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Article(id=1322594811962568957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260775795, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260775795, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260775795, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260775795, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=186, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594813711593726, articleId=1322594811962568957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Influence of Wind Speed on Dust Diffusion and Mass Concentration in Low-concave Open-Pit Mines, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the adverse effects of loading dust on the occupational health of workers in low-concave open-pit mines and formulate effective dust reduction measures, based on the theory of gas-solid two-phase flow, the Euler-Lagrange model and Fluent numerical simulation software were used to explore the influence of different wind speeds on the diffusion and mass concentration distribution of loading dust near the side slope of low-concave open-pit mines. The results show that the flow separation occurs after the airflow passes through the steps, forming a low-speed turbulent zone, a counterclockwise structural vortex and a clockwise small vortex in the carriage, which makes the flow field structure near the －12 m horizontal mining working face and the carriage of the open-pit mines very complicated. With the increase of wind speed, the aggregation time of loading dust in the carriage is shortened, the diffusion rate of loading dust is increased, the distance of diffusion pollution effect along the X-axis is increased, and the maximum dust mass concentration aggregated in the structural vortex is significantly reduced. The dust mass concentration in the carriage is higher than 100 mg/m3, and the dust mass concentration at the height of the respiratory zone decreases along the way, and the decrease of dust mass concentration is reduced. According to the numerical simulation results and the occupational exposure limit of 8 mg/m3, the area of the dust pollution is determined to be within 15 m in front of the front of the car. Measures are formulated such as using fog gun trucks, sprinkler trucks and equipping protective equipment, and good dust removal effect is obtained.

, authors=Yuwen JIANG1, 2, Lihua KE1, 2, Guangquan ZHANG1, 2, Xiaoke YU1, 2, Zhenxiang HE1, 2, Zhaoyun HUANG3, authorsList=Yuwen JIANG, Lihua KE, Guangquan ZHANG, Xiaoke YU, Zhenxiang HE, Zhaoyun HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihua KE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594815968129304, articleId=1322594811962568957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=风速对低凹露天矿装载扬尘扩散和质量浓度影响研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了降低低凹露天矿装载扬尘对作业人员职业健康的不利影响和制定有效的降尘措施，基于气固两相流理论，采用欧拉-拉格朗日模型，利用Fluent数值模拟软件，探究了不同风速对低凹露天矿临近边帮处装载扬尘扩散和质量浓度分布的影响。研究结果表明：风流经过台阶后发生流动分离，形成了低速湍流区、逆时针结构漩涡和车厢内顺时针小漩涡，使露天矿－12 m水平采装工作面和矿车车厢附近的流场结构非常复杂；随着风速的增加，装载扬尘在车厢里的聚集时间缩短，装载扬尘扩散速率增大，沿X轴扩散污染影响的距离增加，结构漩涡内聚集的最大扬尘质量浓度明显降低，车厢内扬尘质量浓度高于100 mg/m3，在呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度沿程递减，且扬尘质量浓度降低幅度减小。根据数值模拟结果和职业接触限值8 mg/m3，确定装载扬尘污染影响较严重的区域为车头前方15 m以内，并制定了采用雾炮车、洒水车降尘和配备防护装备等措施，获得了较好的除尘效果。

, authors=蒋玉文1, 2, 柯丽华1, 2, 张光权1, 2, 余晓轲1, 2, 贺振祥1, 2, 黄兆云3, authorsList=蒋玉文, 柯丽华, 张光权, 余晓轲, 贺振祥, 黄兆云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柯丽华, authorNote=

蒋玉文（1998—），男，河南信阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事矿山粉尘的研究。E-mail:

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柯丽华（1974—），女，湖北鄂州人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为绿色矿山建设及系统优化。E-mail:
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蒋玉文（1998—），男，河南信阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事矿山粉尘的研究。E-mail:

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蒋玉文（1998—），男，河南信阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事矿山粉尘的研究。E-mail:

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Safety in Coal Mines, 2018, 49(11): 176-179., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of laws of dust dispersion of coal cutter working at different regions of fully mechanized coal mining face, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322594823329132897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, awardId=SJZX20211004, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省安全生产专项项目(SJZX20211004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322594816186233113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594816194621722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, companyId=1322594816186233113, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, language=CN, label=图7, caption=监测点布置, figureFileSmall=2gO/RbPmcUn9imX1YwdWEg==, figureFileBig=6uJlCrsEyg93sWB2DPa3UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594822997782877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fluent numerical simulation parameters setting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
求解器类型离散相模型湍流模型入口边界类型剪切壁面收敛标准离散格式
压力基求解器打开Realizable k-ε 模型速度入口无滑移1×10－6二阶迎风式
入射类型材料直径分布颗粒直径/μm质量流量/(kg/s)湍流扩散模型时间步长/s时间步数
面入射石灰石R-R分布1~1500.05随机轨道模型0.5200
), ArticleFig(id=1322594823077474654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Fluent 数值模拟参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
求解器类型离散相模型湍流模型入口边界类型剪切壁面收敛标准离散格式
压力基求解器打开Realizable k-ε 模型速度入口无滑移1×10－6二阶迎风式
入射类型材料直径分布颗粒直径/μm质量流量/(kg/s)湍流扩散模型时间步长/s时间步数
面入射石灰石R-R分布1~1500.05随机轨道模型0.5200
), ArticleFig(id=1322594823161360735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Loading dust mass concentration values

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监测点沿程/m模拟值F0/(mg/m3)降尘前实测值F1/(mg/m3)降尘后实测值F2/(mg/m3)
129.7211.234.61
156.247.623.34
208.038.222.71
251.612.301.26
300.630.680.42
350.410.430.31
), ArticleFig(id=1322594823236858208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594811962568957, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

装载扬尘质量浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点沿程/m模拟值F0/(mg/m3)降尘前实测值F1/(mg/m3)降尘后实测值F2/(mg/m3)
129.7211.234.61
156.247.623.34
208.038.222.71
251.612.301.26
300.630.680.42
350.410.430.31
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风速对低凹露天矿装载扬尘扩散和质量浓度影响研究
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蒋玉文 1, 2 , 柯丽华 1, 2 , 张光权 1, 2 , 余晓轲 1, 2 , 贺振祥 1, 2 , 黄兆云 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(1): 186-193
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (1) : 186 -193
风速对低凹露天矿装载扬尘扩散和质量浓度影响研究
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蒋玉文1, 2 , 柯丽华1, 2 , 张光权1, 2, 余晓轲1, 2, 贺振祥1, 2, 黄兆云3
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院，湖北　武汉　430081
  • 2.湖北省工业安全工程技术研究中心，湖北　武汉　430081
  • 3.湖北景深安全技术有限公司，湖北　武汉　430081
通讯作者:
柯丽华（1974—），女，湖北鄂州人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为绿色矿山建设及系统优化。E-mail:
作者简介:

蒋玉文（1998—），男，河南信阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事矿山粉尘的研究。E-mail:

Influence of Wind Speed on Dust Diffusion and Mass Concentration in Low-concave Open-Pit Mines
Yuwen JIANG1, 2 , Lihua KE1, 2 , Guangquan ZHANG1, 2, Xiaoke YU1, 2, Zhenxiang HE1, 2, Zhaoyun HUANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
  • 2.Hubei Province Research Center of Industrial Safety Engineering Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
  • 3.Hubei Jingshen Security Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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为了降低低凹露天矿装载扬尘对作业人员职业健康的不利影响和制定有效的降尘措施，基于气固两相流理论，采用欧拉-拉格朗日模型，利用Fluent数值模拟软件，探究了不同风速对低凹露天矿临近边帮处装载扬尘扩散和质量浓度分布的影响。研究结果表明：风流经过台阶后发生流动分离，形成了低速湍流区、逆时针结构漩涡和车厢内顺时针小漩涡，使露天矿－12 m水平采装工作面和矿车车厢附近的流场结构非常复杂；随着风速的增加，装载扬尘在车厢里的聚集时间缩短，装载扬尘扩散速率增大，沿X轴扩散污染影响的距离增加，结构漩涡内聚集的最大扬尘质量浓度明显降低，车厢内扬尘质量浓度高于100 mg/m3，在呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度沿程递减，且扬尘质量浓度降低幅度减小。根据数值模拟结果和职业接触限值8 mg/m3，确定装载扬尘污染影响较严重的区域为车头前方15 m以内，并制定了采用雾炮车、洒水车降尘和配备防护装备等措施，获得了较好的除尘效果。

低凹露天矿  /  采装作业  /  扬尘质量浓度  /  气固两相流  /  数值模拟

In order to reduce the adverse effects of loading dust on the occupational health of workers in low-concave open-pit mines and formulate effective dust reduction measures, based on the theory of gas-solid two-phase flow, the Euler-Lagrange model and Fluent numerical simulation software were used to explore the influence of different wind speeds on the diffusion and mass concentration distribution of loading dust near the side slope of low-concave open-pit mines. The results show that the flow separation occurs after the airflow passes through the steps, forming a low-speed turbulent zone, a counterclockwise structural vortex and a clockwise small vortex in the carriage, which makes the flow field structure near the －12 m horizontal mining working face and the carriage of the open-pit mines very complicated. With the increase of wind speed, the aggregation time of loading dust in the carriage is shortened, the diffusion rate of loading dust is increased, the distance of diffusion pollution effect along the X-axis is increased, and the maximum dust mass concentration aggregated in the structural vortex is significantly reduced. The dust mass concentration in the carriage is higher than 100 mg/m3, and the dust mass concentration at the height of the respiratory zone decreases along the way, and the decrease of dust mass concentration is reduced. According to the numerical simulation results and the occupational exposure limit of 8 mg/m3, the area of the dust pollution is determined to be within 15 m in front of the front of the car. Measures are formulated such as using fog gun trucks, sprinkler trucks and equipping protective equipment, and good dust removal effect is obtained.

Low-concave open-pit mine  /  Mining and loading operations  /  Dust mass concentration  /  Gas-solid two-phase flow  /  Numerical simulation
蒋玉文, 柯丽华, 张光权, 余晓轲, 贺振祥, 黄兆云. 风速对低凹露天矿装载扬尘扩散和质量浓度影响研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 186 -193 .
Yuwen JIANG, Lihua KE, Guangquan ZHANG, Xiaoke YU, Zhenxiang HE, Zhaoyun HUANG. Influence of Wind Speed on Dust Diffusion and Mass Concentration in Low-concave Open-Pit Mines[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 186 -193 .
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0　引言
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采装工作是露天矿生产过程的核心环节。在凹陷露天矿采装工作面上，装载工作产生的扬尘持续时间长，是重要的粉尘源。受风速影响，装载扬尘的扩散和质量浓度会发生变化，对作业人员身体健康和矿山周边生态环境质量造成不同程度的影响。
当前，露天矿粉尘治理研究多涉及粉尘抑尘剂研制[1]、除尘雾化效果研究[2]、山坡露天矿各工艺产尘的扩散特点和质量浓度分布规律研究[3-8]。丁新启等[3]对安家岭露天矿牙轮钻机产生的扬尘质量浓度分布特征进行研究，建议在钻机周围5~10 m处设置高度不低于5 m的移动式围挡设施，取得了较好的降尘效果。黄毅伟等[4]研究了爆破粉尘扩散特征，提出了爆炸水雾场拦截降尘技术，爆破粉尘质量浓度降低了40%。宋子岭等[5]研究了风速变化对露天矿采装工作面粉尘质量浓度分布和PM10颗粒物聚并效果的影响，确定降尘效果最佳的风速为4.5 m/s。陈曦等[6]采用动网格、粒子跟踪技术和现场实测方法，对胜利东2号露天矿自卸卡车运输扬尘的三维动态流场和颗粒运移轨迹进行模拟研究，探寻了自卸卡车造成路面扬尘的主要原因。郭尧等[7]采用数值模拟方法对路堑深孔爆破产生粉尘的动态扩散过程进行研究，确定了不同粒径粉尘的沉降区间。田冬梅等[8]借助Fluent软件探寻了风速对运输扬尘的影响，发现扬尘质量浓度与车速成正相关，且逆风环境下的扬尘质量浓度远高于顺风环境。凹陷露天矿粉尘治理引起研究者关注，主要研究成果涉及复环流式风流对深凹陷露天矿采场粉尘排放效率的影响[9]，深凹露天矿边坡角、深度、采场长轴长度和风速等因素对复环流结构及通风方式的影响[10]，深凹露天矿坑底粉尘颗粒扩散规律和呼吸带高度粉尘质量浓度的分布特征等[11]，而鲜少有关于低凹陷露天矿采装工作面装载扬尘的扩散特征和质量浓度分布特征的研究成果。
为此，本文以某露天矿装载扬尘为研究对象，基于气固两相流理论，利用Fluent数值模拟软件，运用欧拉-拉格朗日模型，对不同风速影响下的风流流场分布特征、扬尘颗粒扩散及扬尘质量浓度分布特征进行研究，以期为制定有效的装载扬尘治理措施提供依据。
1　装载扬尘运移规律的数学模型
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1.1　风流流场的守恒方程
研究粉尘在空气中的运移规律时可采用欧拉‒欧拉和欧拉‒拉格朗日2种模型。欧拉‒欧拉模型包括VOF模型、混合物模型和欧拉模型，该模型将空气和粉尘颗粒都视为连续相，分析空气和粉尘的相互作用，可揭示颗粒相体积分数较大的气固流动规律；欧拉-拉格朗日模型将空气流视为连续相、粉尘颗粒视为离散相，可反映颗粒相体积分数在12%以下的气固流动规律。结合装载扬尘在空气中的运动特征，采用欧拉-拉格朗日模型分析其运移扩散规律。假设采装工作面的空气为三维不可压缩流体，并遵守质量守恒定律和动量守恒定律，如式(1)至式(4)[12-13]所示。
质量守恒方程：
动量守恒方程：
式中：ρ为空气密度，kg/m3；t为时间，s；ux、uy、uz为速度矢量u在X、Y、Z轴方向上的分量，m/s；P为流体微元体上的压力，Pa；τxx、τyx、τzx、τxy、τyy、τzy、τxz、τyz、τzz分别为作用在微元体表面上的分子黏性应力τ的分量，N；Fx、Fy、Fz为微元体上的体力，N，若体力只有重力，且位于Z轴竖直方向上，则Fx=0、Fy=0、Fz=－ρg,g为重力加速度。
1.2　扬尘颗粒的控制方程
在拉格朗日坐标系下，对流场中的扬尘颗粒进行受力分析，其中重力、空气阻力和空气浮力对颗粒的运动起主要影响作用，压力梯度力等其他作用力的数量级太小，可忽略不计[14]，故按式(5)建立采装扬尘颗粒运动的微分方程[15]，以反映扬尘颗粒在流场中的运移特征。
式中：mp表示颗粒的质量，kg;up表示颗粒的运动速度，m/s;G表示颗粒所受的重力，N;Fd表示颗粒运动所受的空气阻力，N;Ff表示颗粒运动所受的空气浮力，N。
2　几何模型构建及边界条件设置
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2.1　几何模型构建
收集某露天石灰石矿装载工作面的基本信息：矿山台阶高度为12 m，台阶坡面角为60°；装载作业地点为封闭圈以下第一个台阶，开采水平标高为－12 m，装载作业影响区域的长、宽和高分别为180 m、60 m和40 m；矿用汽车长、宽分别为7.6 m和3.4 m，车头长2.8 m、高3.8 m，车厢长4.8 m、高3 m；矿用汽车车厢底距离地面1.8 m。按以下简化和假设，建立装载作业计算区域的几何流场模型，如图1所示。
（1）按实际尺寸，将装载作业的影响区域和矿用汽车车头和车厢简化为长方体，其中，车厢为上方敞开的空心长方体，且不考虑汽车轮胎的影响。
（2）矿用汽车车厢后边缘距台阶坡底线的水平距离为3 m，满足安全距离要求。
（3）研究对象为季节主风向条件下的临近采场边帮处的装载扬尘，确定风流流向如图1所示，并通过现场测试，确定流场入口的4种特征风速为1.6 m/s、2.2 m/s、2.8 m/s、3.3 m/s。
（4）以矿用汽车中轴线与台阶坡底线的交点作为坐标系原点，将矿用汽车长度方向设置为X轴正方向，建立空间坐标系OXYZ。
（5）由于单斗铲的出口面积为4 m2，故假设装载扬尘颗粒由车厢内底面边长为2 m的方形区域竖直向上射入流场产生。
2.2　网格划分及模拟参数设置
对所建几何模型进行网格划分，通过增加流场边界层，并对矿车壁面进行加密处理，以提升网格质量，网格划分结果如图2所示。该网格的平均单元质量为0.85，扭曲度为0.21，表明网格质量较好，满足模拟计算的精度要求。
将网格导入Fluent软件中设置模拟参数，并采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型求解装载扬尘运移规律。使用LD-6C型光散射式激光粉尘仪和英国马尔文粒径仪对装载作业扬尘进行监测和粒径分析，并依据查阅的相关文献设置求解器、湍流模型、入口类型和扬尘颗粒粒径等参数，见表1。
3　数值模拟结果与分析
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3.1　风速对采装工作面风流流场分布特征的影响
为了探究不同风速下低凹陷露天矿临近边帮处装载扬尘的运移规律，掌握扬尘质量浓度的具体分布情况，应分析装载工作面的风流流场分布特征。在1.6 m/s、2.2 m/s、2.8 m/s、3.3 m/s等4种风速条件下，对装载工作面流场进行模拟，并分别绘制了流场中心y=0截面处（矿车车厢中轴线处）的风速云图、矿车附近的风流分布矢量图，分别如图3和图4所示。
由图3可知，风流以一定速度流进流场，经过台阶处发生后台阶流动。因流场横断面突增导致风流分离。在台阶处分离后的上、下两侧风流速度不同，形成自由剪切层。自由剪切层随着风流向前发展，形成了封闭回流区。在封闭回流区内存在的旋转大结构漩涡(见图4)和持续稳定风流的共同影响下，在台阶坡面和台阶角部处，沿X轴的一定范围内形成了高度沿程逐渐递减的低速湍流区（见图3深蓝色区域，颜色标识见电子版）。低速湍流区上空12 m高度处一定范围内出现了高速湍流区（见图3(d)中橙红色区域）。上、下两侧风流分别在高速湍流区和低速湍流区之后汇聚，流速逐渐趋于平稳。随着风速的增大，低速湍流区长度增加，高速湍流区影响范围也扩大。
结合图3和图4可知，台阶处流动分离形成的自由剪切层随着风流向前发展，形成的封闭回流区内存在一个与台阶同高的逆时针旋转的大结构漩涡。当结构漩涡沿X轴方向带动风流运移至矿车车厢时，因车厢内空间狭小，导致风流聚积在车厢内部，被壁面不断反弹形成低速顺时针旋转的小漩涡。结构漩涡风流运移至矿车车头和车厢外壁时，因壁面反弹不规则运动，在车头上方形成了明显的低速密集的风流流线区，同时在矿车底部空间相对狭小处形成了明显的相对高速密集的风流流线区。车厢内小漩涡区和车头上方低速密集风流区成为低速湍流区的一部分。同时，在上侧高速风流的推动下，部分低速风流沿X轴向车头前方运移，形成带状低速湍流区（见图3）。可见，矿车附近的流场结构非常复杂。随着风速的增大，大结构漩涡引起的低速湍流区沿X轴的影响范围扩大，车厢内小漩涡更加明显，车厢底部风流速度也相对增大。
3.2　风速对装载扬尘扩散及质量浓度空间分布特征的影响
为分析风流场分布对粉尘运移的影响，观察扩散时间为20 s、60 s、100 s的装载扬尘颗粒空间分布状态，如图5所示。
由图5可知，装载扬尘产生于矿车车厢，受车厢内部顺时针旋转的低速涡流影响，装载扬尘不易扩散，在一定时间内聚集在车厢内部，导致车厢内部扬尘质量浓度较高，达到了100 mg/m3。对比图5(a)至图5(d)中第20 s的扬尘空间分布状态可知，随着风速的增大，装载扬尘聚集在车厢内的时间缩短，但车厢内部扬尘质量浓度高于100 mg/m3。
由图5(a)中3个时刻的装载扬尘空间分布状态可知，当风速为1.6 m/s时，扬尘在第20 s时刚刚从车厢逸出，随后在封闭回流区结构漩涡的影响下逆时针旋转运移；随着时间的延长，逸出车厢的扬尘颗粒数量增加，在运移过程中扩散或聚集，在结构漩涡内聚集程度增加，扬尘质量浓度较高，在50~100 mg/m3范围内变化；在第60 s时，扬尘在结构漩涡的影响下呈现近似环状的空间分布，在结构漩涡和重力的共同影响下，一部分扬尘颗粒在运移过程中逐渐向地面沉降，一部分扬尘颗粒随结构涡流漂移扩散，一部分扬尘颗粒在上侧高速风流的影响下，沿X轴在带状低速湍流区中运移，直至扩散到整个低速湍流区（见图3深蓝色区域）；第100 s时，结构漩涡内扬尘质量浓度降为20~30 mg/m3。
对比图5(a)至图5(d)中3个时刻的装载扬尘空间分布状态可知，不同风速条件下，装载扬尘运移扩散具有相似的规律。装载扬尘在车厢内小漩涡的影响下聚集一定时间后，再在结构漩涡和上侧高速风流的共同影响下，分别逆时针旋转运移和沿X轴在低速湍流区运移，同时在运移过程中不同程度地聚集、扩散和沉降，直至扩散至整个低速湍流区；随着时间的增加，扬尘扩散范围逐渐增大，扩散区域内的扬尘质量浓度逐渐降低；当风速增大时，装载扬尘在车厢内的聚集时间缩短，结构漩涡流速增加，扬尘颗粒向四周扩散速率增大，沿X轴扩散的距离增加，结构漩涡内扬尘质量浓度降低更加明显。
3.3　风速对装载扬尘质量浓度沿程分布的影响
依据《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分：化学有害因素》(GBZ2.1—2019)规定，确定石灰石矿粉尘的职业接触限值为8 mg/m3。为分析装载扬尘对职业健康危害的影响范围，基于以上装载扬尘扩散特点及空间分布特征，绘制不同风速条件下第60 s和第100 s时刻的扬尘质量浓度沿程分布曲线，如图6所示，分析不同风速条件下矿车中心沿X轴方向呼吸带高度处(z=1.5 m)的扬尘质量浓度变化规律。
由图6(a)可知，当t=60 s，风速为1.6 m/s时，因装载扬尘随结构漩涡扩散的速率小，主要聚集在矿车及其上方空间范围内，导致呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度最大仅为4 mg/m3（沿程x=15 m）；当风速分别为2.2 m/s、2.8 m/s、3.3 m/s时，扬尘随结构漩涡扩散速率大，快速在低速湍流区扩散，高呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度达到最大值17 mg/m3、15 mg/m3、14 mg/m3（沿程x=13 m）。可见，由于风速越大，装载扬尘随结构漩涡扩散的速率增大，因此，装载扬尘沿X轴扩散污染的距离越大，呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度最大值越低，扬尘质量浓度呈现沿程减小的趋势。按职业接触限值为8 mg/m3考虑，扬尘沿X轴扩散污染影响的最大范围为矿车前10 m（沿程x=20 m）处。
由图6(b)可知，当t=100 s，风速分别为1.6 m/s、2.2 m/s、2.8 m/s、3.3 m/s时，呼吸带高度处扬尘质量浓度分别达到最大值25 mg/m3（沿程x=13 m)、12 mg/m3（沿程x=19 m)、8 mg/m3（沿程x=21 m)、7 mg/m3（沿程x=30 m)。对比图6(a)和图6(b)，在风速一定的情况下，扬尘颗粒扩散时间由60 s增加到100 s时，扬尘在X轴方向上呼吸带高度处的污染影响距离呈现不同程度的增加，由图6(b)中扬尘质量浓度折线与横坐标交点可知，扬尘污染影响范围为60 m。可见，风速一定时，扬尘质量浓度呈现沿程减小的趋势。随着风速的增加，因装载扬尘随结构漩涡扩散的速率增大，故扬尘颗粒扩散污染影响距离越长，扬尘质量浓度的最大值越低。按职业接触限值为8 mg/m3考虑，扬尘沿X轴扩散污染影响的最大范围为矿车前15 m(沿程x=25 m)处。
由以上分析可知，当风速一定时，受风流漩涡影响，矿车下风向（X轴方向）呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度呈现沿程递减的趋势，且沿程出现多个逐渐降低的扬尘质量浓度峰值；随着扩散时间的延长，扬尘沿X轴扩散污染影响距离增大；当风速增加时，装载扬尘随结构漩涡扩散的速率增大，装载扬尘沿X轴扩散污染影响的距离越大，扬尘质量浓度降低幅度减小。
4　装载扬尘治理措施
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按照数值模拟分析结果，风速在1.6~3.3 m/s范围内变化时，可以确定装载扬尘污染影响较严重的区域为车头前方15 m以内。依据上述分析的扬尘空间分布特征及其质量浓度变化规律，制定以下装载扬尘治理措施。
（1）采用雾炮车降尘方法。
由于车厢内部及其附近的装载扬尘质量浓度高，针对装载扬尘污染影响较严重的区域，采用雾炮车降尘方法。模拟结果显示，不同风速条件下，在t=20 s时，矿车车厢及附近的扬尘浓度高达100 mg/m3。因此，将雾炮车安装在车头前方、且距离矿车边缘的2 m处，控制雾炮车喷雾器装置的垂直角度为45°，喷雾方向朝向矿车。在装载作业落料前5 s开启雾炮车喷雾装置，并持续喷雾25 s，有效地减少装载作业扬尘逸散出车厢。
根据模拟结果，考虑装载扬尘在20 s后逸散出车厢，并随结构漩涡运移扩散，因此，可将雾炮车安装在下风向、且距离车头边缘的15 m以内。为更有效降低扬尘扩散，将雾炮车安装在下风向、且距离车头边缘的10 m处，其喷雾器装置的垂直角度为45°，喷雾方向朝向矿车。在装载作业落料20s后开启雾炮车喷雾装置，并持续喷雾80 s，以降低扬尘扩散污染区域内的扬尘质量浓度。
（2）采用洒水车降尘方法。
考虑装载扬尘在扩散过程中沉降后会成为二次扬尘源头，故采用洒水车降尘方式对工作面污染较严重区以外的区域进行定期洒水作业（每小时洒水一次），以加快扬尘颗粒的沉降和减少二次扬尘。
（3）配备防护装备。
在装载扬尘污染影响较严重区内，扬尘质量浓度高于职业接触限值，故应严格要求岗位作业人员配备滤尘送风式防尘口罩，降低呼吸阻力，减少作业人员职业病发病率。
为分析降尘措施的效果，按照《工作场所空气中粉尘测定第1部分：总粉尘浓度》(GBZ/T192.1—2007)中规定的工作场所空气中粉尘质量浓度测定方法，在装载工作面矿车下风向呼吸带高度处沿程12　m、15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m和35 m处布置6个装载扬尘质量浓度测点，如图7所示。在现场实测风速为2.31 m/s的条件下，测量每个测点采取降尘措施前的扬尘质量浓度值F1和采取降尘措施后的扬尘质量浓度值F2，并计算3次扬尘质量浓度测量值的平均值，见表2。由表2可知，降尘前扬尘质量浓度实测值和模拟值变化趋势一致，降尘措施实施后，沿程呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度均有不同程度的下降，且均低于8 mg/m3，表明除尘效果较好。
5　结论
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（1）开采深度为12 m时，装载工作面流场出现后台阶流动现象，风流在台阶处发生流动分离，形成与台阶同高的逆时针旋转的结构漩涡、矿车车厢内顺时针旋转的小漩涡、X轴方向上的高度沿程递减的低速湍流区和矿车上空的高速湍流区。矿车附近流场结构非常复杂，在车头上方存在低速密集的风流流线区，在车厢底部存在相对高速密集的风流流线区。随着风速的增大，低速湍流区沿X轴的影响范围扩大，漩涡流速增大，车厢内小漩涡更加明显，车厢底部风流速度也相对增大。
（2）风速对装载扬尘扩散和扬尘质量浓度分布有较大影响。风速一定时，装载扬尘在车厢内聚集一定时间后，再在结构漩涡和上侧高速风流的共同影响下，分别随逆时针旋转和沿X轴低速湍流区运移，直至扩散至整个低速湍流区。随着风速的增加，装载扬尘在车厢里的聚集时间缩短，向四周扩散速率增大，并沿X轴扩散的距离增加，结构漩涡内最大扬尘质量浓度降低更加明显，车厢内扬尘质量浓度高于100 mg/m3。
（3）风速对呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度有较大影响。风速一定时，矿车下风向（X轴方向）呼吸带高度处的扬尘质量浓度呈现沿程递减的趋势，且沿程出现多个逐渐降低的扬尘质量浓度峰值。随着风速的增加，装载扬尘随结构漩涡扩散的速率增大，装载扬尘沿X轴扩散污染影响的距离增加，扬尘质量浓度降低幅度减小。随着扩散时间的延长，扬尘颗粒沿X轴扩散污染影响距离增大。
（4）根据模拟结果，风速在1.6~3.3 m/s范围内变化时，车头前方15 m以内的装载扬尘质量浓度高于职业接触限值8 mg/m3，确定为装载扬尘污染影响较严重的区域，并制定了采用雾炮车、洒水车降尘和配备作业人员防尘装备等措施，取得了较好的除尘效果。
基金
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  • 湖北省安全生产专项项目(SJZX20211004)
文献
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间：2024-02-20
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-20
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湖北省安全生产专项项目(SJZX20211004)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院，湖北　武汉　430081
    2.湖北省工业安全工程技术研究中心，湖北　武汉　430081
    3.湖北景深安全技术有限公司，湖北　武汉　430081

通讯作者:

柯丽华（1974—），女，湖北鄂州人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为绿色矿山建设及系统优化。E-mail:
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