Article(id=1322594628570820701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705334400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260732071, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260732071, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260732071, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260732071, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=112, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594628755370078, articleId=1322594628570820701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Quantitative Evaluation of Instability Probability of Graphite Ore Goaf Based on RSM-FLAC, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of graphite mining, due to the poor stability of graphite surrounding rock, it has brought great threat to the safety production of the mine. In view of the current situation that the spatial variability of rock mass mechanical parameters was not considered in the calculation of the instability probability of graphite ore by the existing response surface method. Firstly, based on the mathematical logic of the combination of variogram and covariance function, the correlation among variables was analyzed, and a regionalized cross-correlation random field that can reflect the spatial variability of rock mass parameters was constructed. Then, combined with the failure proximity index, the limit state equation of fractured rock mass instability was constructed. Finally, the response surface method was used to analyze the failure probability of the goaf, and the quantitative evaluation of instability risk of graphite mine goaf considering parameter spatial variation structure and response surface method was realized. The results show that the instability probability of the two sides calculated by the Monte Carlo method is 17.67%, and the instability probability of the roof is 30.19%. The instability probability of the two sides calculated by the response surface method is 17.71%, and the instability probability of the roof is 29.57%. The response surface method only uses Monte Carlo method to calculate 1/4 of the time to obtain a more accurate reliability calculation result, which simplifies the calculation process and improves the calculation efficiency.

, authors=Haiwang YE1, 2, 3, Bijun DENG1, Dongfang CHEN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Haiwang YE, Bijun DENG, Dongfang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongfang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594633276829823, articleId=1322594628570820701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于RSM-FLAC的石墨矿采空区失稳概率定量评价, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在石墨矿开采过程中,由于石墨围岩的稳固性差,给矿山的安全生产带来了极大的威胁。针对现有响应面法计算石墨矿失稳概率未考虑岩体力学参数空间变异性的现状。首先,基于变异函数和协方差函数相结合的数理逻辑,解析各变量之间的关联关系,构建能够反映岩体参数空间变异性的区域化互相关随机场。然后,与破坏接近度指标相结合,构建裂隙岩体失稳的极限状态方程。最后,采用响应面法对采空区进行失效概率分析,实现考虑参数空间变异结构和响应面法的石墨矿采空区失稳风险定量评价。结果表明:蒙特卡洛法所计算的两帮失稳概率为17.67%,顶板失稳概率为30.19%;响应面法所计算的两帮失稳概率为17.71%,顶板失稳概率为29.57%。响应面法仅用蒙特卡洛法计算时间的1/4就得到较为精确的可靠度计算结果,简化了计算过程,提高了计算效率。

, authors=叶海旺1, 2, 3, 邓毕军1, 陈东方1, 2, 3, authorsList=叶海旺, 邓毕军, 陈东方, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈东方, authorNote=

叶海旺(1971—),男,安徽望江县人,博士,教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、矿山安全等领域的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈东方(1986—),男,黑龙江龙江县人,博士,副教授,主要从事岩体工程智能优化及风险量化领域的研究。E-mail:
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叶海旺(1971—),男,安徽望江县人,博士,教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、矿山安全等领域的研究。E-mail:

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叶海旺(1971—),男,安徽望江县人,博士,教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、矿山安全等领域的研究。E-mail:

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Allowable failure probability of goaf

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破坏概率Pf回采空间安全等级
<10%稳定
10%≤Pf<25%较稳定
25%≤Pf≤40%失稳概率较大
>40%失稳概率很大
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采空区允许失效概率

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破坏概率Pf回采空间安全等级
<10%稳定
10%≤Pf<25%较稳定
25%≤Pf≤40%失稳概率较大
>40%失稳概率很大
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RQD values of graphite ore body and surrounding rock of roof and floor

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岩性RQD最小值/%RQD最大值/%RQD平均值/%
矿体顶板108353
Ⅱ号矿体126651
矿体底板398264
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石墨矿体及顶底板围岩RQD值

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岩性RQD最小值/%RQD最大值/%RQD平均值/%
矿体顶板108353
Ⅱ号矿体126651
矿体底板398264
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Mechanical strength parameters of rock mass

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岩性体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
矿体12.5511.454.174.9252.6
顶板围岩9.879.016.746.1951.2
底板围岩16.9915.513.434.5152.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322594638796533943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594628570820701, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩体力学强度参数

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岩性体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
矿体12.5511.454.174.9252.6
顶板围岩9.879.016.746.1951.2
底板围岩16.9915.513.434.5152.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322594638872031416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594628570820701, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of computing performance of different algorithms

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区域对比算法1对比算法2
Pf/%计算耗时/hPf/%计算耗时/h
两帮17.6714.317.713.7
顶板30.1915.129.574.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322594638951723193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594628570820701, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同算法计算性能对比

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区域对比算法1对比算法2
Pf/%计算耗时/hPf/%计算耗时/h
两帮17.6714.317.713.7
顶板30.1915.129.574.1
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基于RSM-FLAC的石墨矿采空区失稳概率定量评价
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叶海旺 1, 2, 3 , 邓毕军 1 , 陈东方 1, 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(1): 112-119
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (1) : 112 -119
基于RSM-FLAC的石墨矿采空区失稳概率定量评价
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2.Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Processing of Mineral Resources and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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2.武汉理工大学 矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
3.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070, bio={"content":"

叶海旺(1971—),男,安徽望江县人,博士,教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、矿山安全等领域的研究。E-mail:

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叶海旺(1971—),男,安徽望江县人,博士,教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、矿山安全等领域的研究。E-mail:

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2.Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Processing of Mineral Resources and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
3.Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Key Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322594634715476123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594628570820701, authorId=1322594634509955222, language=CN, stringName=陈东方, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
2.武汉理工大学 矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
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叶海旺1, 2, 3 , 邓毕军1, 陈东方1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.武汉理工大学 矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
通讯作者:
陈东方(1986—),男,黑龙江龙江县人,博士,副教授,主要从事岩体工程智能优化及风险量化领域的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

叶海旺(1971—),男,安徽望江县人,博士,教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、矿山安全等领域的研究。E-mail:

Quantitative Evaluation of Instability Probability of Graphite Ore Goaf Based on RSM-FLAC
Haiwang YE1, 2, 3 , Bijun DENG1, Dongfang CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 2.Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Processing of Mineral Resources and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Key Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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在石墨矿开采过程中,由于石墨围岩的稳固性差,给矿山的安全生产带来了极大的威胁。针对现有响应面法计算石墨矿失稳概率未考虑岩体力学参数空间变异性的现状。首先,基于变异函数和协方差函数相结合的数理逻辑,解析各变量之间的关联关系,构建能够反映岩体参数空间变异性的区域化互相关随机场。然后,与破坏接近度指标相结合,构建裂隙岩体失稳的极限状态方程。最后,采用响应面法对采空区进行失效概率分析,实现考虑参数空间变异结构和响应面法的石墨矿采空区失稳风险定量评价。结果表明:蒙特卡洛法所计算的两帮失稳概率为17.67%,顶板失稳概率为30.19%;响应面法所计算的两帮失稳概率为17.71%,顶板失稳概率为29.57%。响应面法仅用蒙特卡洛法计算时间的1/4就得到较为精确的可靠度计算结果,简化了计算过程,提高了计算效率。

石墨矿  /  失稳概率  /  定量评价  /  蒙特卡洛法  /  响应面法

In the process of graphite mining, due to the poor stability of graphite surrounding rock, it has brought great threat to the safety production of the mine. In view of the current situation that the spatial variability of rock mass mechanical parameters was not considered in the calculation of the instability probability of graphite ore by the existing response surface method. Firstly, based on the mathematical logic of the combination of variogram and covariance function, the correlation among variables was analyzed, and a regionalized cross-correlation random field that can reflect the spatial variability of rock mass parameters was constructed. Then, combined with the failure proximity index, the limit state equation of fractured rock mass instability was constructed. Finally, the response surface method was used to analyze the failure probability of the goaf, and the quantitative evaluation of instability risk of graphite mine goaf considering parameter spatial variation structure and response surface method was realized. The results show that the instability probability of the two sides calculated by the Monte Carlo method is 17.67%, and the instability probability of the roof is 30.19%. The instability probability of the two sides calculated by the response surface method is 17.71%, and the instability probability of the roof is 29.57%. The response surface method only uses Monte Carlo method to calculate 1/4 of the time to obtain a more accurate reliability calculation result, which simplifies the calculation process and improves the calculation efficiency.

Graphite ore  /  Instability probability  /  Quantitative evaluation  /  Monte Carlo method  /  Response surface method
叶海旺, 邓毕军, 陈东方. 基于RSM-FLAC的石墨矿采空区失稳概率定量评价. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 112 -119 .
Haiwang YE, Bijun DENG, Dongfang CHEN. Quantitative Evaluation of Instability Probability of Graphite Ore Goaf Based on RSM-FLAC[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 112 -119 .
石墨是一种用途十分广泛的特种非金属矿产原料[1]。但我国在石墨采矿方面存在采场生产能力低下、石墨矿岩稳固性不佳等问题[2]。因此,有效评价石墨矿采空区失稳概率是预防围岩失稳和提高石墨生产能力的关键手段。
目前,以FLAC3D、MIDAS及UDEC3D为代表的数值模拟软件在采空区稳定性分析中常被使用,FLAC3D由于具有丰富的本构模型和强大的计算能力,应用最为广泛。杨立新等[3]通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件进行研究,并基于Mathews稳定图法分析暴露时间对采空区稳定性的影响。朱斌等[4]通过FLAC研究了不同分层数目、分层角度、充填体厚度及采空区跨度高度比对充填体顶板稳定性的影响。沙成满等[5]完善了FLAC3D的非饱和渗流计算功能,实现了充水采空区渗流场与应力场的模拟计算。
然而,在沉积环境、矿物组成、应力历史和地质作用的差异影响下,不同空间位置岩土体的材料参数存在较大的变异性,主要表现为岩土体材料属性呈现出强烈的场地差异性,并且随着空间位置的变化呈现出不同的性质,即空间变异性。岩土参数的空间变异性对岩土工程稳定性评价和支护设计优化有较大的影响,虽形成了较为完善的理论框架,但仍存在计算量大、耗时过长的缺陷,难以在工程实践中投入应用。因此,需对计算方法进行优化,在保证可靠的前提下提升其计算效率,具有重要的工程价值。国内外研究学者针对岩体材料参数的空间变异性展开了较为深入的研究。陈福勇[6]研究了岩体结构面参数空间变异性对隧道拱顶失效概率的影响规律,并开展了系统的参数分析,研究了隧道几何和地质参数的不确定性对隧道顶板楔形体失效概率的影响。刘昆珏等[7]通过有限元极限分析结合随机场分析的方法,研究了隧道设计中考虑围岩参数空间变异性的重要性。李剑平[8]基于Hermite随机多项式或反向传播神经网络展开构建边坡安全系数与空间变异参数之间的显式函数关系,提出了针对岩体参数空间变异性边坡可靠性分析问题的非侵入式随机有限差分法。陈东方等[9]以赋值于FLAC3D网格模型的参数随机场表征岩体力学参数的空间变异性,实现了磷矿采空区失稳风险的定量评价。罗周全等[10]运用响应面法计算,综合分析了采空区发生失稳破坏的可能性,验证了数值分析和失稳概率分析结论的正确性。
蒙特卡洛法是传统方法中最简便的一种,但其计算代价非常巨大,而响应面法虽可用于求解某些具有隐式函数形式的采空区,但因其表述形式不含交错项,导致对复杂采空区问题的拟合也比较困难。综上,以东冲河石墨矿采空区为工程背景,基于变异函数和协方差函数的数学逻辑,解析复杂各向异性的空间结构,从而构建一种考虑岩体参数空间变异性的区域化互相关随机场;然后,结合破坏接近度指标,建立裂隙岩体失稳的极限状态方程;最后,采用响应面法计算采空区破坏概率,实现考虑参数空间变异结构和响应面法的石墨矿采空区失稳风险定量评价。
岩体参数沿不同方向具有一定的变异性,一般采用协方差函数或变异函数来研究岩体参数的各向异性[11]。在此基础上,基于概率分布理论处理变量[12]。以Z(x)作为一个区域化的随机变量,则Z(x)的协方差矩阵是两个空间点x和x+h(h为采样点距)的二次混合中心距,其能够描述不同空间位置随机变量的涨落。
为更好地处理多个区域变量之间的差异性和整体性,需要交叉分析。假定各分区的随机变量均为Zk(x),且满足(准)二阶稳定性假定,其交叉变异函数对于任意h满足:E[Zk(x+h)]=E[Zk(x)]。在点x和x+h上,得到区域变量Zk(x)、Zk′(x)、Zk(x+h)、Zk′(x+h)的结果值,则交互协方差函数为:
相应的交叉变异函数为gkk′(h),即:
式中:N(h)为分隔变量为h时的样本对数;mk和mk′分别为Zk(xi)和Zk(xi+h)的样本平均数。当k=k′时,两个函数可以互相转换。此时,协方差函数和变异函数可用作区域变量的空间分析与结构分析的距离函数。
选取合理岩体力学参数能够指导矿山工程,对于预测矿山稳定性及后续支护都具有重要意义[13-15]。采用岩石力学参数反演技术对采空区矿岩的岩石力学参数进行统计分析,过程如下。
(1)基于摩尔–库伦理论,研究岩体各向同性力学特性,通过位移敏感性分析,获得对位移影响最大的岩石力学参量,即黏聚力(c)、内摩擦角(φj)。
(2)将c和φj作为输入,将计算出的对应采空区围岩位移增量作为输出,构造神经网络的训练样本。
(3)利用遗传算法对神经网络的结构和权重进行优化,并根据学习误差和检测误差对其进行了验证,最终获得神经网络模型。
(4)将60套三维激光扫描位移增量作为神经网络模型的输入参数,进行石墨化岩石c和φj空间数据库的反演。
矿山工程的岩体参数具有局域相关性和整体结构特征[16]。为此,构造了区域化互相关随机场,以实测资料为条件约束,采用协同克里金方法,综合考虑多变量之间的相互关系,构建待测点数据。
假定已经获得了每一次随机场参数Z1(x), Z2(x),Z3(x),…,Zk(x)的观察量。在此基础上,假定观测量所指向的各属性变量之间存在联系,称为区域化变量,并将其表示为相关联的区域变量{Z1(x),Z2(x),Z3(x),…,Zk(x)},而Zk+1(x),Zk+2(x),Zk+3(x),…,Zn(x)是未知的。采用协同克里金法[17]将空间变异性结构引入到区域化互相关随机场中。主要步骤如下。
(1)将已知条件数据转换为正态分布,得到其均值、方差及相关距离,并采用局部平均法建立用Zu(x)表示的完全随机场。
(2)基于克里金法的交互变异函数模型gkk′(h),对于未知点xk+1,xk+2,xk+3,…,xn,在所获得的有条件数据下,求其最优线性无偏估计,产生一个条件参数插值域,称为Zck(x)。在此,最优的线性无偏估算系统方程为:
式中:K为条件点函数;λ为协同克里金权重向量;M为已知点和未知点的函数。
(3)提取随机场点位的估算值作为步骤(2)中协同克里金插值的条件数据,再重新建立一个在完全随机场基础上的约束随机场,记作Zc(x)。
将以上3种场叠加生成区域化互相关随机场Zscc(x),其表达式为:
构建的随机场综合了多维度区域变量间的联系,融合了多元信息,在此基础上加入了空间变异性的结构,使其更接近于工程实际。对于给定的点x1,x2,x3,…,xk,有Zu(x)=Zc(x),则Zscc(x)=Zck(x),因此,点位数据是样本数据。对于待测点,将其作为约束场的一个随机误差,定义Zu(x)-Zc(x)为约束场的误差,并将其作为克里金内插值加约束场的随机误差。
为了将随机场计算结果与后文的响应面法计算失稳概率联系起来,以FLAC为基础,采用非侵入式随机有限元方法[18],对二维随机场和有限差分网格进行耦合,耦合前先确定随机场网格的单元尺寸[18]。对于高斯型的自相关函数,随机场的单元个数与小波水平m有关,为2m个,随机场沿倾向的单元尺寸Lt和沿走向的单元尺寸Ld可表示为:
式中:nt为随机场沿岩层倾向的随机场单元离散个数;nd为随机场沿岩层走向的随机场单元离散个数。
在保证精度的前提下,选取K-L级数展开的前n项计算确定随机场单元取值顺序,可以有效提高计算效率。采用FLAC3D中的fish语言,根据随机场单元取值顺序和尺寸,对石墨矿体网格进行重新分组,对N套随机场数据进行N套运算,检验网格模型的随机参数与随机场量值是否吻合。利用响应曲面方法进行计算和分析,实现对采空区稳定性的定量评价。
为检验区域化互相关随机场模拟性能,分别模拟两类随机场,对比算法一为结构化交叉约束随机场,对比算法二为基于条件模拟相关理论[19]生成的随机场。两类算法下内摩擦角的随机场模拟结果如图1所示。对比两种随机场可以发现,区域化互相关随机场模拟方法以完全随机场和克里金法为基础,考虑了非均质各向异性的空间变异性和随机误差,在再现研究区域参数二阶统计量的基础上,通过调节不同方向变异函数的参数,得到了与实际地层参数的空间变异性更加吻合的随机场模型。
图2为模拟黏聚力随机场参数的波动范围。由图2可知,相对于考虑岩性条件的随机场,区域化互相关随机场数值模拟结果起伏不大。这是由于区域性和随机误差等因素[20]的作用,使得条件参数插值随机场模型中各参数间的局部差值较大。而跨约束随机场是以多个方向进行变化的,随着时间的增长,所包含的受限数据也随之增多。因此,区域化互相关随机场具有更高的精度,所生成的参数场更为严密。
由于破坏具有相对性和主观性,为定量评价岩体在弹塑性阶段的失稳状态,采用破坏接近度的新参量。
式中:ω为危险系数,ω=1-Y;Y为相同罗德角方向上最近屈服路径距离d与最安全屈服路径距离D之比,Y=d/D;F1为岩体破坏度,其中γp为塑性应变,为极限塑性应变[21]。
裂隙岩体破坏方式主要为软弱结构面破坏[22],可根据软弱结构面破坏方式判断裂隙岩体破坏状态,即根据F的取值判断岩体单元稳定状态。当F=1时,单元处于由屈服状态转变为塑性状态的临界状态;当F=2时,单元处于临界破坏状态;当F>2时,单元因塑性应变超过其极限塑性应变而处于破坏状态。因此,本文以裂隙岩体破坏接近度F作为裂隙岩体失稳评价指标,以z=F-2作为东冲河石墨矿岩体破坏的极限状态方程。
如何量化评估采空区失效概率是预防围岩失稳事故的关键问题。在此基础上,提出了一种基于失效概率与失效结果相结合的安全评价方法[23]。决策者依据主观评判,综合考虑项目的性质、重要性、实际损失的经验资料、风险与收益的平衡。根据采空区失稳破坏的可能程度、失稳的严重程度、失稳后的平均受害数等指标,对采空区进行了安全等级划分,划分为稳定、较稳定、失稳概率较大、失稳概率很大等4种情况,并对采空区的容许破坏概率进行了计算,结果见表1。
本文采用响应面法(RSM)计算采空区破坏概率。要研究采空区失稳破坏的可能性,就要分析和讨论顶板、侧帮围岩失稳破坏的可能性[24]。采空区的稳定性主要由采空区顶板和侧帮围岩共同决定,任何一个部件失效时,结构体系都会失效,即发生破坏。
根据RSM的基本原理,采用中心复合设计法进行失稳概率分析试验点xi设计,包括体积模量K(x1)、剪切模量G(x2)、抗拉强度μ(x3)、黏聚力c(x4)和内摩擦角φ(x5)5个随机变量因子。
首先,利用拉丁超立方体抽样法,选择适当的采样点,利用线性回归法,对线性代数方程进行求解,获得Hermite随机多项式待定系数[25-26],进而构建输入参数采样值与输出响应量安全系数间的非线性关系;然后,基于破坏接近度评估采空区的稳定性,通过Nataf等概率转换,生成1 000套独立的非正态性样本,并基于Hermite随机多项式,获得1 000个破坏接近度响应量,将每一个响应量代入极限状态函数z=F-2中进行失效判定;最终,根据式(7)和式(8),计算出石墨矿采空区失稳的破坏概率Pf和可靠性指数β。
式中:N为抽样次数;M(·)为石墨矿岩体破坏的极限状态函数;I(·)为巷道围岩随机场单元的破坏接近度响应量,当I(·)<0时,M(·)=1,否则M(·)=0;xk为第k组输入的随机变量样本;ϕ(·)为标准正态分布累计分布函数值。
东冲河石墨矿区位于兴山县县城东南方向31.5 km处。该矿段矿岩裂隙分布特征明显,矿区分为上、下两段,其中下段为石墨矿的主要赋存部位。采用嗣后充填采矿法开采,矿块沿矿体走向布置,采场长度为40~60 m,阶段高度为30 m,矿体宽度为2~8 m,矿块顶柱为4 m,间柱宽5 m。
为准确判定该采空区的失稳破坏情况,通过采空区的失稳破坏信息对现场进行探测。根据现场探测结果,揭露Ⅱ号矿体的顶底板RQD值统计结果,见表2。矿体顶板的RQD值为10%~83%,平均为53%,岩石质量总体中等,局部为极劣;Ⅱ号矿体的RQD值为12%~66%,平均为51%,岩石质量总体中等,局部为极劣;矿体底板的RQD值为39%~82%,平均为64%,岩石质量总体中等,局部为劣。
现场调查结果表明:石墨矿围岩基本由片麻岩夹块状变质杂岩组成,岩体中构造裂隙和结构面发育,完整性较差,岩石质量以中等为主。开采过程中的工程地质问题主要是顶板片状坍塌。
基于概率密度分布函数,通过拟合确定c和φj的最优概率密度分布分别为对数正态分布和正态分布,均值分别为4.92 MPa和53.3°,最大值分别为5.18 MPa和55.414°,最小值分别为4.75 MPa和51°,标准差分别为0.23和0.17。结合室内试验,数值模拟中岩体力学强度参数见表3。
根据矿体赋存状态,建立网格模型,如图3所示。模型沿岩层走向长度为99 m,沿岩层倾向长度为91 m,垂直高度为73 m,石墨矿体网格单元尺寸为1 m,整个模型包含148 400个单元和156 213个节点。随机场的模拟结果如图4所示。
为了验证响应面法的计算结果,本文使用两种不同的算法,第一种算法是传统的蒙特卡洛随机差分法[27],该方法是目前使用最广泛、最有效的一种方法;第二种算法是响应面法[28-29]。采用两种不同的方法分别进行求解,直至收敛,得到不同算法计算性能对比,见表4,不同算法计算顶板失效概率结果如图5、图6所示。
观察计算结果可知,传统的蒙特卡洛法虽然具有严谨的理论模型,但计算耗时过大。而响应面法计算失稳概率相较于传统的蒙特卡洛法提高了计算效率。结合表1和表4可以发现,对比算法1计算的两帮失稳概率为17.67%,顶板失稳概率为30.19%;对比算法2计算的两帮失稳概率为17.71%,顶板失稳概率为29.57%,安全等级属于失稳概率较大,顶板失稳概率明显大于两帮失稳概率。这与矿山现场实际调查的结果一致。
由图5和图6可知,蒙特卡洛法计算次数为5 000次时,才达到收敛,但仍然具有不平稳性;而响应面法计算次数在1 000次以内就可以达到平稳的效果,极大地简化了计算过程。因此,响应面法可以有效地减少抽样次数,提高计算精度。
(1)基于变异函数和协方差函数相结合的数理逻辑,解析各变量之间的关联关系,构建能够反映岩体参数空间变异性的区域化互相关随机场。利用响应面法,通过独立编写的Matlab程序生成随机多项式和回归式进行最小二乘拟合,仅用蒙特卡洛计算时间的1/4就得到了较为精确的可靠度计算结果,提高了计算效率,实现了基于响应面法考虑空间变异结构的采空区失稳定量评价。
(2)构建的区域化互相关随机场中,随机参数的均值与统计参数均值一致,标准差折减特征符合随机场基本理论,能很好地表征岩体力学参数的空间变异性。蒙特卡洛法所计算的采空区两帮失稳概率为17.67%,顶板失稳概率为30.19%;而响应面法计算的两帮失稳概率为17.71%,顶板失稳概率为29.57%。对比可知,响应面法极大地简化了计算过程,提高了计算效率。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2021BCA152)
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2020YFC1909602; 2021YFC2902901)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-16
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湖北省重点研发计划项目(2021BCA152)
国家重点研发计划课题(2020YFC1909602; 2021YFC2902901)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.武汉理工大学 矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    3.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070

通讯作者:

陈东方(1986—),男,黑龙江龙江县人,博士,副教授,主要从事岩体工程智能优化及风险量化领域的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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