Article(id=1322594606374564825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706457600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260726778, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260726778, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260726778, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260726778, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=120, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594606550725594, articleId=1322594606374564825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on Reducing Load and Preventing Rock Burst Through Grouting Filling of Separated Layer in Overlying Strata, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In certain mining regions of China, the presence of thick overlying strata above the coal seam roof not only triggers rock burst disasters but also leads to significant seismic events. The occurrence mechanism of rock burst induced by thick overlying strata was analyzed. A strategy for controlling rock burst through grouting filling of the separated layer in the overlying strata was proposed. Numerical simulations and theoretical analysis were combined to investigate the load reduction and impact attenuation effects of grouting filling. The research findings indicate that in mines with thick overlying strata, the stress concentration and dynamic load intensity resulting from hanging wall effects are significantly great due to the large thickness, high strength, and considerable limit span of the rock layers. This makes them susceptible to rock burst disasters. The grouting filling technique, by filling the separated space, can support the thick overlying strata together with the surrounding rock mass, thereby reducing the sinking of the thick overlying strata. This approach effectively controls the fracture and movement of thick overlying strata, consequently reducing both dynamic and static loads and achieving the objective of minimizing dynamic overburden pressure. Numerical simulation results of grouting filling indicate that, compared to without grouting filling, the stress concentration coefficient around the separated space decreases by 8.89%,18.59%, and 35.96% when the grouting filling rates are 30%, 60%, and 90%, respectively. This decrease is associated with a substantial reduction in the height of the plastic zone and the degree of damage to the thick overlying strata, indicating that the grouting filling of separated layer can achieve the purpose of reducing load and preventing rock burst.

, authors=Qingrui GUO1, Bo YU1, Zhenyu SUN2, 3, Le XU1, Hongguang XIE1, Peng LIU1, Zhidong WU1, Di ZHANG2, authorsList=Qingrui GUO, Bo YU, Zhenyu SUN, Le XU, Hongguang XIE, Peng LIU, Zhidong WU, Di ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenyu SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594610057163757, articleId=1322594606374564825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=覆岩离层注浆充填降载减冲研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

我国部分矿区煤层顶板上方存在巨厚岩层,巨厚覆岩运动不仅会诱发冲击地压灾害,还会造成大能级矿震。分析了巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的发生机理,提出了覆岩离层注浆充填防治巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的思路。结合理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了覆岩离层注浆充填的降载减冲作用。研究结果表明,由于巨厚覆岩厚度大、强度大以及极限跨距大,覆岩悬露产生的应力集中程度和运动时产生的动载强度大,易发生冲击地压灾害;覆岩离层注浆充填能够充填离层空间,充填体与四周岩体共同支撑巨厚覆岩,减小巨厚覆岩的下沉,控制巨厚覆岩的破断和运动,从而降低动静载荷,达到减少冲击的目的。数值模拟结果显示,相较于未注浆充填,当注浆充填率为30%、60%、90%时,离层空间周边应力集中系数分别下降了8.89%、18.59%和35.96%,巨厚覆岩塑性区发育高度和破坏程度大幅度降低,表明覆岩离层注浆充填可达到降载减冲的目的。

, authors=郭庆瑞1, 余波1, 孙振于2, 3, 徐乐1, 谢红光1, 刘鹏1, 武智东1, 张娣2, authorsList=郭庆瑞, 余波, 孙振于, 徐乐, 谢红光, 刘鹏, 武智东, 张娣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙振于, authorNote=

郭庆瑞(1974—),男,河北海兴人,高级工程师,从事煤矿采掘及充填工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙振于(1993—),男,河南鹿邑人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事冲击地压研究与技术服务工作。E-mail:
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郭庆瑞(1974—),男,河北海兴人,高级工程师,从事煤矿采掘及充填工作。E-mail:

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郭庆瑞(1974—),男,河北海兴人,高级工程师,从事煤矿采掘及充填工作。E-mail:

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覆岩离层注浆充填降载减冲研究
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郭庆瑞 1 , 余波 1 , 孙振于 2, 3 , 徐乐 1 , 谢红光 1 , 刘鹏 1 , 武智东 1 , 张娣 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(1): 120-125
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (1) : 120 -125
覆岩离层注浆充填降载减冲研究
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郭庆瑞1 , 余波1, 孙振于2, 3 , 徐乐1, 谢红光1, 刘鹏1, 武智东1, 张娣2
作者信息
  • 1.国电建投内蒙古能源有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯市 017209
  • 2.徐州弘毅科技发展有限公司,江苏 徐州市 221116
  • 3.中国矿业大学矿业工程学院,江苏 徐州市 221116
通讯作者:
孙振于(1993—),男,河南鹿邑人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事冲击地压研究与技术服务工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

郭庆瑞(1974—),男,河北海兴人,高级工程师,从事煤矿采掘及充填工作。E-mail:

Research on Reducing Load and Preventing Rock Burst Through Grouting Filling of Separated Layer in Overlying Strata
Qingrui GUO1 , Bo YU1, Zhenyu SUN2, 3 , Le XU1, Hongguang XIE1, Peng LIU1, Zhidong WU1, Di ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guodian Construction Investment Inner Mongolia Energy Co., Ltd., Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017209, China
  • 2.Xuzhou Hongyi Technology Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
  • 3.School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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我国部分矿区煤层顶板上方存在巨厚岩层,巨厚覆岩运动不仅会诱发冲击地压灾害,还会造成大能级矿震。分析了巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的发生机理,提出了覆岩离层注浆充填防治巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的思路。结合理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了覆岩离层注浆充填的降载减冲作用。研究结果表明,由于巨厚覆岩厚度大、强度大以及极限跨距大,覆岩悬露产生的应力集中程度和运动时产生的动载强度大,易发生冲击地压灾害;覆岩离层注浆充填能够充填离层空间,充填体与四周岩体共同支撑巨厚覆岩,减小巨厚覆岩的下沉,控制巨厚覆岩的破断和运动,从而降低动静载荷,达到减少冲击的目的。数值模拟结果显示,相较于未注浆充填,当注浆充填率为30%、60%、90%时,离层空间周边应力集中系数分别下降了8.89%、18.59%和35.96%,巨厚覆岩塑性区发育高度和破坏程度大幅度降低,表明覆岩离层注浆充填可达到降载减冲的目的。

巨厚覆岩  /  冲击地压  /  离层注浆  /  数值模拟

In certain mining regions of China, the presence of thick overlying strata above the coal seam roof not only triggers rock burst disasters but also leads to significant seismic events. The occurrence mechanism of rock burst induced by thick overlying strata was analyzed. A strategy for controlling rock burst through grouting filling of the separated layer in the overlying strata was proposed. Numerical simulations and theoretical analysis were combined to investigate the load reduction and impact attenuation effects of grouting filling. The research findings indicate that in mines with thick overlying strata, the stress concentration and dynamic load intensity resulting from hanging wall effects are significantly great due to the large thickness, high strength, and considerable limit span of the rock layers. This makes them susceptible to rock burst disasters. The grouting filling technique, by filling the separated space, can support the thick overlying strata together with the surrounding rock mass, thereby reducing the sinking of the thick overlying strata. This approach effectively controls the fracture and movement of thick overlying strata, consequently reducing both dynamic and static loads and achieving the objective of minimizing dynamic overburden pressure. Numerical simulation results of grouting filling indicate that, compared to without grouting filling, the stress concentration coefficient around the separated space decreases by 8.89%,18.59%, and 35.96% when the grouting filling rates are 30%, 60%, and 90%, respectively. This decrease is associated with a substantial reduction in the height of the plastic zone and the degree of damage to the thick overlying strata, indicating that the grouting filling of separated layer can achieve the purpose of reducing load and preventing rock burst.

Thick overlying strata  /  Rock burst  /  Grouting filling of separated layer  /  Numerical simulation
郭庆瑞, 余波, 孙振于, 徐乐, 谢红光, 刘鹏, 武智东, 张娣. 覆岩离层注浆充填降载减冲研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 120 -125 .
Qingrui GUO, Bo YU, Zhenyu SUN, Le XU, Hongguang XIE, Peng LIU, Zhidong WU, Di ZHANG. Research on Reducing Load and Preventing Rock Burst Through Grouting Filling of Separated Layer in Overlying Strata[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 120 -125 .
研究表明,顶板岩层结构是影响冲击地压发生的关键因素之一[1]。我国部分矿区煤层顶板上方存在巨厚覆岩,如河南跃进煤矿、千秋煤矿,山东华丰煤矿、东滩煤矿、滕东煤矿和鲍店煤矿,内蒙古石拉乌素煤矿、门克庆煤矿和红庆河煤矿等[2]。巨厚覆岩的存在可能会诱发冲击地压灾害,产生一些大能级矿震,给矿井安全生产带来严重影响。一般巨厚覆岩厚度较大,距煤层较远,常规技术手段难以直接对巨厚覆岩进行处理,因此技术人员通常采用减少煤层中的应力集中来防治巨厚覆岩型冲击地压。如负煤柱布置技术[3]和巷道外错布置技术[4],通过将巷道布置在采空区下方来减少应力集中和受动载扰动;采用保护层开采技术[5-6],优先开采上、下保护层,以达到降载、减震和吸能的目的。近些年来,我国科技人员在巨厚覆岩型冲击地压防治技术方面进行了一些新的尝试,并取得了一定的成果。如地面水力压裂技术,从地面施工钻孔至坚硬厚岩层位置进行区域水力压裂,在陕西区孟村煤矿[7]、山东东滩煤矿[1]进行了试验,取得了较好的应用效果;地面深孔预裂爆破技术[8],从地面向诱发矿震的关键层施工钻孔,装入大量炸药进行爆破,在内蒙古石拉乌素煤矿进行了试验,爆破震级可达2.8级;高位爆破人造预裂层技术[9],通过先施工高位岩巷和高位钻场,而后在高位钻场进行深钻孔施工和爆破,在陕西亭南煤矿进行了应用,取得了良好的应用效果。覆岩离层注浆充填技术是一种基于覆岩移动规律而提出的减沉开采技术,一般用于控制地表沉降[10-13],其原理是从地面向关键层下方的离层空间施工钻孔,并向离层空间注入充填材料,以防止上覆岩层运动和地表沉降。由于该技术能够控制关键层的运动,所以理论上具有防治巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的作用。
本文基于巨厚覆岩型冲击地压发生机理,提出了覆岩离层注浆充填防治巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的思路,研究了覆岩离层注浆充填技术防治巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的降载减冲作用,以期为类似矿井的冲击地压灾害防治提供参考。
在煤系岩层中,由于成岩时间和矿物成分的不同,使各岩层在厚度和力学性质等方面存在不同程度的差别。采场覆岩层中存在多层岩层时,对覆岩活动全部或局部起控制作用的岩层称为关键层[14]。关键层判别的主要依据是其变形和破断特征,在关键层破断时,其上部全部岩层或局部岩层的下沉变形是相互协调一致的,前者称为岩层活动的主关键层,后者称为亚关键层。也就是说,关键层的断裂将导致全部或相当部分的上覆岩层产生整体运动。
由关键层理论可知,煤层开采后,上覆岩层由下向上逐渐运动,其动态过程受控于关键层的破断运动。当下方关键层破断时,上覆岩层组与之同步破断运动,那么上部关键层与下部岩层之间必然会产生不协调变形,从而在关键层下部形成离层,如图1所示。岩层移动过程中的离层主要出现在各关键层下,当工作面开采至一定面积时,关键层下部产生离层;随着开采面积的不断增大,离层量不断增加,最大离层量位于采空区中部;当采空区面积达到足够大后,关键层断裂垮落,离层空间消失,随之地面产生大面积下沉,如图2所示。
所谓覆岩离层注浆充填技术就是选择合适的关键层,在关键层未破断前,施工钻孔至离层空间位置,待关键层下部出现离层后,通过注入浆液,使浆液充满离层空间,待浆液凝固后即形成充填体,以此来控制覆岩关键层的断裂和运动,达到减少地表下沉的目的,如图3所示。
由关键层理论可知,当工作面开采到一定面积时,关键层与下部岩层之间会形成离层空间,这些悬空的关键层及上覆岩层的重量将由离层空间四周岩层承受,离层空间四周岩层的应力集中程度高。同时,巨厚覆岩下部已垮落的关键层也会形成长短不一的悬顶结构,由此产生的应力集中将与巨厚覆岩悬露产生的应力集中一起向深部传递,最终作用到未开采煤层中,这就会导致巨厚覆岩矿井工作面超前支承压力集中程度远大于普通矿井。
工作面超前支承压力由自重支承应力σq和采空区上方各关键层悬露部分传递到工作面超前煤体的应力σc组成[15],其中非充分采动下σc可由式(1)计算。
式中:σc为巨厚覆岩悬露部分传递到工作面超前煤体的应力,MPa;l1为巨厚覆岩初次来压步距,m;α为岩层移动角,(°);h为巨厚覆岩厚度,m;ρ为巨厚覆岩容重,kN/m3;H为巨厚覆岩中部距煤层距离,m。
由式(1)可以看出,由关键层悬露产生的超前支承压力与巨厚覆岩初次来压步距l1和厚度h呈正比。巨厚覆岩的l1和h均较大,因此引起的超前支承应力也远大于普通矿井。
煤矿动载的主要来源之一是煤层开采导致的煤层顶板运动。巨厚覆岩易于积聚大量弹性能,在其发生破断或滑移的过程中,大量的弹性能会突然释放,以动载荷的形式作用到采场顶板,从而诱发顶板型冲击地压。巨厚覆岩破断时释放的弯曲变形能可表示为[1]:
式中:Uw1和Uw2分别为巨厚覆岩初次破断和周期破断弯曲能量;q为巨厚覆岩上覆载荷;l1和l2分别为巨厚覆岩初次破断和周期破断步距;b为巨厚覆岩极限悬露跨度;E为巨厚覆岩弹性模量。
由式(2)可以看出,巨厚覆岩破断时的变形能与周期破断步距的5次方呈正比。由于巨厚覆岩极限跨距大,所以破断时释放的能量将远超普通矿井。巨厚覆岩破断时,大部分弯曲变形能以克服摩擦、对围岩做功等方式转化为热能和声发射,以震动波形式释放的能量仅为总能量的0.26%~3.6%[16]。震动波在地层传播的过程中还会进一步衰减,一般是以幂指数的形式衰减,传到工作面的能量可表示为:
式中:Uf为震动波传播到工作面处的能量,J;U为巨厚顶板破断以震动波形式传播的能量,J;L为震源距工作面距离,m;λ为震动波传播介质对震动能量的衰减系数。
根据文献[17],当传播介质为水泥时,λ为1.150 9。若U取1×107J,L取50 m,λ取1.150 9,则Uf为1.11×105J。研究表明,当能量超过1×105J时,足以诱发冲击。
研究表明,当工作面周边的静载应力和矿震动载应力叠加达到一定程度时,即会发生冲击地压灾害[18]。
巨厚覆岩矿井工作面动载应力和静载应力会远大于普通工作面。当由巨厚覆岩悬露产生的超前支承压力和破断产生的动载应力之和大于煤岩体冲击破坏所需的最小应力时,即会发生冲击地压。
由于巨厚覆岩悬露导致的静载应力和运动产生的动载应力是发生巨厚覆岩型冲击地压的根本原因,所以控制巨厚覆岩的悬露和运动可以从源头上对冲击地压灾害进行防治。根据以往研究经验,覆岩离层注浆充填可使地表下沉系数控制在0.15以内[18],说明充填体具有很好的承载能力,因此当充填体充满离层空间后,充填体将和四周岩体一起支撑巨厚覆岩,从而达到减小工作面超前静载荷的目的。由于充填体的支撑作用,控制了巨厚覆岩的悬露,减少巨厚覆岩的下沉,使得巨厚覆岩不会突然破断,即可达到降低动载荷的目的,因此,覆岩离层注浆充填技术具有降低巨厚覆岩型矿井静载荷和动载荷,从源头上达到降载减冲的作用。
以东滩煤矿为背景,模拟分析覆岩离层注浆充填降载减冲效果。东滩煤矿六采区平均埋深750 m,回采3上煤。该煤层厚5.2 m,煤层上方存在一层厚度为514~529 m的红色砂岩层,距煤层0~90 m。设置模型尺寸为x×y×z=400 m×600 m×178 m,埋深取750 m。考虑模型尺寸,取巨厚覆岩层厚度为100 m。为模拟覆岩离层效果,在巨厚覆岩下部设置离层空间,并根据未充填条件下的巨厚覆岩最大下沉量设置离层空间高度。经模拟计算,在本模拟条件下最大下沉量为1.5 m,因此离层空间范围设置为x=100~300 m、y=100~400 m、z=76.5~78 m。离层注浆地表下沉系数可控制在0.15以内,考虑实际注浆减沉效果,将离层空间注浆充填率分别设置为0、30%、60%、90%。模拟分析上述条件下煤岩体应力分布特征和巨厚覆岩破坏特征。
在充填率为0、30%、60%、90%的条件下,模型中部走向剖面垂直应力分布如图4所示。图4所示的离层空间下方2 m位置y=250~500 m范围(即离层空间中部至超前100 m范围)走向垂直应力分布特征见图5。由图4和图5可以看出,在不注浆充填的情况下最大应力集中系数达到4.95。随着充填率的增加,离层空间四周应力集中程度明显降低。在注浆率为30%、60%、90%时,应力集中系数分别为4.51, 4.03和3.17,相较于未注浆充填,应力集中系数分别下降了8.89%、18.59%和35.96%。在未注浆充填情况下离层空间中部应力集中系数为0,在充填率为30%、60%、90%时,应力集中系数分别恢复至0.30, 0.48和0.82,表明充填体对巨厚覆岩产生了支撑作用,形成了“上托下压”的效果,从而降低了离层空间周边岩层中的应力集中程度。
充填率为0、30%、60%、90%条件下的走向剖面塑性区分布如图6所示。由图6可知,在未注浆充填情况下离层空间上方塑性区发育高度最大为55 m;当充填率为30%时,塑性区发育高度基本不变,但大多数区域塑性区状态发生了明显变化,状态由ten-n ten-p(曾经和目前处于拉伸破坏状态)转变为ten-p状态(曾经处于屈服状态,但目前处于非屈服状态),表明巨厚覆岩破坏程度大幅度降低;当充填率为60%时,塑性区发育高度减小为45 m,且处于ten-n ten-p状态的区域基本消失;充填率为90%时,离层空间中部塑性区消失,靠近实体岩石两侧塑性区发育高度进一步减小为39 m。表明覆岩离层注浆充填能够大幅度降低巨厚覆岩的下沉,控制巨厚覆岩的运动,抑制巨厚覆岩的破坏,从而减少由巨厚覆岩破断产生的静载荷。综上所述,覆岩离层注浆充填可达到降载减冲的目的。
(1)由于巨厚覆岩厚度大、强度大、极限跨距大,覆岩悬露产生的应力集中和破坏时产生的动载强度远大于普通矿井,易发生顶板型冲击地压。
(2)覆岩离层注浆充填能够充填离层空间,充填体与四周岩体一起支撑巨厚覆岩,控制巨厚覆岩的运动,从而降低动静载荷,达到降载减冲的目的。
(3)数值模拟显示,相较于未注浆充填,当注浆率为30%、60%、90%时,离层空间周边应力集中系数分别下降了8.89%、18.59%和35.96%;巨厚覆岩塑性区发育高度和塑性破坏程度大幅度降低,表明覆岩离层注浆可达到降载减冲的目的。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004603)
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  • 接收时间:2024-01-29
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-29
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    1.国电建投内蒙古能源有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯市 017209
    2.徐州弘毅科技发展有限公司,江苏 徐州市 221116
    3.中国矿业大学矿业工程学院,江苏 徐州市 221116

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孙振于(1993—),男,河南鹿邑人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事冲击地压研究与技术服务工作。E-mail:
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