Article(id=1322594617380425730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708444800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260729403, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260729403, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260729403, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260729403, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=158, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594619368525827, articleId=1322594617380425730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Classification of Rock Mass Quality for the Shanhu Tungsten Mine and Strength Estimation Based on the Hoek-Brown Strength Criteria, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rock mass strength is a key mechanical parameter for the safety and stability analysis of mining engineering. Combined with the key project of small-scale mechanized mining technology in Shanhu Tungsten Mine, based on the detailed investigation of rock mass structural plane, three methods of BQ, Q and RMR were used for classification of rock mass quality and stability evaluation. Then, the rock mass strength was estimated based on quantitative GSI and Hoek-Brown Criteria to obtain accurate and reliable parameters of rock mass strength. The research results are concluded as follows. Firstly, the dominant joint plane strikes NNW-SSE or NW-SE, inclines NE or SW, and the dip angle is large. The volume joint number Jv is 7.07−9.88/m3, the integrity coefficient Kv is 0.55−0.63, and the integrity evaluation is relatively intact. Secondly, the [BQ] value, Q value, and RMR89value of the limestone rock mass are 380.96, 5.58, and 59, respectively, and the grade of rock mass quality is Ⅲ or average. Thirdly, according to the BQ classification results, when the span of roadway or stope is less than 5 m, the surrounding rock can be basically stable. According to the Q classification results, the maximum unsupported span of roadway or stope is about 6.35 m. According to the RMR classification results, when the span of roadway or stope is 5 m, the average standing stability time of surrounding rock can reach 7 days. Finally, based on quantitative GSI and Hoek-Brown criteria, the Hoek-Brown strength parameters and equivalent Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters of limestone rock mass are obtained, which can provide accurate and reliable mechanical parameters for mining design and the stability analysis of rock.

, authors=Xianquan LEI1, 2, Fuchun LIU1, 2, Youwei XIONG1, 2, Jun ZHANG3, Enyan LIU1, 2, authorsList=Xianquan LEI, Fuchun LIU, Youwei XIONG, Jun ZHANG, Enyan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594624674320432, articleId=1322594617380425730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=珊瑚钨矿岩体质量分级与基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的岩体强度估计, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩体强度是矿山工程安全稳定性分析的关键力学参数。结合珊瑚钨矿小型机械化开采技术攻关项目,在对岩体结构面进行详细调查的基础上,采用BQ、Q和RMR等3种方法进行岩体质量分级与稳定性评价,然后基于定量GSI和Hoek-Brown准则估计岩体强度,获得准确可靠的岩体强度参数。研究结果表明:(1)灰岩岩体的优势节理面走向为NNW-SSE或NW-SE,倾向为NE或SW,倾角较大,体积节理数Jv为7.07~9.88条/m3,完整性系数Kv为0.55~0.63,岩体总体较完整;(2)灰岩岩体的[BQ]值、Q值和RMR89值分别为380.96, 5.58和59,岩体质量等级为Ⅲ级或一般;(3)根据BQ分级结果,当巷道或采场跨度小于5 m时,围岩可基本稳定;根据Q分级结果,巷道或采场的最大不支护跨度约为6.35 m;根据RMR分级结果,当巷道或采场跨度为5 m时,围岩平均自立稳定时间可达7 d;(4)基于定量GSI和Hoek-Brown准则估计岩体强度,获得了灰岩岩体的Hoek-Brown强度参数和等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数,为采矿设计和岩体稳定性分析提供了准确可靠的力学参数。

, authors=雷显权1, 2, 刘福春1, 2, 熊有为1, 2, 张军3, 刘恩彦1, 2, authorsList=雷显权, 刘福春, 熊有为, 张军, 刘恩彦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

雷显权(1985—),男,河南信阳人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山地质及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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雷显权(1985—),男,河南信阳人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山地质及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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雷显权(1985—),男,河南信阳人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山地质及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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Physical and mechanical parameters of surrounding rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样位置试样编号密度ρ/(kg·m-3)弹性模量E/GPa泊松比v单轴抗压强度σc/MPa
上盘A-12 66821.880.21132.96
A-22 66225.180.23194.51
A-32 79420.020.27128.38
下盘B-12 83922.430.25161.35
B-22 76114.110.3166.99
B-32 79219.310.24144.34
平均2 75320.490.25138.09
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629107699814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样位置试样编号密度ρ/(kg·m-3)弹性模量E/GPa泊松比v单轴抗压强度σc/MPa
上盘A-12 66821.880.21132.96
A-22 66225.180.23194.51
A-32 79420.020.27128.38
下盘B-12 83922.430.25161.35
B-22 76114.110.3166.99
B-32 79219.310.24144.34
平均2 75320.490.25138.09
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629204168807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Investigation results of structural plane characteristics of rock mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中段位置埋深/m岩性层面产状优势节理面产状节理间距/m节理迹长/m体积节理数Jv/(条·m-3)完整性系数Kv
倾向/(°)倾角/(°)倾向/(°)倾角/(°)
-55 m0#穿脉28012556281320.08~0.640.42~2.807.070.63
-55 m2#穿脉2801212759670.11~0.480.45~2.018.410.60
-105 m6#穿脉3301285272710.09~0.510.53~1.648.760.59
-105 m8#穿脉3301386653720.07~0.650.38~2.567.670.62
-155 m0#穿脉3801325556760.13~0.470.29~2.249.880.55
-155 m2#穿脉38012650249850.12~0.560.54~1.508.050.61
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629275471976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩体结构面特征调查结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中段位置埋深/m岩性层面产状优势节理面产状节理间距/m节理迹长/m体积节理数Jv/(条·m-3)完整性系数Kv
倾向/(°)倾角/(°)倾向/(°)倾角/(°)
-55 m0#穿脉28012556281320.08~0.640.42~2.807.070.63
-55 m2#穿脉2801212759670.11~0.480.45~2.018.410.60
-105 m6#穿脉3301285272710.09~0.510.53~1.648.760.59
-105 m8#穿脉3301386653720.07~0.650.38~2.567.670.62
-155 m0#穿脉3801325556760.13~0.470.29~2.249.880.55
-155 m2#穿脉38012650249850.12~0.560.54~1.508.050.61
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629359358057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

BQ classification results of rock mass quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Rc/MPaKvK1K2K3BQ[BQ]质量级别
138.090.59800.60.5490.96380.96Ⅲ
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629434855530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩体质量BQ分级结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Rc/MPaKvK1K2K3BQ[BQ]质量级别
138.090.59800.60.5490.96380.96Ⅲ
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629518741611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Q-system classification results of rock mass quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RQD/%JnJrJaJwSRFQ质量描述
89.24121.52115.58一般
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629602627692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岩体质量Q系统分级结果

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RQD/%JnJrJaJwSRFQ质量描述
89.24121.52115.58一般
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629699096685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

RMR classification results of rock mass quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
R1R2R3R4R5R6RMR89质量级别质量描述
12178207-559Ⅲ一般
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629778788462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

岩体质量 RMR 分级结果

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R1R2R3R4R5R6RMR89质量级别质量描述
12178207-559Ⅲ一般
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629879451759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of parameter estimation of rock mass strength

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弹性模量Ei/GPa泊松比v完整岩块单轴抗压强度σci/MPa地质强度指标GSI扰动因子DH-B常数拟合斜率k拟合截距b岩体黏聚力c/MPa岩体内摩擦角φ/(°)岩体抗压强度σcm/MPa岩体变形模量Em/GPa
mimbsa
20.490.25138.0959.470.092.116 420.011 070.502 956.031 416.919 43.4445.6928.4410.41
0.591.306 330.004 500.502 955.164 111.674 52.5742.5021.795.41
1.090.497 690.001 170.502 953.661 46.514 61.7034.8213.222.42
), ArticleFig(id=1322594629954949232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594617380425730, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

灰岩岩体强度参数估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量Ei/GPa泊松比v完整岩块单轴抗压强度σci/MPa地质强度指标GSI扰动因子DH-B常数拟合斜率k拟合截距b岩体黏聚力c/MPa岩体内摩擦角φ/(°)岩体抗压强度σcm/MPa岩体变形模量Em/GPa
mimbsa
20.490.25138.0959.470.092.116 420.011 070.502 956.031 416.919 43.4445.6928.4410.41
0.591.306 330.004 500.502 955.164 111.674 52.5742.5021.795.41
1.090.497 690.001 170.502 953.661 46.514 61.7034.8213.222.42
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珊瑚钨矿岩体质量分级与基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的岩体强度估计
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雷显权 1, 2 , 刘福春 1, 2 , 熊有为 1, 2 , 张军 3 , 刘恩彦 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(1): 158-164
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (1) : 158 -164
珊瑚钨矿岩体质量分级与基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的岩体强度估计
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雷显权(1985—),男,河南信阳人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山地质及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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雷显权(1985—),男,河南信阳人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山地质及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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雷显权1, 2 , 刘福春1, 2, 熊有为1, 2, 张军3, 刘恩彦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410019
  • 2.深井矿山安全高效开采技术湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 长沙 410019
  • 3.广西桂华成有限责任公司,广西 贺州市 542611
作者简介:

雷显权(1985—),男,河南信阳人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山地质及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Classification of Rock Mass Quality for the Shanhu Tungsten Mine and Strength Estimation Based on the Hoek-Brown Strength Criteria
Xianquan LEI1, 2 , Fuchun LIU1, 2, Youwei XIONG1, 2, Jun ZHANG3, Enyan LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.CINF Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410019, China
  • 2.Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Safe and Efficient Mining Technology of Deep Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410019, China
  • 3.Guangxi Guihuacheng Co., Ltd., Hezhou, Guangxi 542611, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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岩体强度是矿山工程安全稳定性分析的关键力学参数。结合珊瑚钨矿小型机械化开采技术攻关项目,在对岩体结构面进行详细调查的基础上,采用BQ、Q和RMR等3种方法进行岩体质量分级与稳定性评价,然后基于定量GSI和Hoek-Brown准则估计岩体强度,获得准确可靠的岩体强度参数。研究结果表明:(1)灰岩岩体的优势节理面走向为NNW-SSE或NW-SE,倾向为NE或SW,倾角较大,体积节理数Jv为7.07~9.88条/m3,完整性系数Kv为0.55~0.63,岩体总体较完整;(2)灰岩岩体的[BQ]值、Q值和RMR89值分别为380.96, 5.58和59,岩体质量等级为Ⅲ级或一般;(3)根据BQ分级结果,当巷道或采场跨度小于5 m时,围岩可基本稳定;根据Q分级结果,巷道或采场的最大不支护跨度约为6.35 m;根据RMR分级结果,当巷道或采场跨度为5 m时,围岩平均自立稳定时间可达7 d;(4)基于定量GSI和Hoek-Brown准则估计岩体强度,获得了灰岩岩体的Hoek-Brown强度参数和等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数,为采矿设计和岩体稳定性分析提供了准确可靠的力学参数。

岩体质量分级  /  岩体强度  /  Hoek-Brown强度准则  /  地质强度指标

The rock mass strength is a key mechanical parameter for the safety and stability analysis of mining engineering. Combined with the key project of small-scale mechanized mining technology in Shanhu Tungsten Mine, based on the detailed investigation of rock mass structural plane, three methods of BQ, Q and RMR were used for classification of rock mass quality and stability evaluation. Then, the rock mass strength was estimated based on quantitative GSI and Hoek-Brown Criteria to obtain accurate and reliable parameters of rock mass strength. The research results are concluded as follows. Firstly, the dominant joint plane strikes NNW-SSE or NW-SE, inclines NE or SW, and the dip angle is large. The volume joint number Jv is 7.07−9.88/m3, the integrity coefficient Kv is 0.55−0.63, and the integrity evaluation is relatively intact. Secondly, the [BQ] value, Q value, and RMR89value of the limestone rock mass are 380.96, 5.58, and 59, respectively, and the grade of rock mass quality is Ⅲ or average. Thirdly, according to the BQ classification results, when the span of roadway or stope is less than 5 m, the surrounding rock can be basically stable. According to the Q classification results, the maximum unsupported span of roadway or stope is about 6.35 m. According to the RMR classification results, when the span of roadway or stope is 5 m, the average standing stability time of surrounding rock can reach 7 days. Finally, based on quantitative GSI and Hoek-Brown criteria, the Hoek-Brown strength parameters and equivalent Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters of limestone rock mass are obtained, which can provide accurate and reliable mechanical parameters for mining design and the stability analysis of rock.

Classification of rock mass quality  /  Rock mass strength  /  Hoek-Brown strength criterion  /  Geological strength index
雷显权, 刘福春, 熊有为, 张军, 刘恩彦. 珊瑚钨矿岩体质量分级与基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的岩体强度估计. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 158 -164 .
Xianquan LEI, Fuchun LIU, Youwei XIONG, Jun ZHANG, Enyan LIU. Classification of Rock Mass Quality for the Shanhu Tungsten Mine and Strength Estimation Based on the Hoek-Brown Strength Criteria[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 158 -164 .
岩体强度是影响矿山井巷、采场、露天边坡等采矿工程安全稳定性的关键力学参数。准确可靠的岩体力学参数是矿山岩体稳定性分析的基础[1-2]。由于现场原位试验难度大、周期长、成本高,生产实践中通常采用基于小尺度岩块力学测试结果的经验折减法来间接获取相对准确可靠的大尺度岩体力学参数。刘硕等[3]结合现场调查和室内岩石力学试验结果,采用Hoek-Brown强度准则和地质强度指标法(GSI)估算硬石膏岩体强度。王贤来等[4]采用Q分级法、地质力学分类法(RMR)和地质强度指标法(GSI)进行岩体质量分级,在此基础上估算金川矿深部岩体力学参数。马毓婷等[5]通过Hoek-Brown强度准则折减计算岩体力学参数,分析研究岩体力学参数对某露天矿终了边坡稳定性的影响。项荣华等[6]基于室内试验和现场勘查结果,采用CSMR法、GSI法、RMI法进行岩体质量分级和评价,在此基础上综合确定边坡岩体力学参数。徐雷等[7]利用结构面粗糙度量化地质强度指标(GSI)取值,结合Hoek-Brown强度准则估算某露天矿边坡岩体力学参数,用以分析滑体落岩稳定性。李学锋等[8]结合RMR法岩体质量分级结果和Hoek-Brown强度准则,采用Roclab软件计算岩体强度参数,用于分析某高岭土矿露天边坡稳定性。
上述研究表明,基于岩体质量分级和量化GSI指标的Hoek-Borwn强度折减法是获取岩体强度参数的科学有效方法。本文以广西贺州钟山县珊瑚钨矿薄细矿体小型机械化开采技术攻关项目为工程背景,在对岩体结构面特征进行详细调查的基础上,采用BQ、Q和RMR等3种分级方法[9-14]进行岩体质量分级与稳定性评价,然后基于定量GSI和Hoek-Brown(H-B)强度准则估计岩体强度,获得H-B强度参数,再采用拟合方法获取等效Mohr-Coulomb (M-C)强度参数,以期为后续采矿工程设计和采场稳定性分析提供可靠依据。
珊瑚钨矿的工业矿脉平均脉幅为0.42 m,平均倾角为70°, 矿体分支复合、尖灭再现情况普遍,产状变化较大,属于典型的急倾斜极薄难采矿体。为提高机械化开采水平和生产效率,降低劳动强度和安全风险,创新研发机械化留矿法开采新工艺,采用小型凿岩机器人和撬毛、平场多功能机器人进行机械化回采,以解决传统的人工作业留矿法开采劳动强度大、生产效率低、安全风险高的问题[15]。新工艺试验采场如图1所示,试验采场长度为100 m, 高度为50 m, 采幅控制在1.2~1.5 m, 预留3 m顶柱,不留底柱。凿岩机器人宽度为800 mm, 单杆凿岩深度为1.5~2.0 m, 电动驱动,履带底盘,遥控操作。采用无底柱平底出矿结构,1 m3电动铲运机出矿,采场两侧穿脉矿车组装矿。
试验采场上、下盘围岩均为硬质灰岩,现场采集围岩原样,加工制作成标准试样,通过室内岩石力学试验[16],获得试样的基础物理力学参数,见表1。
结合采切工程布置、试验采场位置以及岩体结构面暴露情况,选择6处具有代表性的地质点进行岩体结构面调查,借助罗盘、数码相机等工具,采用测窗法统计结构面的产状、间距和迹长等信息。结果显示,调查点岩体为坚硬未风化灰岩,结构面类型主要为节理、裂隙,部分为层面,贯通程度为半贯通—贯通,粗糙系数为6左右,裂隙一般紧密闭合,大多无蚀变及充填物。
根据现场实测数据,对岩体结构面产状进行赤平投影分析,结果见图2和表2。结果表明,岩体优势节理面走向主要为NNW-SSE、NW-SE,倾向主要为NE或SW,倾角较大,部分陡倾。优势节理走向与地层走向近于垂直或大角度相交,反映出优势节理的形成主要与垂直地层走向的构造挤压应力作用有关。岩体体积节理数Jv为7.07~9.88条/m3,完整性系数Kv为0.55~0.63,完整程度评价为较完整。
根据《工程岩体分级标准》(GB/T50218)[9],岩体基本质量考虑岩石坚硬程度和岩体完整程度2个因素,基本质量指标BQ按下式计算:
式中,Rc为岩石单轴抗压强度,MPa。
需要注意的是,当Rc>90Kv+30时,应以Rc=90Kv+30和Kv代入式(1)计算;当Kv>0.04Rc+0.4时,应以Kv=0.04Rc+0.4和Rc代入式(1)计算。
考虑地下水条件、软弱结构面产状和初始应力状态的影响,可按式(2)进行修正,得到岩体基本质量指标修正值[BQ]:
式中:K1为地下水影响修正系数;K2为主要软弱结构面产状影响修正系数;K3为初始应力状态影响修正系数。
根据岩石力学试验和节理裂隙调查结果,灰岩单轴抗压强度σc的平均值为138.09 MPa;岩体完整性系数Kv的平均值为0.598;岩体表面较干燥,局部潮湿;节理产状与巷道轴向关系变化较大;埋深相对较浅,强度应力比较大。根据上述特征,参考《工程岩体分级标准》(GB/T50218—2014)确定相关参数,得到岩体质量BQ分级结果,见表3。
岩体质量BQ分级结果显示,灰岩岩体[BQ]值为380.96,质量级别为Ⅲ级。据此评价,当巷道或采场跨度小于5 m时,围岩基本稳定;当跨度为5~10 m时,围岩可稳定数月,但可能发生局部块体位移以及小到中等规模的塌方。
巴顿岩体质量分级Q系统[11-12]主要考虑了岩石完整性、节理的数量、粗糙度、蚀变程度、裂隙水状态和应力强度折减等因素,分级指标Q值按如下公式计算:
式中:RQD为岩石质量指标,%;Jn为节理组数;Jr为节理面粗糙系数;Ja为节理面蚀变系数;Jw为裂隙水折减系数;SRF为应力折减系数。
根据岩体结构面调查结果,岩石质量指标RQD约为89.24%;主要发育3组节理,并有随机节理,节理面粗糙、平直;节理壁轻微变质,大多闭合,少有云母充填;岩体表面干燥,局部湿润,偶有渗水;岩石坚硬,地应力中等,强度应力比约为10~15。据此对相关参数取值,得到岩体质量Q系统分级结果,见表4。由表4可知,灰岩岩体Q值为5.58,岩体质量一般。
工程实践表明,Q值与地下工程稳定性具有较强的关联,因此可以利用Q值来估算地下开挖工程的最大不支护跨度,计算公式[11]为:
式中:De为开挖工程当量尺寸,m;Smax为开挖工程最大不支护跨度,m;ESR为开挖支护率或支护比,ESR取值范围为1.6~2.0,对于永久性地下采矿工程,ESR一般取1.6。
当Q=5.58时,利用Q系统支护图,求得不支护条件下的当量尺寸De≈3.97, ESR取1.6,代入式(4),算得Smax≈6.35。
据此估计,对于珊瑚钨矿的灰岩围岩巷道或采场,其最大不支护跨度约为6.35 m。需要指出的是,对于具体的巷道或采场,还需要根据实际揭露的结构面发育特征、地应力环境和地下水状态来评估围岩的稳定性,有针对性地制定支护方案。
岩体地质力学RMR分级系统[13-14]主要考虑岩石强度、RQD、节理间距、节理状态、地下水条件和节理产状等6个因素,分级指标RMR89的计算公式如下:
式中:R1为完整岩块强度评分值;R2为岩石质量指标RQD评分值;R3为节理间距评分值;R4为节理状态评分值;R5为地下水状态评分值;R6为节理产状与地下工程走向关系修正值。
根据完整岩块强度和岩体节理裂隙发育特征,参照岩体质量RMR分级表对相关指标进行评分,得到岩体质量RMR分级结果,见表5。由表5可知,灰岩岩体RMR89值为59,质量级别为Ⅲ级,岩体质量一般。据此估计,当巷道或采场跨度为5 m时,围岩平均自立稳定时间可达7 d。
综上所述,采用BQ、Q和RMR等3种不同方法进行岩体质量分级和稳定性评价,结果表明灰岩的岩体质量等级为Ⅲ级,岩体质量一般。
Hoek-Brown (H-B)强度准则是由国际著名岩石力学专家HOEK E和BROWN E T于1980年首次提出,发展至今经历过多次修订和完善,在国内外隧道、边坡、采矿等岩石工程领域得到了广泛应用。H-B强度准则反映了岩体破坏时极限主应力之间的非线性关系,其表达式[17]为:
式中:σ1和σ3分别为岩体的最大主应力和最小主应力,MPa;σci为完整岩块的单轴抗压强度,MPa;mb、s和a为反映岩体材质特性的H-B常数。计算公式如下:
式中:mi为岩性材质指标,可根据岩体岩性查表取值;GSI为岩体地质强度指标;D为反映岩体扰动损伤程度的扰动因子,取值范围为0~1,当岩体未受扰动时为0,当岩体受到爆破强烈扰动时为1。
根据节理岩体的结构特征和结构面状态,可利用GSI分级系统图对GSI进行量化取值,但更为常用的方法是根据岩体质量分级结果与GSI值之间的经验关系来确定。HOEK等[18]研究表明,GSI值与巴顿岩体质量修正值Q′之间具有如下关系:
式中,Q′为不考虑裂隙水和应力折减因素的巴顿岩体质量修正值,即:
在岩石力学工程实践中,很多理论公式或数值分析软件都是按照M-C强度准则推导或开发的。因此,为了便于H-B强度准则的使用,可采用等效方法将H-B强度参数转化为M-C强度参数[19-20]。
研究表明,当σt<σ3<σ3max时,M-C强度曲线与H-B强度曲线非常接近,可进行线性拟合,即:
式中,k和b分别为拟合直线的斜率和截距。
上述σt为岩体抗拉强度,MPa;σ3max为岩体最小主应力上限,MPa,其值与工程类型有关,对于隧洞或巷道等地下工程,σ3max可由下式[19]确定。
式中:H为隧洞或巷道埋深,m;γ为岩体容重,MN/m3;σcm为岩体抗压强度,MPa。
用主应力表示的M-C强度准则表达式为:
式中:c为岩体黏聚力,MPa;φ为岩体内摩擦角,(°)。
为了便于线性拟合,式(15)可改写为:
结合式(12)和式(16),可得:
利用式(17)求解c、φ,可得:
采用上述方法,即可得到与H-B强度等效的岩体M-C强度参数c和φ。
此外,利用地质强度指标GSI和扰动因子D,还可以采用下式估算岩体的变形模量Em[17],即:
式中,Ei为完整岩块的弹性模量,GPa。
根据岩石力学试验结果,灰岩单轴抗压强度σci取138.09 MPa。参考岩性材质指标mi取值表[19],灰岩mi取9。根据巴顿岩体质量Q分级相关参数取值结果,可得Q′=5.58,代入式(10)算得GSI值为59.47。考虑岩体受到不同程度的扰动损伤,扰动因子D分别取0, 0.5和1。将上述取值代入式(7)至式(9),即可得到灰岩岩体的H-B强度参数,见表6。
基于灰岩岩体的H-B强度估算结果,对其等效M-C强度进行拟合,结果见图3。由图3可以看出,3组M-C强度拟合直线的决定系数R2均接近0.99,拟合度非常高,表明估算结果可靠。
根据M-C强度拟合直线的斜率k和截距b,利用式(18)计算得到岩体的等效M-C强度参数c、φ,并利用式(19)估算岩体的变形模量Em,结果见表6。由表6可知,基于不同扰动因子D值估算的岩体强度具有一定差异。当D=1,即岩体受扰动强烈时,岩体强度最小,黏聚力c为1.70 MPa,内摩擦角φ为34.82°,抗压强度σcm为13.22 MPa;当D=0时,即岩体受扰动微弱时,岩体强度最大,黏聚力c为3.44 MPa,内摩擦角φ为45.69°,抗压强度σcm为28.44 MPa。这种变化规律与理论预期结果一致,进一步表明了本文方法及结果的准确性和可靠性。
(1)岩体结构面调查和赤平投影分析结果显示,灰岩岩体的优势节理面走向为NNW-SSE或NW-SE,倾向为NE或SW,倾角较大,部分陡倾;优势节理面走向与地层走向近于垂直或大角度相交;体积节理数Jv为7.07~9.88条/m3,完整性系数Kv为0.55~0.63,岩体总体较完整。
(2)岩体质量BQ、Q和RMR分级结果显示,灰岩岩体[BQ]值为380.96, 质量等级为Ⅲ级;Q值为5.58, 岩体质量一般;RMR89值为59, 质量等级为Ⅲ级。由 3 种不同方法得到的结果基本一致。
(3)根据BQ分级结果,当巷道或采场跨度小于5 m时,围岩可基本稳定;根据Q分级结果,巷道或采场的最大不支护跨度约为6.35 m;根据RMR分级结果,当巷道或采场跨度为5 m时,围岩平均自立稳定时间可达7 d。
(4)采用基于定量GSI和H-B准则的岩体强度估计方法,获得了灰岩岩体的H-B强度参数,并通过拟合计算得到其等效M-C强度参数,研究结果可为后续采矿设计和岩体稳定性分析提供准确可靠的力学参数。
  • 中国有色矿业集团有限公司“揭榜挂帅”重大科技攻关项目(2022-JBGS-003)
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21
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中国有色矿业集团有限公司“揭榜挂帅”重大科技攻关项目(2022-JBGS-003)
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    1.长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410019
    2.深井矿山安全高效开采技术湖南省工程研究中心,湖南 长沙 410019
    3.广西桂华成有限责任公司,广西 贺州市 542611
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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