Article(id=1322594679707783495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708185600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260744263, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260744263, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260744263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260744263, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=230, endPage=237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594679875555656, articleId=1322594679707783495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization Study on the Structural Parameters of the Planar Extrusion Magnetic System of the Flat Magnetic Separator, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the magnetic field performance of the flat magnetic separator and reduce its manufacturing costs, the finite element method, response surface method, and Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA- Ⅱ) were used to perform multi-objective optimization analysis on the structural parameters of the planar extrusion magnetic system. Firstly, a response surface analysis experiment was conducted using the structural parameters of the extrusion magnetic system as variables. The response values of the area field intensity and magnet efficiency density were calculated through numerical simulation, and a regression model of the objective function was constructed. The fitting accuracy of each regression model was evaluated using analysis of variance. Then, a multi-objective optimization model was constructed with the objectives of area field intensity, magnet efficiency density, and number of magnetic poles, and a Pareto solution set was calculated to obtain a series of optimization schemes. The research results indicate that the regression model of area field intensity and magnet efficiency density has a high fitting accuracy and a good predictive ability. The Pareto solution set reveals a conflicting relationship between the area field intensity with the efficiency density and number of magnetic poles of the magnet. The error range between the multi-objective optimization model with the simulation results is 0.73%−5.30%, which verifies the reliability of the multi-objective genetic algorithm in optimizing the design parameters of the planar extrusion magnetic system.

, authors=Minkun MO1, 2, Jiahuang TENG1, 2, Chaoxu LIANG1, 2, Fuchuan HUANG1, 2, authorsList=Minkun MO, Jiahuang TENG, Chaoxu LIANG, Fuchuan HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fuchuan HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594689044304231, articleId=1322594679707783495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=平板磁选机平面挤压磁系结构参数优化研究, columnId=1226462295946085268, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山机电与矿业智能化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高平板磁选机的磁场性能并降低制造成本,运用有限元法、响应面法和多目标遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对平面挤压磁系结构设计参数进行多目标优化分析。首先,以挤压磁系设计参数为变量,进行响应面分析试验设计,并通过数值模拟计算面积场强和磁体效率密度的响应值,构建目标函数的回归模型,并用方差分析评估各回归模型的拟合精度。然后,构建以面积场强、磁体效率密度和磁极数量为目标的多目标优化模型,计算Pareto解集获得一系列优化方案。研究结果表明:面积场强和磁体效率密度的回归模型拟合精度较高,具有良好的预测能力;Pareto解集揭示了面积场强与磁体效率密度、磁极数量之间存在冲突关系;多目标优化模型与仿真结果误差值范围为0.73%~5.30%,验证了多目标遗传算法用于平面挤压磁系设计参数优化的可靠性。

, authors=莫民坤1, 2, 滕家皇1, 2, 梁超旭1, 2, 黄福川1, 2, authorsList=莫民坤, 滕家皇, 梁超旭, 黄福川, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄福川, authorNote=

莫民坤(1997—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为选矿机械设计与优化。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄福川(1963—),男,广西富川人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为过程设备设计与优化和润滑与密封材料。E-mail:
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莫民坤(1997—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为选矿机械设计与优化。E-mail:

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莫民坤(1997—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为选矿机械设计与优化。E-mail:

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Metal Mine, 2021 (10):155-161., articleTitle=Simulation and experimental research of flat plate high gradient magnetic separator based on Comsol, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594702080201164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=3, pageStart=599, pageEnd=606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=29, authorNames=尚红亮, 李国平, 沈政昌, journalName=中国矿业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=尚红亮,李国平,沈政昌,等. 旋转磁场特性及其磁选行为影响规律[J]. 中国矿业大学学报,2022, 51(3): 599-606., articleTitle=旋转磁场特性及其磁选行为影响规律, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594702168281549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=3, pageStart=599, pageEnd=606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=30, authorNames=SHANG Hongliang, LI Guoping, SHEN Zhengchang, journalName=Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHANG Hongliang, LI Guoping, SHEN Zhengchang, et al. Characteristics of the rotating magnetic field and its influence on magnetic separation behavior[J]. 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caption=Pareto optimal solution set, figureFileSmall=gnYsz22zDairBRXNWmJZBQ==, figureFileBig=OQ0PFVwrhQZpZfO5FC7WNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594696254312863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Pareto最优解集, figureFileSmall=gnYsz22zDairBRXNWmJZBQ==, figureFileBig=OQ0PFVwrhQZpZfO5FC7WNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594696325616032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design factors and levels

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水平因素
磁体宽度(A)/ mm磁体高度(B)/ mm导磁板宽度(C)/ mm导磁板与永磁体的高度比(D)
-2202040.4
-1404060.5
0606080.6
18080100.7
2100100120.8
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设计因素及水平

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水平因素
磁体宽度(A)/ mm磁体高度(B)/ mm导磁板宽度(C)/ mm导磁板与永磁体的高度比(D)
-2202040.4
-1404060.5
0606080.6
18080100.7
2100100120.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322594696526942626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental results of four factors and five levels

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试验方案设计变量评价指标
A/mmB/mmC/mmDE/(T·mm)U/(mT/mm)
1404060.58.4151.245
2804060.511.3690.864
3408060.58.9410.661
4808060.513.5180.514
54040100.58.7461.249
68040100.511.4250.853
74080100.510.1380.724
88080100.514.3380.535
9404060.78.4801.228
10804060.711.4070.857
11408060.79.0120.653
12808060.713.5530.509
134040100.78.8451.222
148040100.711.4920.843
154080100.710.2960.711
168080100.714.4190.529
17206080.65.4730.966
181006080.614.1670.570
19602080.67.3711.449
206010080.612.4940.491
21606040.610.7470.725
226060120.612.2450.780
23606080.411.6160.776
24606080.811.7650.756
25606080.611.8420.776
26606080.611.9360.782
27606080.611.8510.776
28606080.612.6690.830
29606080.611.8010.773
30606080.611.7050.767
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4 因素 5 水平试验结果

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试验方案设计变量评价指标
A/mmB/mmC/mmDE/(T·mm)U/(mT/mm)
1404060.58.4151.245
2804060.511.3690.864
3408060.58.9410.661
4808060.513.5180.514
54040100.58.7461.249
68040100.511.4250.853
74080100.510.1380.724
88080100.514.3380.535
9404060.78.4801.228
10804060.711.4070.857
11408060.79.0120.653
12808060.713.5530.509
134040100.78.8451.222
148040100.711.4920.843
154080100.710.2960.711
168080100.714.4190.529
17206080.65.4730.966
181006080.614.1670.570
19602080.67.3711.449
206010080.612.4940.491
21606040.610.7470.725
226060120.612.2450.780
23606080.411.6160.776
24606080.811.7650.756
25606080.611.8420.776
26606080.611.9360.782
27606080.611.8510.776
28606080.612.6690.830
29606080.611.8010.773
30606080.611.7050.767
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Variance analysis of regression model of area field intensity

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方差源平方和均方F值P值显著性
模型130.6116.330 0129.85<0.000 1**
A88.3088.300 0702.35<0.000 1**
B24.5724.570 0195.40<0.000 1**
C2.672.670 021.210.000 2**
AB2.432.430 019.320.000 3**
BC0.690.693 15.510.028 8*
A27.107.100 056.43<0.000 1**
B26.326.320 050.30<0.000 1**
C20.200.199 41.590.221 7
残差2.640.125 7
失拟项2.020.126 31.020.540 4
纯误差0.620.123 8
总离差133.25
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面积场强回归模型方差分析

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方差源平方和均方F值P值显著性
模型130.6116.330 0129.85<0.000 1**
A88.3088.300 0702.35<0.000 1**
B24.5724.570 0195.40<0.000 1**
C2.672.670 021.210.000 2**
AB2.432.430 019.320.000 3**
BC0.690.693 15.510.028 8*
A27.107.100 056.43<0.000 1**
B26.326.320 050.30<0.000 1**
C20.200.199 41.590.221 7
残差2.640.125 7
失拟项2.020.126 31.020.540 4
纯误差0.620.123 8
总离差133.25
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Variance analysis of regression model of magnet efficiency density

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方差源平方和均方F值P值显著性
模型1.730 00.215 9302.24<0.000 1**
A0.370 90.370 9519.23<0.000 1**
B1.230 01.230 01 726.46<0.000 1**
C0.002 50.002 53.490.075 6
AB0.046 80.046 865.49<0.000 1**
BC0.002 30.002 33.160.090 0
A20.000 10.000 10.131 50.720 5
B20.066 20.066 292.74<0.000 1**
C20.000 90.000 91.300.267 8
残差0.015 00.000 7
失拟项0.012 30.000 81.450.361 0
纯误差0.002 70.000 5
总离差1.740 0
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磁体效率密度回归模型的方差分析

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方差源平方和均方F值P值显著性
模型1.730 00.215 9302.24<0.000 1**
A0.370 90.370 9519.23<0.000 1**
B1.230 01.230 01 726.46<0.000 1**
C0.002 50.002 53.490.075 6
AB0.046 80.046 865.49<0.000 1**
BC0.002 30.002 33.160.090 0
A20.000 10.000 10.131 50.720 5
B20.066 20.066 292.74<0.000 1**
C20.000 90.000 91.300.267 8
残差0.015 00.000 7
失拟项0.012 30.000 81.450.361 0
纯误差0.002 70.000 5
总离差1.740 0
), ArticleFig(id=1322594697000898984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Statistical analysis of regression model errors

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回归模型决定系数R2校正决定系数变异系数CV/%精密度AP
面积场强回归模型0.980 20.972 63.2044.527 9
磁体效率密度回归模型0.991 40.988 13.2863.247 2
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回归模型误差统计分析

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回归模型决定系数R2校正决定系数变异系数CV/%精密度AP
面积场强回归模型0.980 20.972 63.2044.527 9
磁体效率密度回归模型0.991 40.988 13.2863.247 2
), ArticleFig(id=1322594697416135082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Design combination of magnetic system parameters

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设计方案磁体宽度/ mm磁体高度/ mm导磁板宽度/ mm
162.064.010
249.526.07
320.024.54
), ArticleFig(id=1322594697520992683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

磁系参数设计组合

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设计方案磁体宽度/ mm磁体高度/ mm导磁板宽度/ mm
162.064.010
249.526.07
320.024.54
), ArticleFig(id=1322594697709736364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594679707783495, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison between optimization results and simulation results

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设计方案面积场强磁体效率密度
优化值/(T·mm)仿真值/(T·mm)误差/%优化值/(mT/mm)仿真值/(mT/mm)误差/%
112.590 3312.499 000.730.734 140.739 560.73
28.018 428.099 101.001.423 531.464 392.80
33.894 513.990 102.401.768 701.867 675.30
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优化结果与仿真结果对比

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设计方案面积场强磁体效率密度
优化值/(T·mm)仿真值/(T·mm)误差/%优化值/(mT/mm)仿真值/(mT/mm)误差/%
112.590 3312.499 000.730.734 140.739 560.73
28.018 428.099 101.001.423 531.464 392.80
33.894 513.990 102.401.768 701.867 675.30
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平板磁选机平面挤压磁系结构参数优化研究
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莫民坤 1, 2 , 滕家皇 1, 2 , 梁超旭 1, 2 , 黄福川 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025,45(1): 230-237
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025 , 45 (1) : 230 -237
平板磁选机平面挤压磁系结构参数优化研究
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莫民坤(1997—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为选矿机械设计与优化。E-mail:

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莫民坤1, 2 , 滕家皇1, 2, 梁超旭1, 2, 黄福川1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广西大学 机械工程学院,广西 南宁 530004
  • 2.广西大学 广西石化资源加工及过程强化技术重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
通讯作者:
黄福川(1963—),男,广西富川人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为过程设备设计与优化和润滑与密封材料。E-mail:
作者简介:

莫民坤(1997—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为选矿机械设计与优化。E-mail:

Optimization Study on the Structural Parameters of the Planar Extrusion Magnetic System of the Flat Magnetic Separator
Minkun MO1, 2 , Jiahuang TENG1, 2, Chaoxu LIANG1, 2, Fuchuan HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
  • 2.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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为了提高平板磁选机的磁场性能并降低制造成本,运用有限元法、响应面法和多目标遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对平面挤压磁系结构设计参数进行多目标优化分析。首先,以挤压磁系设计参数为变量,进行响应面分析试验设计,并通过数值模拟计算面积场强和磁体效率密度的响应值,构建目标函数的回归模型,并用方差分析评估各回归模型的拟合精度。然后,构建以面积场强、磁体效率密度和磁极数量为目标的多目标优化模型,计算Pareto解集获得一系列优化方案。研究结果表明:面积场强和磁体效率密度的回归模型拟合精度较高,具有良好的预测能力;Pareto解集揭示了面积场强与磁体效率密度、磁极数量之间存在冲突关系;多目标优化模型与仿真结果误差值范围为0.73%~5.30%,验证了多目标遗传算法用于平面挤压磁系设计参数优化的可靠性。

平面挤压磁系  /  响应面法  /  NSGA-Ⅱ  /  多目标优化设计  /  面积场强

In order to improve the magnetic field performance of the flat magnetic separator and reduce its manufacturing costs, the finite element method, response surface method, and Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA- Ⅱ) were used to perform multi-objective optimization analysis on the structural parameters of the planar extrusion magnetic system. Firstly, a response surface analysis experiment was conducted using the structural parameters of the extrusion magnetic system as variables. The response values of the area field intensity and magnet efficiency density were calculated through numerical simulation, and a regression model of the objective function was constructed. The fitting accuracy of each regression model was evaluated using analysis of variance. Then, a multi-objective optimization model was constructed with the objectives of area field intensity, magnet efficiency density, and number of magnetic poles, and a Pareto solution set was calculated to obtain a series of optimization schemes. The research results indicate that the regression model of area field intensity and magnet efficiency density has a high fitting accuracy and a good predictive ability. The Pareto solution set reveals a conflicting relationship between the area field intensity with the efficiency density and number of magnetic poles of the magnet. The error range between the multi-objective optimization model with the simulation results is 0.73%−5.30%, which verifies the reliability of the multi-objective genetic algorithm in optimizing the design parameters of the planar extrusion magnetic system.

Planar extrusion magnetic system  /  Response surface method  /  NSGA-Ⅱ  /  Multi-objective optimal design  /  Area field intensity
莫民坤, 滕家皇, 梁超旭, 黄福川. 平板磁选机平面挤压磁系结构参数优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 230 -237 .
Minkun MO, Jiahuang TENG, Chaoxu LIANG, Fuchuan HUANG. Optimization Study on the Structural Parameters of the Planar Extrusion Magnetic System of the Flat Magnetic Separator[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 230 -237 .
磁选是利用矿物的磁化率差异来进行选矿的工艺方法,相比于化学法,具有绿色环保的优点[1]。磁选设备是磁选工艺实现的基础,而磁系是磁选设备的核心部件。依照磁系划分,磁选机可分选电磁磁选机和永磁磁选机[2]。随着能耗问题的凸显,永磁磁选机逐渐成为主流选择[3]。其中,平板磁选机因具有分选高效、使用方便以及维修率低等优点,在非金属矿除铁和重介质回收等领域得到了广泛应用[4]。
挤压磁系是平板磁选机中常用的一种磁系结构,决定了平板磁选机的磁感应强度、磁场梯度和磁场方向等磁场分布特性[5]。因此,改变磁系的几何结构,以便获得更优的磁场分布特性,一直是提高磁选机性能的重要研究方向。程志勇等[6]利用COMSOL Mutiphysics对平面挤压磁系磁场进行仿真优化,通过对比垂直方向和水平方向上的磁感应强度,得出最佳磁体宽度和高度分别为30 mm和40 mm;但是,该研究并没有考虑导磁板尺寸对磁场的影响。MOHANRAJ等[7]、李玉永等[8]都通过有限元法研究不同导磁板宽度对磁场大小的影响,研究表明:随着磁极垫片宽度的增大,磁作用深度方向的磁感应强度会减弱。王芝伟等[9]通过固定磁体尺寸,采用仿真模拟探索了导磁板尺寸对磁场强度的影响,结果表明:导磁板高度与磁体高度之比为0.5~0.65时,磁感应强度较高;磁体宽度与导磁板宽度为4:1时,磁场分布特性较好。
在以往的研究中,学者们主要研究了挤压磁系单个设计参数的变化对磁场的影响,且只是以磁感应强度大小为指标对磁系进行了优化设计,并未系统阐述挤压磁系所有设计参数与磁场大小之间的定量关系。随着磁选设备朝大型化发展[10],制造更大型的磁系需要消耗更多昂贵的稀土永磁材料,进而提高了磁选设备的制造成本。因此,磁系设计优化研究应将磁系材料的利用率作为优化目标,以实现磁选设备性能与成本效益的最优平衡。
为了提高平板磁选机的性能并降低其制造成本,本文通过 COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件建立了平面挤压磁系二维模型,并通过响应面法构建了平面挤压磁系的面积场强和磁体效率密度的回归模型,在此基础上,建立了考虑面积场强、磁体效率密度和磁极数量的多目标优化模型。最后,通过NSGA-Ⅱ算法对多目标模型进行优化,得到平面挤压磁系结构参数的Pareto前沿解集。本研究系统阐述了平面挤压磁系的磁系性能指标、磁系经济指标与设计参数之间的关系,以期为平面挤压磁系的设计与优化提供借鉴。
如图1所示,在COMSOL Multiphysics中构建平面挤压磁系的二维有限元模型,箭头为磁体的充磁方向,w1为永磁体宽度,w2为导磁板宽度,h1为永磁体高度,h2为导磁板高度。永磁体的剩余磁通密度Br=1.35 T,矫顽力为875 kA/m,导磁介质为电工纯铁。
平板磁选机分选过程中,矿浆主要流经磁系中间的挤压磁极。如图2所示,磁感应强度极大值出现在挤压磁极的导磁板与永磁体交界处,在分选矿物时,磁性颗粒受磁场梯度驱动,向磁场强度较大处移动,最后吸附在磁极处。因此,本文的研究重点是中间挤压磁极的导磁板与永磁体交界处的磁场变化特征,以期优化磁选效率。
为验证平面挤压磁系有限元模型的可靠性,将磁系在垂直方向上的磁感应强度与实际测量结果进行对比。由图3可看出,随着距磁极表面距离的增大,仿真结果与实测结果的分布曲线基本一致,这证实了模型的有效性,可采用该模型进行后续的研究。
响应面法(RSM)是一种数学技术,通过构建模型来描述多个自变量与一个或多个响应之间的关系,该方法被广泛应用于解决多维设计空间的优化设计问题[11]。RSM通过设计合理的试验方案并计算获得样本数据,采用数学模型(线性、平方多项式函数等)对试验结果进行拟合,通过统计分析技术对回归模型进行验证。该技术尤其适用于提高试验设计的流程效率。试验设计的基本理念是在一组设计的试验中,同时对所有重要参数进行多样化处理,通过建立数学模型将试验结果进行组合,该模型可以用于优化、预测或解释试验结果。RSM通过聚集最重要的因素来减少过程中的变量数量,进而降低操作成本和试验时间。
为了全面量化平面挤压磁系的磁场强度,采用面积场强(E)[12]来表征平面挤压磁系在法向有效工作区内的磁场强度。面积场强即为挤压磁系表面区域[a,b]内磁感应强度法向分布曲线的积分值,积分区域为中间磁极的导磁板与磁体交界处,如图4所示。面积场强计算见式(1)。
式中:B(s)为磁场强度,T;s为法向有效工作区域范围,mm。
平板磁选机运用了薄流膜选矿原理[13],其皮带厚度通常为0.8~3 mm,假设皮带表面距离磁系表面约为4 mm,选定距磁极4~24 mm的区域作为研究挤压磁系磁场作用深度的区间。
为了降低磁系制造成本,将磁系材料的利用率作为磁系的优化目标。采用磁体效率密度(U)来表征磁系材料的利用率,其表示面积场强与二维挤压磁系单元所占面积之比,计算方法见式(2):
式中,α为导磁板与永磁体的高度比,α=h2/h1。
通过单因素试验和相关文献[6,9],确定了磁体宽度、磁体高度、导磁板宽度、导磁板与磁体高度之比的取值范围,设计因素及水平见表1。采用中心复合试验设计方法(CCD)进行4因素5水平响应面分析试验设计,试验结果见表2。
根据表2的试验结果进行回归拟合,通过合并不显著因素到误差项中,可得到面积场强和磁体效率密度的简化二阶回归模型,见式(3)、式(4)。
面积场强和磁体效率密度的回归模型方差分析见表3和表4。由表3和表4可知,面积场强和磁体效率密度的回归模型P值均小于0.000 1,说明两个回归模型在整个回归区域内拟合良好,具有统计学意义[14]。两个回归模型的失拟项P值均大于0.05,说明失拟项不显著,回归模型可接受。通过F值可以判断各因素对响应结果影响的主次顺序,对面积场强的影响从大到小依次为:磁体宽度(A)、磁体高度(B)、导磁板宽度(C);对磁体效率密度的影响由大到小依次为:磁体高度(B)、磁体宽度(A)、导磁板宽度(C)。
面积场强和磁体效率密度的回归模型误差统计分析见表5。由表5可知,两个回归模型的决定系数R2均接近1,说明回归模型的拟合精度较高;校正决定系数分别为0.972 6和0.988 1,即97.26%和98.81%的试验数据的变异性可用回归模型进行解释。变异系数CV作为衡量数据变异程度的重要指标,其理想值应小于10%,且数值越小表明数据的稳定性和可信度越高。面积场强和磁体效率密度的变异系数分别为3.2%和3.28%,表明试验的可信度和精确度较好。精密度AP是有效信号与噪声的比值,大于4时视为合理[16]。由表5可知,两个回归模型的精密度均达到较高水平。
二元交互作用对面积场强和磁体效率密度的影响的响应面图见图5和图6。由图5可知,图5(a)比图5(b)的曲面弯曲程度要更大,说明磁体宽度(A)和磁体高度(B)之间的交互作用对面积场强的影响较为显著。由表3可知,AB的F值(19.32)大于BC的F值(5.51), AB的P值(0.000 3)小于BC的P值(0.028 8)。
由图5(a)可知,当磁体高度较小时,面积场强随磁体宽度增加而缓慢变大;当磁体高度较大时,面积场强随磁体宽度的增加先快速增大后趋于平缓。这是由于磁动势随着磁体体积的增大而增加,且磁体宽度(即充磁方向的磁体厚度)对磁动势的影响要大于磁体高度(即磁极面宽度)。由图5(b)可知,当导磁板宽度较小时,随着磁体高度的增大,面积场强先增大后减小;当导磁板宽度较大时,随着磁体高度的增大,面积场强增大后趋于平缓。这是因为磁体高度增大时,永磁体提供磁通的面积增大,总磁通的增大会提高磁场强度。而后磁场强度的下降可能是因为导磁板对磁场的疏导能力具有一定的阈值,当总磁通超过了导磁板的聚磁能力,加之磁路增大,漏磁现象加剧,导致分选区域的整体磁场减弱。因此,为获得较大的磁场作用深度,可选取导磁板宽度与磁体高度之比为1:5~1:8,并同时增大磁体宽度。
由图6可知,图6(a)比图6(b)的曲面弯曲程度要更大,说明磁体宽度(A)和磁体高度(B)之间的交互作用对磁体效率密度的影响较为显著。由表4可知,AB的F值(65.49)大于BC的F值(3.16), AB的P值(<0.000 1)小于BC的P值(0.09)。
由图6(a)可知,当磁体宽度较小时,磁体效率密度随着磁体高度的增大而急速减小;当磁体宽度较大时,磁体效率密度随着磁体高度的增大而缓慢减小。由此可知,随着磁体体积增大,磁体效率密度将会降低,且磁体高度对磁体效率密度的影响大于磁体宽度。这是因为随着磁体高度的增加,底部磁体对分选区域磁场的增强作用大幅降低,单位磁体高度的变化对磁场的影响小于单位磁体宽度的变化。由图6(b)可知,随着磁体高度增大,磁体效率密度在较小导磁板宽度下的降低速度比在较大导磁板宽度下的降低速度更快。这是因为狭窄导磁板虽然可增大磁极近表面的磁场,但是磁场衰减较快;而导磁板宽度较大时,尽管磁极近表面的磁场较小,但磁场衰减速度慢,可以获得较高的整体磁场。因此,为获得较大的磁场作用深度,提高磁体利用率,可选取大磁体宽度、大导磁板宽度和小磁体高度。
目前,针对多目标优化问题的方法主要有遗传算法、粒子群算法、蚁群算法等。非支配遗传算法(NSGA)基于Pareto最优理论,是解决多目标优化问题的有效方法,但该算法计算复杂度较高且缺乏精英策略。为了响应这一动机,Srinivas等学者基于NSGA开发了具有精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)[17],该算法具有采样范围广、计算速度快等优点。因此,采用NSGA-Ⅱ对优化模型进行求解。
平板磁选机分选过程中,磁性颗粒会吸附在永磁体与导磁板交接处的皮带表面[18]。由于磁性颗粒在磁场中会受到磁化并形成磁团聚,磁链在经过不同的磁极时会翻滚,翻滚行为有利于抛除磁链中夹杂着的脉石矿粒从而提高精矿品位[19]。磁极数量会影响磁选机的处理能力及磁选效果,以每米内磁极数量(N)来表示平面挤压磁系的设计指标,见式(5)。
根据式(3)至式(5),建立多目标优化数学模型和约束条件:
将上述多目标优化数学模型代入NSGA-Ⅱ算法中进行求解,取种群规模为150,迭代次数为200,交叉概率为0.8,变异概率为0.05。
Pareto最优解集如图7所示。图中每个数据点都存在一组对应的磁系设计参数,目标函数将随着磁系设计参数的变化而不断变化。通过观察各数据点在坐标面的投影,可详细分析三个目标函数间的两两变化关系。由图7可知,面积场强与磁体效率密度、面积场强与磁极数量之间均存在冲突关系,即在各参数当前的取值范围内,面积场强的增大必然会导致磁体效率密度和磁极数量的减小。由此可知,磁系设计参数无法同时满足磁场强度、磁体有效利用率和磁极数量达到最大化的需求。因此,选取最优解时需要根据实际情况添加合适的约束条件进行决策。当矿物颗粒较大时,为提高处理能力,需要更大的磁场作用深度和更大的磁场力,可以选取具有较大面积场强的最优解;当矿物颗粒较小时,容易出现夹杂情况,为抛除夹杂物,在磁场强度满足分选要求的基础上,可选取具有较大磁极数量和磁体效率密度的最优解。针对不同矿物磁性和分选指标,应选取相匹配的磁系结构设计参数组合,这需要收集大量的矿物磁性分析数据和分选试验数据,从而搭建矿物磁性-磁系结构-分选指标三者相互关联的磁系设计流程,以便设计出更加高效的磁选设备。
将本研究所得的Pareto解集与前人研究成果进行对比(见图7),对比结果表明,在相同的面积场强下,Pareto解集可提供具有更高磁体效率密度或更多磁极数量的磁系设计参数组合;在相同的磁体效率密度下,Pareto解集可提供具有更高面积场强或更多磁极数量的磁系设计参数组合。Pareto解集有助于在优化平面挤压磁系时,提高设计优化效率。
选取 Pareto 最优解集中的 3 组磁系参数设计组合,见表6, 采用COMSOL Multiphysics对其进行仿真验证,结果见表7。其中,磁极数量计算简单,算法优化结果与仿真结果非常接近,不再列出。由表7可知,面积场强的算法优化结果与仿真结果误差值范围为0.73%~2.40%,磁体效率密度的算法优化结果与仿真结果的误差值范围为0.73%~5.30%。结果表明,多目标遗传算法具有良好的全局寻优能力。
为了充分考虑挤压磁系各结构设计参数对磁场影响的复杂相互作用,采用有限元法和响应面法明确了平面挤压磁系的磁场性能和经济性能的定量指标。构建了以面积场强、磁体效率密度和磁极数量为优化指标的多目标优化数学模型,通过NSGA-Ⅱ计算获得Pareto最优解集,并与前人研究进行对比讨论,最后,对优化结果进行可靠性仿真验证。研究结果如下。
(1)面积场强和磁体效率密度两个回归模型的拟合精度较高,具有较好的预测能力。各设计参数对面积场强的影响从大到小依次为:磁体宽度、磁体高度、导磁板宽度,因素交互作用的影响从大到小依次为:磁体高度与磁体宽度交互作用、磁体高度与导磁板宽度交互作用。设计参数对磁体效率密度的影响从大到小依次为:磁体高度、磁体宽度、导磁板宽度,因素交互作用的影响从大到小依次为:磁体宽度与磁体高度交互作用、磁体高度与导磁板宽度交互作用。研究发现大块的永磁体可以产生更强的整体磁场,但是扁平的磁块具有更好的磁体利用率。
(2)Pareto最优解集揭示了面积场强与磁体效率密度、面积场强与磁极数量之间均存在冲突关系,应根据不同的矿物磁性和分选指标选取相匹配的磁系结构设计参数组合。选取Pareto最优解集中的3组磁系参数设计组合进行仿真计算,计算结果表明,面积场强、磁体效率密度的算法优化结果与仿真结果误差值范围分别为0.73%~2.40%、0.73%~5.30%,验证了多目标遗传算法用于平面挤压磁系设计参数优化的可靠性。
(3)随着磁选设备的专用化发展,后续优化可结合矿物特性和分选指标进一步研究,构建矿物磁性-磁系结构-分选指标的磁选设备设计框架,从而提高磁选设备的针对性和分选效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52063003)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52063003)
作者信息
    1.广西大学 机械工程学院,广西 南宁 530004
    2.广西大学 广西石化资源加工及过程强化技术重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004

通讯作者:

黄福川(1963—),男,广西富川人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为过程设备设计与优化和润滑与密封材料。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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