Article(id=1322594728860824280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710518400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260755981, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260755981, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260755981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260755981, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=194, endPage=203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594729041179353, articleId=1322594728860824280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Comprehensive Dust Suppression of Dust-Isolation with Air Curtain and Negative Pressure Suction in Grab Unloading, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the dust diffusion phenomenon in the process of grab unloading, the dust-isolation with air curtain and negative pressure suction technology were combined, and the CFD-DEM two-way coupling simulation method was used to study the comprehensive dust suppression system of dust-isolation surrounded by air curtain and negative pressure suction. Through the performance simulation study of the dust-isolation surrounded by air curtain, it is concluded that the effective block of dust can be achieved when the jet velocity of the air curtain is greater than 8 m/s. At the same time, based on the theory of negative pressure suction, the relationship between the mass flow of air flow of the suction port and the unloading time was deduced by CFD fluid mechanics method, and the simulation model of grab unloading was established. The flow field distribution of the unloading plane and the mass flow rate of dusty air flow escaping from the dust-isolation hopper mouth plane were extracted by simulation to reflect the movement of the dusty air flow inside the hopper. The movement law and dust suppression effect of unloading dust before and after the installation of air curtain and negative pressure suction device were compared and analyzed through tsets. The results show that compared with traditional grab, the instullation of air curtain and negative pressure suction device reduced the maximum mass concentration of dust at the hopper mouth by 738.3 mg/m3, which is reduced by about 95.3%, and the complete settlement time of dust is shortened by 60%. The results provide a reference for efficiently solving the problem of dust diffusion in unloading.

, authors=Dongbo SU1, 2, Wenjun MENG1, 2, Hanzhong ZHANG1, 2, Jiaqi LI1, 2, authorsList=Dongbo SU, Wenjun MENG, Hanzhong ZHANG, Jiaqi LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjun MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594736326685448, articleId=1322594728860824280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=抓斗卸料气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对抓斗卸料过程中粉尘扩散现象,将气幕隔尘与负压吸气技术相结合,采用CFD-DEM双向耦合仿真方法,对四周环绕气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘系统进行研究。通过四周环绕气幕隔尘性能仿真研究得出,气幕射流速度大于8 m/s时可以实现粉尘的有效阻隔。同时,基于负压吸气理论,通过CFD流体力学方法,推导出吸气口气流质量流量与卸料时间的关系式,建立抓斗卸料仿真模型,通过仿真提取卸料平面流场分布及隔尘料斗口平面逸出含尘气流质量流量,以反映料斗内部含尘气流的运动情况,通过试验对比分析加装气幕及负压吸气装置前后卸料粉尘运动规律及抑尘效果。结果表明:与传统抓斗相比,加装气幕及负压吸气装置后,料斗口粉尘质量浓度最大值降低了738.3 mg/m3,降低了约95.3%,粉尘完全沉降时间缩短了60%,为高效解决卸料粉尘扩散问题提供了参考。

, authors=苏东波1, 2, 孟文俊1, 2, 张汉中1, 2, 李佳琦1, 2, authorsList=苏东波, 孟文俊, 张汉中, 李佳琦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟文俊, authorNote=

苏东波(1999—),男,山西运城人,硕上研究生,主要从事起重运输机械、气固两相流研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孟文俊(1963—),男,山西太原人,博士,教授,主要从事起重运输机械、物流设备及其系统自动化、机电液体化系统控制研究。E-mail:
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苏东波(1999—),男,山西运城人,硕上研究生,主要从事起重运输机械、气固两相流研究。E-mail:

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苏东波(1999—),男,山西运城人,硕上研究生,主要从事起重运输机械、气固两相流研究。E-mail:

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Study on ventilation dusting system of car dumper[D]. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology, 2015., articleTitle=Study on ventilation dusting system of car dumper, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594761299571573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=28, authorNames=李元辰, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李元辰. 槽边排风罩风量计算方法的研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学,2016., articleTitle=槽边排风罩风量计算方法的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594761458955126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LI Yuanchen, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Yuanchen. 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Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2017, 46: 45-53., articleTitle=Unsteady simulation for optimal arrangement of dedusting airduct in coal mine heading face, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322594755377214296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, awardId=52075356, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075356), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322594737144574729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594737157157642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, companyId=1322594737144574729, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China), 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Fluid boundary conditions and parameters

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类别参数设置
时间稳态
材料空气
模型DPM
湍流模型Standard k-epsilon
诱导气流产生面velocity-inlet 1(0.7 m/s)
射流出口velocity-inlet 2(4,6,8,10 m/s)
出口平面pressure-outlet (0 Pa)
壁面Stationary Wall (no slip)
), ArticleFig(id=1322594754974561107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

流体边界条件及参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别参数设置
时间稳态
材料空气
模型DPM
湍流模型Standard k-epsilon
诱导气流产生面velocity-inlet 1(0.7 m/s)
射流出口velocity-inlet 2(4,6,8,10 m/s)
出口平面pressure-outlet (0 Pa)
壁面Stationary Wall (no slip)
), ArticleFig(id=1322594755041669972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Boundary conditions setting

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类型参数
时间稳态
材料空气
速度入口velocity-inlet(0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0 m/s)
速度出口velocity-outlet(待定)
出口平面0 Pa
), ArticleFig(id=1322594755129750357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

边界条件设置

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类型参数
时间稳态
材料空气
速度入口velocity-inlet(0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0 m/s)
速度出口velocity-outlet(待定)
出口平面0 Pa
), ArticleFig(id=1322594755201053526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Boundary condition and parameters setting

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类型参数
时间稳态
材料空气
仿真速度入口velocity-inlet(8 m/s)
气幕射流出口By UDF
出口平面0 Pa
), ArticleFig(id=1322594755259773783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594728860824280, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

边界条件及参数设置

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类型参数
时间稳态
材料空气
仿真速度入口velocity-inlet(8 m/s)
气幕射流出口By UDF
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抓斗卸料气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘研究
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苏东波 1, 2 , 孟文俊 1, 2 , 张汉中 1, 2 , 李佳琦 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(1): 194-203
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (1) : 194 -203
抓斗卸料气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘研究
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苏东波(1999—),男,山西运城人,硕上研究生,主要从事起重运输机械、气固两相流研究。E-mail:

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苏东波(1999—),男,山西运城人,硕上研究生,主要从事起重运输机械、气固两相流研究。E-mail:

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苏东波1, 2 , 孟文俊1, 2 , 张汉中1, 2, 李佳琦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.太原科技大学 机械工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.智能物流装备山西省重点实验室,山西 太原 030024
通讯作者:
孟文俊(1963—),男,山西太原人,博士,教授,主要从事起重运输机械、物流设备及其系统自动化、机电液体化系统控制研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

苏东波(1999—),男,山西运城人,硕上研究生,主要从事起重运输机械、气固两相流研究。E-mail:

Study on Comprehensive Dust Suppression of Dust-Isolation with Air Curtain and Negative Pressure Suction in Grab Unloading
Dongbo SU1, 2 , Wenjun MENG1, 2 , Hanzhong ZHANG1, 2, Jiaqi LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 2.Shanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Logistics Equipment, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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针对抓斗卸料过程中粉尘扩散现象,将气幕隔尘与负压吸气技术相结合,采用CFD-DEM双向耦合仿真方法,对四周环绕气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘系统进行研究。通过四周环绕气幕隔尘性能仿真研究得出,气幕射流速度大于8 m/s时可以实现粉尘的有效阻隔。同时,基于负压吸气理论,通过CFD流体力学方法,推导出吸气口气流质量流量与卸料时间的关系式,建立抓斗卸料仿真模型,通过仿真提取卸料平面流场分布及隔尘料斗口平面逸出含尘气流质量流量,以反映料斗内部含尘气流的运动情况,通过试验对比分析加装气幕及负压吸气装置前后卸料粉尘运动规律及抑尘效果。结果表明:与传统抓斗相比,加装气幕及负压吸气装置后,料斗口粉尘质量浓度最大值降低了738.3 mg/m3,降低了约95.3%,粉尘完全沉降时间缩短了60%,为高效解决卸料粉尘扩散问题提供了参考。

抓斗卸料  /  气幕隔尘  /  负压吸气  /  CFD-DEM耦合  /  气固两相流

Aiming at the dust diffusion phenomenon in the process of grab unloading, the dust-isolation with air curtain and negative pressure suction technology were combined, and the CFD-DEM two-way coupling simulation method was used to study the comprehensive dust suppression system of dust-isolation surrounded by air curtain and negative pressure suction. Through the performance simulation study of the dust-isolation surrounded by air curtain, it is concluded that the effective block of dust can be achieved when the jet velocity of the air curtain is greater than 8 m/s. At the same time, based on the theory of negative pressure suction, the relationship between the mass flow of air flow of the suction port and the unloading time was deduced by CFD fluid mechanics method, and the simulation model of grab unloading was established. The flow field distribution of the unloading plane and the mass flow rate of dusty air flow escaping from the dust-isolation hopper mouth plane were extracted by simulation to reflect the movement of the dusty air flow inside the hopper. The movement law and dust suppression effect of unloading dust before and after the installation of air curtain and negative pressure suction device were compared and analyzed through tsets. The results show that compared with traditional grab, the instullation of air curtain and negative pressure suction device reduced the maximum mass concentration of dust at the hopper mouth by 738.3 mg/m3, which is reduced by about 95.3%, and the complete settlement time of dust is shortened by 60%. The results provide a reference for efficiently solving the problem of dust diffusion in unloading.

Grab unloading  /  Dust-isolation with air curtain  /  Negative pressure suction  /  CFD-DEM coupling  /  Gas-solid two-phase flow
苏东波, 孟文俊, 张汉中, 李佳琦. 抓斗卸料气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 194 -203 .
Dongbo SU, Wenjun MENG, Hanzhong ZHANG, Jiaqi LI. Study on Comprehensive Dust Suppression of Dust-Isolation with Air Curtain and Negative Pressure Suction in Grab Unloading[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 194 -203 .
散装物料常会出现在码头、沙场和煤矿场等需要经常进行装卸作业的工业生产中,而抓斗卸料又是这些场合经常进行卸料作业的设备,如砂石、煤矿物料等散装物料进行装卸作业后运输到全国各地[1],散料中的粉尘在装卸作业时会发生扩散,严重污染环境[2],甚至会对作业人员身体健康造成严重威胁,引发各类呼吸系统疾病及安全事故[3-4]。当前常用的抑尘除尘方法为水雾抑尘和通风除尘[5],两种方法都有其缺点和局限性[6-7],至今没有简单高效的技术实现抑尘除尘。将气幕技术与负压吸气方法结合起来,开展抓斗卸料粉尘的阻隔与抑制研究是一种创新性研究。高速气幕射流能有效阻隔粉尘的扩散,减少产尘源一侧粉尘向风幕隔离的另一侧扩散[8],同时采用负压吸气方法捕获气幕阻隔住的粉尘。目前,国内外学者从理论、试验及仿真计算等方面对气幕隔尘及负压吸气进行了相关研究。
JUNG等[9]使用流体动力学(CFD)方法,研究了空气幕气流排放模式,其中有2个设计参数:条缝喷嘴的安装角度(NA)和条缝喷嘴出口处的排出空气速度(NV)。采用CFD分析隧道几何形状类型,以估算空气幕阻挡隧道中含尘气流效果。HOU等[10]研究了大涡集尘旋流布风除尘技术,该方法通过气流分配器将隧道内的空间划分为2个空气场;建立了空气-粉尘耦合模型,研究了空气场和粉尘迁移的规律,分析了气流分布器侧出口的上倾角α和后倾角β对反向旋流的影响,模拟比较了大涡集灰旋流分配系统的除尘技术与传统的长强制短排风技术,分析了不同参数α、β和γ(气流分布器末端出口吹向掘进工作面的气流后倾角)影响下气流和粉尘的变化规律。CAI等[11]开发了综采工作面空气幕控尘技术,各测点粉尘控制率均超过40%,采煤机司机工作区粉尘控制率超过90%。YU等[12]讨论了一种新型风幕发生器的使用方法,并提出了一种新的粉尘控制和防治技术,风幕发生器工作后,随着径向受迫空气比的增加,迎面段前部的水平涡流逐渐减弱,平均气幕负压引起的除尘能力增加。WANG等[13-14]采用CFD-DEM气固耦合仿真技术,研究了矿道综掘过程中冲击风量和抽吸区域对空气幕运动及抑尘规律的影响。PENG等[15]基于CFD计算流体动力学理论,研制了一种基于负压射流除尘原理的负压射流除尘机,研究了射流压力、喷嘴类型、喷嘴开口与吸风口距离对吸净化效果和喷场分布规律的影响。NIE等[16]基于机械风辅助负压吸尘气流结合喷雾除尘的原理,研究了一种新型风力辅助负压吸气除尘装置。对负压喷雾除尘装置开启前后的测点粉尘浓度进行监测,测量得到除尘效率分别达到88.31%和83.45%,有效抑制了工作面高浓度煤尘污染。JING等[17]提出了一种新型的涡吹负压吸尘控制技术,通过数值模拟验证了粉尘控制的原理,通过试验比较了单吸气和涡吹负压吸气的抑尘效率。试验对比表明,涡吹负压吸气技术的除尘性能较好,除尘效率为93.25%。
针对抓斗卸料在非全密封环境下的粉尘源,提出了一种由4个气幕发生器组成的四周环绕气幕,气幕首尾相连形成封闭区域,以限制物料卸料过程中产生的粉尘。同时在料斗底部设计负压吸气孔,通过FLUENT二维平面流体仿真,以探索负压吸气量与含尘诱导气流的关系式,之后通过CFD-DEM双向耦合仿真模拟,分析抓斗卸料时空气速度分布情况,以反映抑尘系统中粉尘颗粒的扩散情况,以期为提出粉尘治理新方法提供依据。
四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗结构如图1所示。其中,橙色箭头为抓斗卸料时料斗内部产生的含尘诱导气流(颜色标识见电子版),4个气幕发生器之间的蓝色箭头为四周环绕气幕。本章节基于单气幕发生器对诱导气流的阻隔作用,综合研究四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗的综合隔尘性能。
空间流体区域的大小设置为800 mm×700 mm×500 mm,设置足够大的流体域以研究四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗综合隔尘性能。在仿真过程中,为简化仿真模型和提高计算效率,假设诱导气流在料斗口平面垂直于气幕运动,根据使用抓斗卸料时粉尘逸出面的尺寸,诱导气流及其携带粉尘产生面设置为300 mm×250 mm×250 mm的长方体,四周环绕气幕隔尘仿真模型如图2所示。
四周环绕气幕气流流向示意如图3所示。图中橙色箭头表示诱导气流流向(颜色标识见电子版),方向垂直于气幕射流,蓝色箭头表示气幕射流流向。
张汉中等[18]研究表明,抓斗卸料在料斗口平面处诱导气流最大逸出风速为0.7 m/s,因此,将诱导气流及其携带粉尘产生面作为仿真速度入口(inlet1),速度设置为0.7 m/s。同时将气幕射流出口设置为速度入口(inlet2),其余面设置为出口平面(outlet)。表1为流体边界条件及参数,仿真的时间步长为1×10-3 s,采用SIMPLE算法和FLUENT的二阶迎风以求解流体流动的控制方程,并采用离散相模型DPM模拟诱导气流中携带粉尘对空气幕的作用,DPM的参数设置与第三章中的参数设置一致。
对四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗进行仿真模拟,对流体域内的空气流场、粉尘颗粒运动状态进行研究,综合分析四周环绕气幕综合隔尘性能。同时分析不同气幕射流速度对诱导气流及其携带粉尘的阻隔作用。
图4为四周环绕气幕隔尘水平空气流场速度矢量图。由于粉尘颗粒的粒径较小,受气流曳力作用比较明显,容易跟随气流流动,因此可通过气流的运动状态及分布情况来反映卸料过程中粉尘的扩散情况。从图中可以看出,诱导气流及其粉尘从产生面发生以后,在运动至接触到气幕时,4个方向的诱导气流及其粉尘受到四周环绕气幕的阻隔作用,会被阻隔在四周环绕流场内部。从仿真图中可以看出,不同的气幕射流速度对诱导气流及其粉尘的阻隔效果存在明显区别,当气幕射流速度大于8 m/s时,可以看出诱导气流没有突破气幕,气幕受到诱导气流及其粉尘的作用,偏转角度也很小,气幕射流均保持良好状态,当气幕射流速度小于6 m/s时,在诱导气流的作用下,气幕无法保持良好状态,气幕受到诱导气流及其粉尘的作用,偏转角度很大,判定气幕被诱导气流突破。
图5为四周环绕气幕隔尘竖直空气流场速度矢量图。四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗对卸料过程产生的含尘诱导气流在料斗口水平方向的逸出起到一定的抑制作用,但在料斗内部正压力的作用下,含尘气流仍会沿着竖直方向不断向料斗上方空间逸出。
通过抓斗卸料试验与仿真对比分析可知,在整个抓斗自由卸料过程中,诱导气流携带粉尘不仅会逸出至长方形料斗上方区域,更会从料斗口平面沿水平方向扩散到周围环境中,在料斗上方设置四周环绕气幕之后,对比卸料过程中诱导气流携带粉尘逸出情况可知,四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗对卸料过程产生的含尘诱导气流在料斗口水平方向的逸出起到了一定的抑制作用。但四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗在卸料过程中,由于气幕的影响作用会导致料斗内部压力增大,含尘诱导气流在料斗内部压力作用下会竖直向上逸出,直至扩散到周围环境中,对于此现象,在上文研究基础上,采取负压吸气方法,以改善四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗的不足之处。
粉尘的产生是由于空气的流动引起的。在抓斗卸料过程中,下落的物料会引起诱导气流的运动,同时料斗内压力增大,从而诱导气流会携带粉尘颗粒不断地向料斗口乃至外界环境中扩散。在诱导气流携带粉尘颗粒逸出前,从料斗内吸气孔位置以一定的质量流量吸气,可以减小料斗内的压力,从而防止粉尘扩散到周围环境中。吸气风量太小,可能只会起到减小诱导气流作用,仍会有少量粉尘在诱导气流携带作用下扩散;吸气风量过大,负压吸气风机功耗过高,系统经济环保性能降低,存在吸走物料的风险。负压吸气量计算方法主要分为控制速度法和流量比法,控制速度法使用较为广泛[19]。
控制速度法是指在吸气口往任意方向扩散的粉尘均能在吸气负压气流的作用下被吸入吸气口,同时获得吸气口捕获粉尘所需的最小吸气速度。采用控制速度法来确定吸气口吸风量的关键在于确定控制速度或者吸气口周围的气流速度分布规律。根据气流控制速度或分布规律,确定吸气孔吸气速度,再结合吸气孔大小求出吸气质量流量。控制速度的选取与吸气孔形式、设计位置及负压吸气区域气流运动状态有关[20]。
吸气孔的吸气量与所处空间环境有关,点汇吸气口气流流动如图6所示。当吸气孔布置在自由空间时,吸气量Q的计算公式如下:
式中:v1、v2为点1和点2处的气流速度,m/s;r1、r2为点1和点2到吸气口的距离,m。
当吸气口设置在平板上时,吸气量可通过式(3)进行计算。
由式(1)至式(3)可看出,当某一位置的气流速度保持不变时,安置在受限制平面上的吸气口吸气量为自由安置吸气口吸气量的一半,因为考虑风机功耗节能的情况,所以安置吸气口时要尽可能地将吸气口安置在受限制平面上[21]。
为了更精确地得出吸气口吸气量,研究人员分析了存在含尘气流和吸风洁净气流情况下的气流运动情况,得出了吸气口含尘气流与吸风洁净气流共同作用下吸气量的流量比法。
流量比法的影响因素包括吸气量Q3、含尘诱导气流量Q1和从吸气口周围吸入洁净气流量Q2。为了使诱导气流携带粉尘颗粒不扩散到外界环境中,需要满足式(4):
Q2/Q1称为流量比(KV),KV越大,在吸气口吸气量增大的同时,含尘气流吸入吸气孔效果更好。实际工程中,关键在于确定诱导气流携带粉尘颗粒不逸出的最小流量比,也称极限流量比,通常通过试验研究得到。
流量比法通过吸气量Q3、含尘诱导气流量Q1和从吸风口周围吸入洁净气流量Q2三者之间的关系来确定吸风量。控制风速则与吸气口结构、安装形式有关,一般采用试验方式测得,受试验条件限制,本文不便通过此方法测得控制风速和吸气孔区域气流运动分布状态,因此使用流量比法计算吸气质量流量。
流量比法通常采用试验方式得出Q1、Q2、Q3之间的关系,从而推出吸气质量流量。本文以试验台情况为基础,在FLUENT软件中通过仿真试验,推出吸气量Q3与含尘诱导气流量Q1的关系。
根据卸料过程中气流运动规律以及料斗形状,吸气孔布置位置位于料斗侧壁底端。根据料斗形状结构尺寸、含尘气流运动规律与吸气孔的布置位置进行简化建模,在FLUENT软件中建立了如图7所示的二维仿真模型,确定吸气量Q3与含尘诱导气流量Q1的关系。
根据料斗卸料截面逸出气流速度分布情况,确定了该仿真模型中具有一个底边入口,边长为0.6 m;具有两个速度出口,边长设计为0.03 m,靠近速度入口;将壁面边长设置为1.1 m,包括料斗壁面高度和空气幕覆盖区域高度。通过改变入口的气流速度大小,速度方向为正,流入流体域方向,入口速度变量分别设置为0.2 m/s、0.4 m/s、0.6 m/s、0.8 m/s和1.0 m/s,同时分别改变两个出口速度大小,速度方向为负,流出流体域方向,通过不断调节速度出口速度,以达到使所有入口气流全部从出口流出的临界速度,仿真模型厚度为0.5 m。边界条件设置见表2。
图8为速度出口—入口气流速度的拟合曲线,通过仿真试验得出了不同速度入口气流速度对应的速度出口临界速度,通过数据拟合得到的关系式,如式(5)所示。
式中:y为速度出口气流速度,m/s;x为速度入口气流速度,m/s。
在抓斗卸料过程中,求得速度入口气流速度x以后,可以根据上式得到速度出口气流速度y,从而再求出负压吸气口气流质量流量。
在抓斗卸料过程中,在物料自由下落阶段,刚开始物料自由下落高度较低,该过程产生的粉尘量相对较少,对料斗内部压力变化及诱导气流影响较小。因此,吸气除尘从抓斗卸料后0.2 s开始,直到所有物料自由落料至料斗内,与之相对应的卸料时间段为0.2~4 s。
张汉中等[18]研究表明,0.2~4 s时间段内,多个时间点距离料斗口平面下方0.6 m处平面气流速度取均值;然后根据式(5),计算得到多个时间点的瞬时理论吸气气流速度;最后对理论吸气气流速度进行拟合,拟合曲线如图9所示。
理论吸气口气流速度Vout随卸料时间t变化的关系式,如式(6)所示。
本文选择将矩形吸气口布置在长方形料斗下端,吸气口尺寸为30 mm×490 mm,数量为2个,分别布置在料斗侧壁面;吸气口气流质量流量Mout计算公式如式(7)所示。
式中:n为吸气孔数量,个;ρ为空气密度,kg/m3;V′out为吸气口平均风速,m/s;Aout为吸气孔面积,m2。
通过理论吸气口气流速度式(6)和式(7)可以推导出吸气口气流质量流量具体计算公式,如式(8)所示。
为验证四周环绕气幕隔尘负压吸气综合抑尘效果,结合上一节负压吸气孔布置位置,在EDEM及FLUENT中建立相关抓斗卸料模型及四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗流体域模型,如图10所示,具体边界条件及参数设置见表3。
负压吸气孔的吸气气流速度使用UDF函数编译进行自定义,具体UDF函数编译公式为式(6)。
粉尘颗粒粒径小,非常容易受到诱导气流的扰动而跟随诱导气流运动,因此可以通过提取仿真时的诱导气流流场结果以反映粉尘的运动情况[22],本文通过提取卸料平面流场分布图及卸料料斗平面口气流质量流量,以反映在负压吸气作用下料斗内部含尘气流的运动情况。
不同卸料时刻卸料平面流场分布如图11所示。
当卸料0.6 s时,卸料物料流周围含尘诱导气流流速最大,此时含尘诱导气流朝着料斗内运动,在料流两侧形成的含尘气流涡旋导致部分含尘诱导气流朝着料斗口运动,但受到负压吸气作用影响,这部分含尘诱导气流在上升过程中被拦截,部分被吸入负压吸气口中。当卸料1.6 s、2.4 s时,此时是二次扬尘产生的主要时刻,此时料斗内涡旋带动的含尘诱导气流风速明显增大。在负压吸气作用下,大部分随涡流向上运动的含尘诱导气流会被捕获,少部分含尘气流会继续向上朝料斗口运动,但在四周环绕气幕阻隔作用下,无法突破气幕扩散到空气中,继续以较小速度向上运动。在卸料3.2 s时,此时卸料产生的含尘诱导气流场已经出现明显衰弱,料斗内由于受到持续负压吸气作用,向上运动的含尘气流在负压吸气作用下,随着负压吸气气流向负压吸气口运动,含尘诱导气流基本被负压吸气口捕获。
图12为隔尘料斗口平面逸出含尘气流质量流量。从图12可以看出,在负压吸气作用下,料斗口平面无含尘气流逸出,料斗口外部气流被吸入料斗内,吸入含尘气流质量流量先增大,在0.6 s时达到最大,为0.17 kg/s,之后稳定一段时间,待卸料4 s后停止负压吸气,料斗口平面含尘气流质量流量逐渐减小为0。
综上,在四周环绕气幕隔尘料斗中增设负压吸气系统后,由于吸气口负压作用,含尘诱导气流受到吸气集捕作用明显,粉尘扩散现象明显被抑制,说明隔尘抑尘方法效果显著。
为了验证抓斗卸料气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘技术的效果,基于传统抓斗卸料设备,建立物理模型进行试验,对比分析气幕隔尘与负压吸气综合抑尘方法的实际效果,以辅助验证仿真模拟的可靠性。
传统抓斗卸料和加装气幕及负压吸气装置后的试验台如图13所示。长方体料斗的尺寸为840 mm×600 mm×500 mm。料斗的下部为金字塔形,底面为192 mm×160 mm,抓斗位于料斗上方的中心,底端距料斗口的高度为200 mm。抓斗的打开和关闭是通过扩展电动推杆来实现的。抓斗的开启角速度设定为30°/s,最大开启角为105°,打开时间为3. 5s。卸料散装物料为煤物料。
试验测量系统由高速摄像机、粉尘浓度测量仪组成。使用Photron FASTCAM Viewer高速摄像机拍摄和记录抓斗的卸载过程,并分析卸料产生的粉尘与周围诱导空气之间的相互作用及运动规律。采用CCZ3000直读式粉尘浓度测量仪,测量范围为0~3 000 mg/m3,利用该仪器测定卸料过程中料斗口周围环境中粉尘质量浓度的变化规律,并对加装气幕及负压吸气装置前后的粉尘质量浓度进行对比分析。
卸料过程中的粉尘运动规律如图14所示,使用高速摄像机拍摄2种试验装置的卸料过程,并选择6个典型时刻(t=0.4 s、t=0.8 s、t=1.2 s、t=1.8 s、t=6.0 s和t=15.0 s)以表示整个卸料过程。
由图14可知,随着抓斗开启卸料,卸料横截面积和物料流速逐渐增加,这逐渐增加了粉尘的扩散量和扩散面积。卸煤过程中,抓斗两侧物料流动连续、均匀、对称。粉尘扩散开始时是相对对称的,随着卸载的进行,呈明显的无序扩散。传统抓斗卸料过程中,粉尘最大扩散范围已明显扩散到料斗周围环境中。对比2个试验台的卸料过程,加装气幕及负压吸气装置后,可以观察到粉尘上升扩散趋势明显衰弱,粉尘最大扩散范围外部轮廓明显缩小,并在全过程中未扩散到料斗周围环境中。
采用粉尘浓度测量仪测定2种装置在卸料过程中料斗口周围环境粉尘质量浓度的变化规律,进行了多次试验,获得了3组具有相同规律的数据作为测量结果。将2种装置测量得到的粉尘质量浓度进行对比分析,为此抑尘方法提供数据支撑。传统抓斗卸料和加装气幕及负压吸气装置后的卸料粉尘质量浓度变化规律如图15所示。
由图15可知,经过粉尘浓度测量仪测量发现,在未加装抑尘装置卸煤过程中,粉尘质量浓度迅速增加,然后缓慢下降,在30 s时达到最大值,粉尘质量浓度达到774.8 mg/m3。在20~80 s时,粉尘质量浓度大于100 mg/m3,表明处于高浓度状态。此外,粉尘质量浓度在150 s时降至约5.5 mg/m3,在之后的时间内略有波动,最后降至0,表明粉尘在150 s时基本完全沉降。在加装气幕及负压吸气装置后,在卸煤过程中,粉尘质量浓度最大值达到36.5 mg/m3,在60 s时降至约4.3 mg/m3,然后在60~150 s时保持在很小值附近波动,最后降至0,表明粉尘在60 s时基本完全沉降。
(1)针对卸料过程中产生的含尘诱导气流进行气幕阻隔仿真研究,设置了4组不同的气幕射流出口速度(4 m/s、6 m/s、8 m/s、10 m/s)进行对照仿真试验,提取了4组仿真水平面空气流场速度矢量图,得出四周环绕气幕不同射流速度对含尘诱导气流的阻隔效果,最终得出四周环绕气幕射流速度大于8 m/s时可以有效阻隔含尘诱导气流。
(2)结合负压吸气系统抑制粉尘在竖直方向上的扩散,基于抓斗卸料模型,建立了与负压吸气和含尘气流有关的二维平面模型,提取5组仿真吸气口气流速度,通过线性拟合得到速度出口气流速度与速度入口气流速度的关系式,最终推导出负压吸气口气流质量流量与卸料时间的关系式。
(3)采用CFD-DEM双向耦合仿真模拟方法,建立抓斗卸料仿真模型,通过提取卸料平面流场分布及隔尘料斗口平面逸出气流质量流量,以反映料斗内部含尘气流的运动情况,验证得出四周环绕气幕隔尘负压吸气综合抑尘效果良好。
(4)与传统抓斗相比,加装气幕及负压吸气装置后,料斗口周围环境中粉尘质量浓度最大值降低了738.3 mg/m3,降低了约95.3%,粉尘完全沉降时间缩短了60%。粉尘基本未扩散到外界环境中,表明气幕隔尘和负压吸气综合抑尘技术抑尘效果显著。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075356)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075356)
作者信息
    1.太原科技大学 机械工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.智能物流装备山西省重点实验室,山西 太原 030024

通讯作者:

孟文俊(1963—),男,山西太原人,博士,教授,主要从事起重运输机械、物流设备及其系统自动化、机电液体化系统控制研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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