接顶板岩爆风险,以晒旗河磷矿+80 m工作面为研究对象,分析了不同巷道断面形状在脆性直接顶板矿山的适用性,并提出了利于岩爆防治的倒梯形断面方案;采用数值模拟手段研究不同断面形状下围岩应力、弹性能和位移分布特征,优选出最优断面形状,并优化设计出相对安全经济的断面参数,最后在工作面现场进行工程验证。结果表明:对于脆性直接顶板矿山,矩形断面顶板应力集中最显著;正梯形断面顶板沉降较大,而倒梯形断面顶板应力分布相对均匀,其顶板应力和弹性能得到了明显释放,从而降低了岩爆风险,故倒梯形断面为最优断面形状,其最优断面参数上底宽为3.4 m,下底宽为3 m,高度为4 m;巷道断面优化后的工作面现场直接顶板岩爆现象明显减弱,为鄂西地区类似矿山巷道岩爆防治提供了成功范例。

, authors=周俊宝1, 王其虎1, 2, 姚囝1, 2, 骆效兵3, 伍蒙1, 张震1, 凌济锁4, 黄兆云5, authorsList=周俊宝, 王其虎, 姚囝, 骆效兵, 伍蒙, 张震, 凌济锁, 黄兆云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

周俊宝(1999—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿山安全。E-mail:

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周俊宝(1999—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿山安全。E-mail:

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周俊宝(1999—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿山安全。E-mail:

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caption=Distribution of vulnerable areas in tunnels of different shapes, figureFileSmall=POtN8tTdYpJnWntSdaPstw==, figureFileBig=IJSWN3qyoHtkv2wbVV6XXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594840618062327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同形状巷道易破坏区域分布, figureFileSmall=POtN8tTdYpJnWntSdaPstw==, figureFileBig=IJSWN3qyoHtkv2wbVV6XXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594840794223096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Section shapes and size parameters, figureFileSmall=pi+4nxFoIGmYCXOo1j3IKA==, figureFileBig=tJbzKnc/2lGt/F3q6N3L3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594840873914873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=CN, label=图2, caption=断面形状与尺寸参数, figureFileSmall=pi+4nxFoIGmYCXOo1j3IKA==, figureFileBig=tJbzKnc/2lGt/F3q6N3L3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594840957800954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Horizontal stress cloud maps of surrounding rock with different cross-sections, figureFileSmall=i37NjoXg75R3lTLUdPaIYg==, figureFileBig=rZnYsX3hGuc/pbQTDhUzGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594841024909819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同断面围岩水平应力云图, figureFileSmall=i37NjoXg75R3lTLUdPaIYg==, figureFileBig=rZnYsX3hGuc/pbQTDhUzGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594841108795900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Vertical stress cloud maps of surrounding rock with different cross-sections, figureFileSmall=X/zczvlpJvLqwJAVRtxGvA==, figureFileBig=AmUtASpVCIFWg+9GuHJI1g==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Advantages, disadvantages and applicability of commonly used cross-sectional shapes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断面形状优点缺点适用范围
正梯形断面利用率较高,掘进、支护较简单。角部易产生应力集中,稳定性较差。顶压和侧压较小、服务年限短的巷道。
矩形断面利用率最高,掘进、支护简单。断面受力不均,角部易产生应力集中,剪切破坏严重,承压性能差。顶压和侧压小、服务年限短的巷道。
直墙半圆拱形承压能力强,稳定性好,施工维护方便。断面利用率较其他断面低,顶板损伤较大,经济性较差。顶压较大、侧压较小、服务年限长的巷道。
), ArticleFig(id=1322594842228675083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594828261642645, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用断面形状的优缺点和适用范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断面形状优点缺点适用范围
正梯形断面利用率较高,掘进、支护较简单。角部易产生应力集中,稳定性较差。顶压和侧压较小、服务年限短的巷道。
矩形断面利用率最高,掘进、支护简单。断面受力不均,角部易产生应力集中,剪切破坏严重,承压性能差。顶压和侧压小、服务年限短的巷道。
直墙半圆拱形承压能力强,稳定性好,施工维护方便。断面利用率较其他断面低,顶板损伤较大,经济性较差。顶压较大、侧压较小、服务年限长的巷道。
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Physical and mechanical parameters of models

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名称单轴抗压强度/MPa密度/(g·cm–3)杨氏模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa内摩擦角/(°)
顶板86.202.945.230.287.223.962.0446.20
直接顶板87.602.975.330.276.843.861.7345.80
矿层67.872.834.620.255.363.081.5443.25
底板76.402.884.650.236.342.871.8943.90
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模型物理力学参数

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名称单轴抗压强度/MPa密度/(g·cm–3)杨氏模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa内摩擦角/(°)
顶板86.202.945.230.287.223.962.0446.20
直接顶板87.602.975.330.276.843.861.7345.80
矿层67.872.834.620.255.363.081.5443.25
底板76.402.884.650.236.342.871.8943.90
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基于岩爆防治的鄂西磷矿脆性直接顶板巷道断面形状优化
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周俊宝 1 , 王其虎 1, 2 , 姚囝 1, 2 , 骆效兵 3 , 伍蒙 1 , 张震 1 , 凌济锁 4 , 黄兆云 5
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(2): 49-56
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (2) : 49 -56
基于岩爆防治的鄂西磷矿脆性直接顶板巷道断面形状优化
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周俊宝1 , 王其虎1, 2, 姚囝1, 2, 骆效兵3, 伍蒙1, 张震1, 凌济锁4, 黄兆云5
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 2.湖北省工业安全工程技术研究中心,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 3.湖北省应急救援中心,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 4.湖北东圣化工集团东达矿业有限公司,湖北 宜昌市 444211
  • 5.湖北景深安全技术有限公司,湖北 宜昌市 443002
作者简介:

周俊宝(1999—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿山安全。E-mail:

Optimization on Roadway Section Shape of Phosphate Mine with Brittle Direct Roof in Western Hubei Based on Prevention and Control of Rock Burst
Junbao ZHOU1 , Qihu WANG1, 2, Nan YAO1, 2, Xiaobing LUO3, Meng WU1, Zhen ZHANG1, Jisuo LING4, Zhaoyun HUANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
  • 2.Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
  • 3.Hubei Provincial Emergency Rescue Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
  • 4.Hubei Dongsheng Chemical Group Dongda Mining Corporation, Yichang, Hubei 444211, China
  • 5.Hubei Jingshen Security Technology Corporation, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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岩爆是困扰鄂西地区磷矿安全开采的主要技术难题,为了降低鄂西磷矿脆性直接顶板岩爆风险,以晒旗河磷矿+80 m工作面为研究对象,分析了不同巷道断面形状在脆性直接顶板矿山的适用性,并提出了利于岩爆防治的倒梯形断面方案;采用数值模拟手段研究不同断面形状下围岩应力、弹性能和位移分布特征,优选出最优断面形状,并优化设计出相对安全经济的断面参数,最后在工作面现场进行工程验证。结果表明:对于脆性直接顶板矿山,矩形断面顶板应力集中最显著;正梯形断面顶板沉降较大,而倒梯形断面顶板应力分布相对均匀,其顶板应力和弹性能得到了明显释放,从而降低了岩爆风险,故倒梯形断面为最优断面形状,其最优断面参数上底宽为3.4 m,下底宽为3 m,高度为4 m;巷道断面优化后的工作面现场直接顶板岩爆现象明显减弱,为鄂西地区类似矿山巷道岩爆防治提供了成功范例。

磷矿  /  脆性顶板  /  岩爆防治  /  巷道断面优化模拟

Rock burst is the main technical challenge that troubles the safe mining of phosphate mines in the western Hubei region. In order to reduce the rock burst risk of brittle direct roof of phosphate mines in western Hubei, taking the +80 m working face of Shaqihe Phosphate Mine as the research object, the applicability of different roadway section shapes in mines with brittle direct roof was analyzed, and an inverted trapezoidal section scheme conducive to prevention and control of rock burst was proposed. Numerical simulation method was used to study the distribution characteristics of stress, elastic energy, and displacement of surrounding rocks under different section shapes, the optimal section shape was selected, and the design of relatively safe and economical section parameters were optimized. Finally, engineering verification was carried out on the working face site. The results show that for mines with brittle direct roof, the stress concentration of the roof with rectangular section is the most significant, the roof subsidence of the positive trapezoidal section is large, while the roof stress distribution of the inverted trapezoidal section is relatively uniform, and the roof stress and elastic energy are obviously released, thus reducing the risk of rock burst. Thus, the inverted trapezoidal section is the optimal section shape, with corresponding parameters of 3.4 meters for the upper bottom, 3 meters for the lower bottom, and 4 meters for the height. After optimizing the roadway section, the rock burst of direct roof on the working face has been significantly reduced. The research results can provide a successful example for the prevention and control of rock burst in similar mine roadways in western Hubei.

Phosphate mine  /  Brittle roof  /  Prevention and control of rock burst  /  Optimization simulation of roadway section
周俊宝, 王其虎, 姚囝, 骆效兵, 伍蒙, 张震, 凌济锁, 黄兆云. 基于岩爆防治的鄂西磷矿脆性直接顶板巷道断面形状优化. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (2) : 49 -56 .
Junbao ZHOU, Qihu WANG, Nan YAO, Xiaobing LUO, Meng WU, Zhen ZHANG, Jisuo LING, Zhaoyun HUANG. Optimization on Roadway Section Shape of Phosphate Mine with Brittle Direct Roof in Western Hubei Based on Prevention and Control of Rock Burst[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (2) : 49 -56 .
岩爆是在开挖扰动下,高构造应力岩体中累积的弹性变形能突然释放[1],导致围岩破坏、碎裂喷射的现象,伴随着能量的猛然释放[2-3]。随着磷矿资源需求量的逐年增加,浅部磷矿资源已难以满足社会需求,鄂西地区多处磷矿矿山相继进入深部开采阶段[4],远安、兴山、夷陵等矿区最大埋深已达千米以上,深部岩体处于“三高一扰动”的复杂地质环境[5],巷道掘进过程中矿压显现剧烈,围岩变形量大,岩爆灾害频繁发生且影响时间较长[4],严重阻碍了矿层开采进度[6]。鄂西地区部分磷矿采场巷道磷矿岩与顶板之间有一层硬度大、脆性高的直接顶板,作业现场断面形状多为正梯形、矩形或直墙半圆拱形,在开采过程中直接顶板位置岩爆灾害频发。
巷道断面形状是影响岩体稳定性的重要因素,为此,众多学者研究了巷道断面形状对岩体稳定性的影响。张进鹏等[7]通过数值模拟,对矩形、斜顶梯形和拱形断面巷道围岩的应力和变形特征进行分析,得出半圆拱形巷道受力相对均匀,斜顶梯形巷道两帮变形量最小的结论。邢军等[8]、段燕伟[9]、蒲志强等[10]通过数值模拟对多种巷道断面形状和尺寸参数进行了研究,分别确定六边形、直墙圆拱形巷道围岩稳定性较好。杨胜利等[11]通过数值模拟方法研究了围岩的受力与变形破坏特征,确定微拱形为最优断面,并进行了现场验证。米春荣等[12]通过数值模拟方法研究了正方形、直墙拱形等5种断面形式下巷道塑性区、位移和应力的变化情况,发现巷道曲面率变化越小,岩体破裂程度越轻。曾福英[13]采用数值模拟方法,以不同侧压系数下围岩受力状态为基础,研究了4种不同巷道断面下的巷道开挖围岩应力、塑性区变化情况,为相似巷道掘进提供了参考。学者们对断面形状的优化已做了大量研究,但从岩爆防治角度来看,针对鄂西磷矿的研究较少,针对具有脆性直接顶板的巷道断面形状和尺寸参数的研究更少,因此,对鄂西磷矿巷道断面形状和参数优化进行研究具有实际意义。
本文以鄂西地区晒旗河磷矿+80 m工作面为研究对象,分析了不同巷道断面形状在脆性直接顶板矿山的适应性,采用数值模拟方法研究不同断面形状下围岩应力、弹性能和位移分布特征,优选出最优断面形状;并设计出相对安全经济的断面参数,研究尺寸参数改变对围岩主应力和位移的影响,探寻最优的断面尺寸参数方案,并通过现场试验对模拟结果进行验证,研究结果可为鄂西地区类似矿山断面设计提供借鉴。
鄂西地区的矿产资源多属于缓倾斜薄-中厚层状矿床,分布以高山地形为主,矿层延伸至高山深部,矿床赋存条件受地形切割明显。目前多数矿山已进入深部开采阶段,深部区域内有较高的地应力和构造应力,岩爆现象频发,给磷矿开采带来了严重的安全风险。
在层状矿床开采中,采场多采用沿顶底板开采的梯形断面巷道,部分浅部磷矿采用矩形断面巷道开采;而考虑到服务年限和运输设备尺寸,主要运输巷道通常采用应力分布相对均匀的拱形断面,且断面尺寸较大。
根据鄂西地区磷矿岩爆的调研情况,该地区磷矿常用巷道断面形状以正梯形、矩形、直墙半圆拱形为主,3种断面形状的优缺点和适用范围[14-16]见表1。
鄂西地区磷矿顶板多为白云岩,细观结构致密,具有性脆的特点,在开挖扰动作用下易成为岩爆高储能体,更容易积聚能量发生岩爆。若采用直墙半圆拱形断面掘进,部分顶板的连续性被破坏,且顶板易产生爆破损失,会增大顶板岩爆风险,故鄂西地区磷矿采场巷道一般不采用直墙半圆拱形断面,主要运输巷道仍采用直墙半圆拱形断面,同时加强顶板支护。采用正梯形断面可以减弱爆破对顶板的扰动,在开采过程中顶板处未发生高等级岩爆;岩爆次数明显减少,但角部仍然发生轻微岩爆,由于磷块岩脆性弱,岩爆也较弱,基本满足生产需求。不同形状巷道易破坏区域如图1所示。
鄂西地区部分磷矿在磷矿层和白云岩顶板之间还存在一层脆性更大的直接顶板,采用正梯形断面巷道,其直接顶板位置岩爆灾害频率依然较高。本文在正梯形断面基础上,提出采用倒梯形断面,以更多地释放顶板应力和弹性能,从而降低直接顶板岩爆风险。通过对比分析矩形、直墙半圆拱形、正梯形和倒梯形断面的顶板应力、能量和顶板下沉量分布特征,优选出有利于岩爆防治的断面形状及参数。
以鄂西地区晒旗河磷矿为研究对象,该磷矿矿层为沉积型磷矿岩,矿层连续稳定,呈东南方向缓倾斜状,在巷道开采过程中岩爆较频繁。研究区域位于该磷矿+80 m工作面,该区域内采场巷道的直接顶板为含磷白云岩,硬度高、脆性大,顶板为白云岩,在开采中直接顶板位置岩爆灾害频发。
在确保行人安全的前提下,根据现场施工机器、运输设备参数,设计符合条件的巷道断面尺寸,如图2所示。
通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件建立不同断面形状的模型,模型尺寸为20 m×20 m×20 m,其中上部直接顶板厚度为1 m,顶板厚度为7 m,中间矿层厚度为4 m,底部底板厚度为8 m,上部为自由边界,施加垂直方向上的等效荷载,模拟上覆岩层的自重应力,约束模型底部和两边的位移,模型物理力学参数见表2,开挖模拟过程采用摩尔-库伦屈服准则。
晒旗河磷矿+80 m工作面矿层和顶板间有1 m厚的坚硬直接顶板,该直接顶板硬度高、脆性大,经现场调研,岩爆发生的主要原因是直接顶板位置的应力过大,岩爆频繁且声响较大,因此,需对不同断面形状下直接顶板位置的应力分布情况进行研究,不同断面围岩水平方向上应力分布如图3所示,垂直方向上应力分布如图4所示。
矩形巷道直接顶板拉应力和压应力较其他断面巷道大,角部区域压应力集中显著,该区域受压应力和两帮拉应力作用,易发生沿对角线方向的岩石弹射现象,此时岩爆风险较大,因而矩形断面不宜采用;直墙半圆拱形巷道直接顶板处拉应力尤其集中,在开挖或扰动作用下,直接顶板位置爆破扰动较大,易发生垂直方向上的岩爆灾害;正梯形和倒梯形巷道直接顶板位置压应力集中区域相近,但倒梯形巷道顶板的压应力集中区域距巷道顶部较远,应力也较小;4种断面巷道直接顶板位置的压应力值分别为14, 11.4, 9,8.5 MPa,倒梯形巷道直接顶板位置拉应力最小,较正梯形巷道应力降低了0.5 MPa。
对于不同断面形状巷道,两侧围岩的应力大体呈对称分布,只有矩形巷道两侧帮部围岩应力分布不对称,易产生剪切性破坏,岩爆风险较大;各断面巷道均在直接顶板中部位置出现局部的拉应力集中现象,矩形巷道顶板的应力值最大,直墙半圆拱形巷道次之,倒梯形巷道应力值最小,最大拉应力差值为4 MPa,最大压应力差值为9.4 MPa;倒梯形巷道在顶板和帮部位置的应力分布相对均匀,在巷道顶角有压应力作用,但两帮拉应力较小,围岩破坏可能性小,岩爆风险也较小。
弹性体形变过程就是应变能转化为弹性能的过程,应变能和弹性模量计算公式分别如式(1)、式(2)所示。
式中:E1为弹性能,Pa;σ为应力,Pa;ε为应变;E为围岩弹性模量,Pa。
联立式(1)、式(2)可得:
因此,以垂直方向直接顶板位置的最大拉应力、压应力和弹性模量为计算条件,直接顶板的弹性模量为5.33 GPa,根据式(3)可计算不同断面形状下直接顶板的弹性能大小。
倒梯形巷道直接顶板聚集的最大弹性能最小,矩形巷道直接顶板的弹性能最大,围岩压应力弹性能最大差值为64.4 kJ,围岩拉应力弹性能最大差值为6.84 kJ,如图5所示。从能量角度分析,岩体积聚的弹性能越大,发生岩爆的可能性和严重程度就越大,采用倒梯形巷道可以在一定程度上减弱直接顶板的能量聚集,降低岩爆风险。
在不同顶板上方设置位移监测点,每个监测点间隔0.5 m,监测直接顶板和部分老顶的位移量,各断面形状顶板下沉量分布如图6所示。
矩形巷道直接顶板下沉量最大为0.04 m,直墙半圆拱形巷道的直接顶板下沉量最小为0.032 m;直接顶板下沉量与断面尺寸有关,断面上部尺寸参数越大,顶板下沉量就越大;正梯形和直墙半圆拱形巷道在距离直接顶板最下方2.5~5 m内直接顶板下沉量曲线基本一致,如图6所示。
综上,从应力分布情况看,倒梯形巷道围岩的应力分布相对均匀,应力集中区域较远离顶角;同时,采用倒梯形巷道可以在一定程度上降低围岩积聚的弹性能,从而降低岩爆风险。因此,优选后的巷道断面形状为倒梯形断面。
尺寸参数会对围岩稳定产生影响,因此,有必要对倒梯形断面尺寸参数进行优化。结合作业现场设备情况,巷道断面的最小宽度为3 m,最小高度为4 m,同时断面尺寸应尽可能的小,故保持倒梯形下底和高度不变,优化的方向为尽量减小上底的长度。为简化计算模型,倒梯形断面的上下底中线为同一条,底角角度依据三角形计算公式获得,研究不同尺寸参数下倒梯形断面对直接顶板位置岩爆的影响,不同尺寸参数如图7所示。
各参数方案围岩最大主应力分布如图8所示,直接顶板和老顶的下沉量曲线如图9所示。随着倒梯形巷道上底长度的增加,围岩最大主应力先减小后增大,当上底长度为3.4 m时,围岩主应力值最小,为8.05 MPa,改变倒梯形巷道的上底尺寸可在一定程度上减弱围岩应力集中,如图8所示。倒梯形巷道的上底越长,压应力集中区域越靠近于巷道顶角,直接顶板的拉应力集中区域也越大,直接顶板受拉应力和压应力同时作用,岩爆风险也较大;当上底长度由3.2 m增加至3.4 m时,直接顶板位置拉应力减小0.17 MPa,最大压应力减小0.04 MPa,围岩应力集中程度有所减弱。
随着倒梯形巷道上底长度的增加,顶板下沉量大体上逐渐增加,当倒梯形上底长度为3.2 m和3.4 m时,顶板下沉量曲线基本一致,如图9所示。结合最大主应力分布云图来看,当上底长度为3.2 m时,直接顶板位置压应力集中区域较大,且距巷道顶部较近,岩爆风险较大。故该磷矿优化后的巷道断面参数为:上底长3.4 m,下底长3 m,高4 m。
晒旗河磷矿采场巷道原来多选用正梯形巷道断面,开采过程中岩爆多发于直接顶板和上底角落位置,岩爆现象一般表现为多次顶板冒落和片帮,并常伴有弹射现象。
以优化后的断面形状和尺寸参数为依据进行现场工程试验,记录开采过程中的岩爆情况,优化后现场施工的断面形状和尺寸参数方案如图10所示。
采场巷道循环施工4次,每次开采10 m,共进尺40.1 m。开采过程中直接顶板位置岩爆现象明显减弱,无弹射等强烈岩爆活动发生,仅在底角处有轻微岩爆声响,岩爆风险较低,未对工程进度产生影响。
现场工程效果表明,采用倒梯形断面可减缓直接顶板位置的应力集中,岩爆现象明显减弱,虽然顶角仍有岩爆现象,但岩爆等级较低,破坏范围小,对设备和人员造成伤害的可能性小,但在巷道顶角位置仍有部分压应力集中,可在顶角处喷射混凝土支护,以进一步降低岩爆风险。
(1)对于脆性直接顶板的矿山巷道,采用倒梯形断面时围岩应力分布相对均匀,直接顶板的应力集中区域向顶板上方转移,岩爆风险相对较低;倒梯形形状适用于具有脆性直接顶板的采场巷道,倒梯形断面的上底可沿脆性直接顶板布置。
(2)当倒梯形巷道上底长为3.4 m时,围岩直接顶板的主应力最小,顶板下沉量与上底长为3.2 m时差别不大;因此,优选后的倒梯形巷道断面参数为上底长3.4 m,下底长3 m,高4 m。现场工程效果表明:采用倒梯形断面,采场顶板岩爆现象明显减弱,岩爆风险降低。
(3)直接顶板的厚度和倾角等会对围岩应力分布产生影响,由于地质环境的差异性,不同矿山的直接顶板厚度、倾角也有所差别。考虑直接顶板厚度和倾角的差异性,研究合理的巷道断面形状和尺寸参数值得进一步探讨。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA082)
  • 湖北省应急管理厅重点项目(SJZX20211004)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-07
基金
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA082)
湖北省应急管理厅重点项目(SJZX20211004)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430081
    2.湖北省工业安全工程技术研究中心,湖北 武汉 430081
    3.湖北省应急救援中心,湖北 武汉 430081
    4.湖北东圣化工集团东达矿业有限公司,湖北 宜昌市 444211
    5.湖北景深安全技术有限公司,湖北 宜昌市 443002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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