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Article(id=1322594594945094546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260724053, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260724053, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260724053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260724053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594597088383892, articleId=1322594594945094546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Optimization of Mining Effect and the Migration Law of Ore and Waste Rock in Gently Inclined Medium-Thick Orebody, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the optimization of the mining effect of the gently inclined medium-thick orebody and the migration law of ore and waste rock, the gently inclined medium-thick orebody in the middle section of－400 m to－360 m in Caogou Mine was taken as the research background. Physical tests of three different mining sequences were designed to study the influence of mining sequence on the mining effect of orebody. The discrete element software PFC2D was used to study the migration law of ore and waste rock. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, the ore recovery rate of the mining sequence III is 45.56%, the ore dilution rate is 19.29%, and the difference of recovery and dilution is 26.27%. Compared with the difference of recovery and dilution of the mining sequence I and the mining sequence II, the difference of recovery and dilution of stoping sequence III increased by 1.95 percentage points and 4.01 percentage points respectively. Therefore, the mining sequence III is the optimal mining scheme, that is, the upper caving orebodies of the No.3 and No.2 outlets being alternately mined for three cycles, then the upper caving orebody of the No.1 outlet will be continuously mined; and after the No.1 outlet being mined, the upper caving orebody of the No.2 and No.3 outlets will be alternately mined. Secondly, in the early stage of ore drawing, the displacement vector of ore and waste rock particles above and around the ore drawing port tends to the center of the ore drawing port axis. In the later stage of ore drawing, the displacement vector of ore and waste rock particles above the ore drawing port gradually tilts to the left. Thirdly, before the start of ore drawing and after the end of ore drawing, the contact force chain of ore and waste rock particles is in equilibrium. In the process of ore drawing, the contact force chain of ore and waste rock particles is in an unbalanced state.

, authors=Xiong GAO1, Xu CHEN2, Dening SUN3, authorsList=Xiong GAO, Xu CHEN, Dening SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xu CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594602092188583, articleId=1322594594945094546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探讨缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律，以草沟矿内 －400 m中段至－360 m中段内缓倾斜中厚矿体为研究背景，设计了三种不同回采顺序的物理试验，研究回采顺序对矿体回采效果的影响，并采用离散元软件PFC2D研究矿废运移规律。结果表明：(1)回采顺序Ⅲ的矿石回采率为45.56%，矿石贫化率为19.29%，回贫差为26.27%，且相较于回采顺序Ⅰ和回采顺序Ⅱ的回贫差分别增加了1.95个百分点和4.01个百分点，因此回采顺序Ⅲ为最优回采方案，即交替回采3号、2号口上部崩落矿体三个循环后持续回采1号口上部崩落矿体，待1号口回采完毕后再交替回采2号、3号口上部崩落矿体；(2)在放矿前期，放矿口上方以及四周的矿废颗粒位移矢量均趋于放矿口轴中心，在放矿后期，放矿口上方矿废颗粒位移矢量逐渐向左倾斜；(3)在放矿开始前以及放矿结束后，矿废颗粒接触力链均处于平衡状态，在放矿过程中，矿废颗粒接触力链处于不平衡状态。

, authors=高雄1, 陈旭2, 孙德宁3, authorsList=高雄, 陈旭, 孙德宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈旭, authorNote=

高雄（2000—），男，湖南株洲人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为岩石的损伤与渗透。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈旭（1988—），男，新疆图木舒克人，副教授，主要研究方向为岩石的破裂与失稳、岩石的损伤与断裂、岩石的渗流特性。E-mail:
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高雄（2000—），男，湖南株洲人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为岩石的损伤与渗透。E-mail:

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高雄（2000—），男，湖南株洲人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为岩石的损伤与渗透。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The specific schemes of mining sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采顺序第1次放矿第2次放矿第3次放矿第4次放矿第5次放矿第6次放矿第7次放矿第8次放矿第9次放矿第10次放矿第11次放矿
Ⅰ3号口1号口3号口1号口3号口1号口1号口2号口2号口2号口—
Ⅱ3号口2号口3号口2号口3号口2号口3号口2号口1号口1号口1号口
Ⅲ3号口2号口3号口2号口3号口2号口1号口1号口1号口2号口3号口
), ArticleFig(id=1322594612309513183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594594945094546, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

回采顺序具体方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采顺序第1次放矿第2次放矿第3次放矿第4次放矿第5次放矿第6次放矿第7次放矿第8次放矿第9次放矿第10次放矿第11次放矿
Ⅰ3号口1号口3号口1号口3号口1号口1号口2号口2号口2号口—
Ⅱ3号口2号口3号口2号口3号口2号口3号口2号口1号口1号口1号口
Ⅲ3号口2号口3号口2号口3号口2号口1号口1号口1号口2号口3号口
), ArticleFig(id=1322594612590531552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594594945094546, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of physical test results

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回采顺序填装矿废量/kg放出矿废量/kg放出矿石量/kg放出废石量/kg回采率/%贫化率/%
Ⅰ18.004.803.890.9143.2218.90
Ⅱ18.005.083.971.1144.1121.85
Ⅲ18.005.084.100.9845.5619.29
), ArticleFig(id=1322594612657640417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594594945094546, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

物理试验结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采顺序填装矿废量/kg放出矿废量/kg放出矿石量/kg放出废石量/kg回采率/%贫化率/%
Ⅰ18.004.803.890.9143.2218.90
Ⅱ18.005.083.971.1144.1121.85
Ⅲ18.005.084.100.9845.5619.29
), ArticleFig(id=1322594612745720802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594594945094546, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Part of parameters of numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg/m3)孔隙率直径/m颗粒与颗粒间摩擦因数颗粒与墙体间摩擦因数颗粒与颗粒间切向刚度/(N/m)颗粒与颗粒间法向刚度/(N/m)颗粒与墙体间切向刚度/(N/m)颗粒与墙体间法向刚度/(N/m)
3 3000.20.250.1911.5×1081.5×1081×1091×109
), ArticleFig(id=1322594612825412579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594594945094546, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

部分数值模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg/m3)孔隙率直径/m颗粒与颗粒间摩擦因数颗粒与墙体间摩擦因数颗粒与颗粒间切向刚度/(N/m)颗粒与颗粒间法向刚度/(N/m)颗粒与墙体间切向刚度/(N/m)颗粒与墙体间法向刚度/(N/m)
3 3000.20.250.1911.5×1081.5×1081×1091×109
), ArticleFig(id=1322594612888327140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594594945094546, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Summary of numerical simulation test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采顺序矿石总量/个放出矿废量/个放出矿石量/个放出废石量/个回采率/%贫化率/%
Ⅰ4 8632 7342 28544946.9916.42
Ⅱ4 8632 8882 31457147.5819.77
Ⅲ4 8632 9362 41552149.6617.75
), ArticleFig(id=1322594614486356965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594594945094546, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数值模拟试验结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采顺序矿石总量/个放出矿废量/个放出矿石量/个放出废石量/个回采率/%贫化率/%
Ⅰ4 8632 7342 28544946.9916.42
Ⅱ4 8632 8882 31457147.5819.77
Ⅲ4 8632 9362 41552149.6617.75
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缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律研究
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高雄 1 , 陈旭 2 , 孙德宁 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(1): 55-62
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (1) : 55 -62
缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律研究
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高雄（2000—），男，湖南株洲人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为岩石的损伤与渗透。E-mail:

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高雄（2000—），男，湖南株洲人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为岩石的损伤与渗透。E-mail:

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高雄1 , 陈旭2 , 孙德宁3
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学 环境与土木工程学院，四川　成都　610059
  • 2.成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点试验室，四川　成都　610059
  • 3.葫芦岛八家矿业股份有限公司，辽宁　葫芦岛市　125316
通讯作者:
陈旭（1988—），男，新疆图木舒克人，副教授，主要研究方向为岩石的破裂与失稳、岩石的损伤与断裂、岩石的渗流特性。E-mail:
作者简介:

高雄（2000—），男，湖南株洲人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为岩石的损伤与渗透。E-mail:

Study on the Optimization of Mining Effect and the Migration Law of Ore and Waste Rock in Gently Inclined Medium-Thick Orebody
Xiong GAO1 , Xu CHEN2 , Dening SUN3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Geological Disaster Prevention and Geological Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
  • 3.Huludao Bajia Mining Co., Ltd., Huludao, Liaoning 125316, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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摘要
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为了探讨缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律，以草沟矿内 －400 m中段至－360 m中段内缓倾斜中厚矿体为研究背景，设计了三种不同回采顺序的物理试验，研究回采顺序对矿体回采效果的影响，并采用离散元软件PFC2D研究矿废运移规律。结果表明：(1)回采顺序Ⅲ的矿石回采率为45.56%，矿石贫化率为19.29%，回贫差为26.27%，且相较于回采顺序Ⅰ和回采顺序Ⅱ的回贫差分别增加了1.95个百分点和4.01个百分点，因此回采顺序Ⅲ为最优回采方案，即交替回采3号、2号口上部崩落矿体三个循环后持续回采1号口上部崩落矿体，待1号口回采完毕后再交替回采2号、3号口上部崩落矿体；(2)在放矿前期，放矿口上方以及四周的矿废颗粒位移矢量均趋于放矿口轴中心，在放矿后期，放矿口上方矿废颗粒位移矢量逐渐向左倾斜；(3)在放矿开始前以及放矿结束后，矿废颗粒接触力链均处于平衡状态，在放矿过程中，矿废颗粒接触力链处于不平衡状态。

缓倾斜中厚矿体  /  放矿漏斗  /  回采顺序  /  回采率  /  贫化率  /  矿废运移规律

In order to explore the optimization of the mining effect of the gently inclined medium-thick orebody and the migration law of ore and waste rock, the gently inclined medium-thick orebody in the middle section of－400 m to－360 m in Caogou Mine was taken as the research background. Physical tests of three different mining sequences were designed to study the influence of mining sequence on the mining effect of orebody. The discrete element software PFC2D was used to study the migration law of ore and waste rock. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, the ore recovery rate of the mining sequence III is 45.56%, the ore dilution rate is 19.29%, and the difference of recovery and dilution is 26.27%. Compared with the difference of recovery and dilution of the mining sequence I and the mining sequence II, the difference of recovery and dilution of stoping sequence III increased by 1.95 percentage points and 4.01 percentage points respectively. Therefore, the mining sequence III is the optimal mining scheme, that is, the upper caving orebodies of the No.3 and No.2 outlets being alternately mined for three cycles, then the upper caving orebody of the No.1 outlet will be continuously mined; and after the No.1 outlet being mined, the upper caving orebody of the No.2 and No.3 outlets will be alternately mined. Secondly, in the early stage of ore drawing, the displacement vector of ore and waste rock particles above and around the ore drawing port tends to the center of the ore drawing port axis. In the later stage of ore drawing, the displacement vector of ore and waste rock particles above the ore drawing port gradually tilts to the left. Thirdly, before the start of ore drawing and after the end of ore drawing, the contact force chain of ore and waste rock particles is in equilibrium. In the process of ore drawing, the contact force chain of ore and waste rock particles is in an unbalanced state.

Gently inclined medium-thick orebody  /  Drawing funnel  /  Mining sequence  /  Recovery rate  /  Dilution ratio  /  Migration law of ore and waste rock
高雄, 陈旭, 孙德宁. 缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 55 -62 .
Xiong GAO, Xu CHEN, Dening SUN. Study on the Optimization of Mining Effect and the Migration Law of Ore and Waste Rock in Gently Inclined Medium-Thick Orebody[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 55 -62 .
正文
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0　引言
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无底柱分段崩落法适用于极倾斜厚矿体以及倾斜、缓倾斜极厚矿体的开采[1]，近年来，随着各类矿产资源的消耗日益增加，极倾斜厚矿体以及倾斜、缓倾斜极厚矿体的数量逐年减少，缓倾斜中厚矿体等非理想矿体开采的比例在不断增大。缓倾斜中厚矿体开采时矿石无法靠自重在底部被完全放出，部分矿石会留存在底盘岩层面上，影响放矿量，造成损失贫化增大，故缓倾斜中厚矿体成为典型的难采矿体[2]。
在物理试验方面，学者们针对不同矿体分别从放矿方式、结构参数等多方面进行了深入研究。雷刚等[3]设计了无贫化、低贫化、截止品位以及按步距崩矿量100%的比例放矿方式去探究最佳的回采方式回采预留在采场的这部分矿石覆盖层。李楠等[4]以毛公铁矿为例，开展大结构参数条件下崩矿步距与边孔角的优化研究。谭宝会等[5]将垂直分区与组合放矿的回采方案应用于倾斜中厚矿体中，保证了矿石的充分回采。杨彧等[6]通过物理试验探究回采顺序对放矿效果的影响，发现双进路回采方式比单进路回采方式放矿效果更好。在数值模拟方面，一些学者[7-10]开始将随机放矿理论与计算机、数值模拟结合，在优化采场结构参数、降低放矿过程的贫化损失等方面具有重复性强、费用小、效率高等特点。林洪叶[11]利用PFC2D研究了端部放矿条件下矿岩运移规律，发现靠近边界的矿岩颗粒流速较小，靠近放矿口中心处矿岩颗粒流速较大。张崴等[12]通过PFC2D研究了无底柱分段崩落法放矿过程中矿岩颗粒力链演化特征。井伯祥等[13]利用PFC2D探究覆盖层内部散体颗粒在放矿过程中的移动速度变化。
由此可见，以前学者基于常规理想矿体对回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律等做了许多有益的研究，但对于缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化以及矿废运移规律研究仍然不足。为此，以草沟矿内－400 m中段至－360 m中段内缓倾斜中厚矿体为研究背景，设计了3种不同回采顺序的物理试验，研究回采顺序对矿体回采效果的影响，并采用离散元软件PFC2D研究矿废运移规律。
1　矿体赋存条件
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草沟矿位于辽宁省建昌县八家子镇内，矿山分布在－400 m中段至－360 m中段F34构造内，基准线在Ⅳ线至V线之间，矿体主要含有铅锌矿和硫铁矿。该矿块位于白云岩和石英砂岩的接触带上，界限明显。矿体走向230°，倾向320°，倾角在20°~30°之间，厚度为 7.34~14.13 m，属于缓倾斜中厚矿体。矿体稳定性为中等稳固。矿山采用无底柱分段崩落采矿法开采。－400~－360 m内矿山局部立面分布如图1所示。
2　缓倾斜中厚矿体的试验研究
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2.1　试验模型及方案
2.1.1　试验模型
为探究缓倾斜中厚矿体回采效果优化，采用自制的物理模型进行试验。根据几何相似原理，以1:50的比例制作模型，试验装置如图2所示。该模型倾角为30°，下部矿石层和上部废石层的厚度均为20 cm，矿石和废石颗粒采用4~8 mm的砾石，试验前分别用红色和白色油漆将矿石和废石进行标记。模型底面设置了3个放矿口，分别记作1号、2号、3号放矿口，放矿口尺寸（长×宽）为5.0 cm×4.8 cm，间距为13.6 cm。每个放矿口设置了可插拔式铁片用于控制放矿口的开闭。放矿口下还设置了长×宽×高为8.5 cm×6.2 cm×6.2 cm 的方盒用于收集放出的矿石及废石。在实际矿山放矿过程中，爆破产生的松散矿体呈不规则形状，下盘为具有一定粗糙度的不规则表面，这也使得底板表面的摩擦力增大，阻碍矿石在放矿过程中的下滑。为了使试验更符合实际情况，模型制作时也在下盘粘贴了一层4~8 mm的砾石用以模拟矿废滑落过程中与下盘之间的摩擦作用。
2.1.2　试验方案
试验共设计3种回采顺序：回采顺序Ⅰ，交替回采3号、1号口上部崩落矿体，再回采2号口上部崩落矿体；回采顺序Ⅱ，交替回采3号、2号口上部崩落矿体，再回采1号口上部崩落矿体；回采顺序Ⅲ，交替回采3号、2号口上部崩落矿体，三个循环后持续回采1号口上部崩落矿体，待1号口回采完毕后再交替回采2号、3号口上部崩落矿体。具体方案见表1。
在草沟矿生产过程中，将矿石、废石质量比1:1作为截止品位放矿的指标，即某放矿口某次放矿时矿石与废石的质量比小于或等于1:1，则该放矿口不再放矿。本次物理试验采用与实际生产过程相同的截止品位放矿。试验时即抽出铁片开启放矿口，待方盒内充满矿石、废石后即可插入铁片关闭放矿口，然后按照回采顺序重复上述过程依次进行放矿，直至放矿结束。
2.2　试验结果与分析
2.2.1　矿石、废石分布规律
放矿漏斗的形成过程如图3所示。实际矿山中某一放矿口处的放矿漏斗形成也会经历这四个阶段：首先，凹坑向下移动形成移动漏斗；然后，移动漏斗继续向下移动，直至最低点与放矿口边缘水平相切形成降落漏斗(临界状态)；降落漏斗破裂形成破裂漏斗；最后，该放矿口达到指定回采指标，破裂漏斗破裂，形成一个完整的放矿漏斗。
图4给出了不同回采顺序下2号口完整放矿过程。从图4可以看出，回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ在第1次放矿结束后，首先形成移动漏斗，然后在第3次放矿结束后转变为破裂漏斗。在回采顺序Ⅰ中，第1次放矿结束后同样会形成移动漏斗，而在第2次放矿结束后，移动漏斗即转变为破裂漏斗。由此可知，从2号口移动漏斗转变为破裂漏斗所需的放矿次数来看，回采顺序Ⅰ所需的放矿次数相较于回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ更少。出现这种差异主要是由于回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ先回采2号、3号口内的矿石，随着2号口内矿石放出，上部废石向下滑动，2号口附近矿石并未受到3号口放矿的影响，且废石只从上部混入。而在回采顺序Ⅰ中，间隔回采1号、3号口内矿石使这两个放矿口上部及相邻两侧矿石率先被回采，最后再回采2号口时其上部矿石数量减少。同时，这部分被回采的矿石所占的空间给上部废石滑落创造了临空条件，上部废石混入下部剩余矿石表面。相较于回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ中2号放矿口处放矿漏斗的形成过程而言，回采顺序Ⅰ少经历了一次移动漏斗下降的过程。
综上分析可知，回采顺序会影响相邻放矿口上部废石的分布，使放矿漏斗完全转化所需的放矿次数不同。
2.2.2　物理试验结果与分析
物理试验结果汇总见表2。从回采顺序Ⅰ到回采顺序Ⅲ矿石回采率呈递增趋势，并且回采顺序Ⅱ的矿石贫化率最高，回采顺序Ⅰ的矿石贫化率最低。本次物理试验以回贫差作为选择指标，回贫差越大，表示矿体回采效果越好。回采顺序Ⅰ、回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ的回贫差分别为24.32%、22.26%、26.27%，回采顺序Ⅲ相较于回采顺序Ⅰ和回采顺序Ⅱ的回贫差分别增加了1.95个百分点和4.01个百分点，因此回采顺序Ⅲ为最优回采方案。
单次放矿回采的矿石、废石质量基本相同，回采的矿石量减少，废石量就增加，因此本文仅讨论回采顺序对回采的矿石量的影响。图5为不同放矿口单次放矿的矿石量。从图5可以看出，回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ在2号口、3号口以及1号口前两次放矿回采的矿石量相差不大，但回采顺序Ⅲ在1号口第3次放矿回采的矿石量明显多于回采顺序Ⅱ，因此整体上回采顺序Ⅲ比回采顺序Ⅱ所回采的矿石更多。
回采顺序Ⅰ、回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ在3号口前三次放矿回采的矿石量相差不大，而回采顺序Ⅰ在1号口回采的矿石量要明显多于回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ，但回采顺序Ⅰ在2号口前三次放矿回采的矿石量均小于回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ，并且回采顺序Ⅰ在2号口和3号口相较于回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ少回采了1次，因此整体上回采顺序Ⅰ回采的矿石量仍然少于回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ。因此，适当改变回采顺序可以提高回采率，降低贫化率，提升矿体回采效果。
3　缓倾斜中厚矿体的数值模拟研究
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3.1　数值模型及方案
3.1.1　数值模型
本次放矿的数值模型所有尺寸与物理模型完全一致，如图6所示（颜色标识见电子版）。模型倾角为30°，模型上部绿色颗粒为废石层，下部蓝色颗粒为矿石层，废石层和矿石层厚度均为10 m。模型共设置了3个放矿口，宽度为2.4 m，每个放矿口间隔6.8 m，放矿口下方的盒子高度为7.15 m，宽度与放矿口相同。数值模拟试验仍采用截止品位放矿，截止品位与物理试验相同。
模拟放矿时，删除放矿口的挡板，矿石颗粒和废石颗粒在重力和摩擦力的作用下落入盒子中并达到平衡，重新生成挡板，删除盒子中的颗粒，然后按照回采顺序重复上述过程依次进行放矿。
3.1.2　参数选取
（1）颗粒粒径。颗粒半径相同和颗粒半径不同的颗粒在同一个数值模型下放矿得到的矿石回采率和贫化率近似[14]，为了方便计算，选取矿石颗粒和废石颗粒的半径均为0.25 m。
（2）密度。在物理试验中，矿石和废石采用同一种砾石，所以在数值模拟试验中选取矿石颗粒和废石颗粒的密度相同，为3 300 kg/m3。
（3）接触模型。本数值模型中采用线性接触模型，因为矿石和废石颗粒都是独立的，颗粒之间没有黏结强度，放矿时颗粒在重力和相互作用力下自由下落[15]。
（4）颗粒其他参数见表3。
3.2　试验结果与分析
3.2.1　数值模拟试验结果
表4为数值模拟试验结果。从表4可以看出，从回采顺序Ⅰ至回采顺序Ⅲ的矿石回采率呈增加的趋势，且回采顺序Ⅱ的矿石贫化率最高，回采顺序Ⅰ的矿石贫化率最低，这与物理试验得出的变化规律一致，物理试验结果得到验证。
3.2.2　矿废颗粒位移特征
图7为不同回采顺序下放矿过程中位移矢量图，颜色越深代表位移矢量越大，位移矢量图表示矿废颗粒的位移变化和运动趋势。由于篇幅有限，同一回采顺序仅展示部分位移矢量图。
从图7可以看出，在前两次放矿结束后，放矿口上方以及四周的矿废颗粒位移矢量均趋于放矿口轴中心，并且位移矢量从轴中心往四周逐渐减小。随着放矿的继续进行，在脊部残留矿废颗粒的重力作用下，放矿口上方矿废颗粒位移矢量逐渐向左倾斜。
在数值模拟试验中，记录不同回采顺序下部分颗粒的运移轨迹，颗粒从左至右分别记为A颗粒、B颗粒和C颗粒，并采用红色进行标记，如图8所示（颜色标识见电子版）。结合图7、图8分析，回采顺序Ⅰ中B颗粒大致沿着矿体倾斜的角度移动到1号口上方，接着向下移动至出矿，并且回采顺序Ⅰ中A颗粒和回采顺序Ⅱ中A颗粒运移轨迹相似，这说明回采顺序Ⅰ比回采顺序Ⅱ在1号口回采了更多的矿废颗粒。从图7(a)中可以看出，放矿结束后，回采顺序Ⅰ在1号口附近仍然有部分位移矢量较大的矿废颗粒。回采顺序Ⅱ中B颗粒是径直向下至出矿，因此在2号口中，回采顺序Ⅱ回采的矿废颗粒更多。回采顺序Ⅰ和回采顺序Ⅱ中C颗粒均偏离了放矿口上方，因此没有被放出，但从图7(a)和图7(b)可以看到，随着放矿的进行，回采顺序Ⅱ中脊部残留矿废颗粒的位移矢量更大，这说明回采顺序Ⅱ在3号口中回采的矿废颗粒更多。因此，回采顺序Ⅱ比回采顺序Ⅰ回采的矿废颗粒更多。
回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ中B颗粒和C颗粒运移轨迹相同，但回采顺序Ⅲ中A颗粒比回采顺序Ⅱ中A颗粒运移轨迹更长，这说明回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ在2号口和3号口回采的矿废颗粒数量基本相同，但回采顺序Ⅲ在1号口回采的矿废颗粒更多，并且从图7(b)和图7(c)可以看到，回采顺序Ⅱ和回采顺序Ⅲ在整个放矿过程中矿废颗粒的位移变化和运动趋势都是相似的。因此，回采顺序Ⅲ比回采顺序Ⅱ回采的矿废颗粒更多。
综上所述，回采顺序Ⅲ回采的矿废颗粒最多，回采顺序Ⅰ回采的矿废颗粒最少。从矿废颗粒位移矢量和运移轨迹上探讨了回采顺序对矿体回采效果的影响。
3.2.3　矿废颗粒力链演化特征
图9为放矿过程中矿废颗粒接触力链的变化情况，接触力链的颜色越深表示颗粒间或颗粒与墙体间接触力越大，反之越小。由于每次放矿过程中的力链变化是相似的，因此本文以数值模型第1次放矿来分析放矿过程中的力链变化。
在放矿开始前，模型内矿废颗粒接触均匀，矿废颗粒接触力链处于平衡状态，并且模型下方颗粒接触力较大，上方颗粒接触力较小。在放矿过程中，放矿口上方及附近的矿废颗粒产生较大的位移，矿废颗粒接触力链处于不平衡状态，放矿口上方产生不稳定接触力链通道，颗粒间的接触力链由密集逐渐变成稀疏或者消散，此过程伴随力链的释放与回升，导致矿废颗粒不断被放出。在放矿结束后，矿废颗粒接触力链恢复至平衡状态，模型内矿废颗粒接触力大小重新分布。
4　结论
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（1）回采顺序会影响相邻放矿口上部废石的分布，使放矿漏斗完全转化所需的放矿次数不同。
（2）回采顺序Ⅲ的矿石回采率为45.56%，矿石贫化率为19.29%，回贫差为26.27%，且相较于回采顺序Ⅰ和回采顺序Ⅱ的回贫差分别增加了1.95个百分点和4.01个百分点，因此回采顺序Ⅲ为最优回采方案，即交替回采3号、2号口上部崩落矿体三个循环后持续回采1号口上部崩落矿体，待1号口回采完毕后再交替回采2号、3号口上部崩落矿体。
（3）通过数值模拟试验验证了物理试验的结果，并且从矿废颗粒位移矢量和运移轨迹上探讨了回采顺序对矿体回采效果的影响。
（4）在放矿前期，放矿口上方以及四周的矿废颗粒位移矢量均趋于放矿口轴中心。在放矿后期，放矿口上方矿废颗粒位移矢量逐渐向左倾斜。
（5）在放矿开始前以及放矿结束后，矿废颗粒接触力链均处于平衡状态。在放矿过程中，矿废颗粒接触力链处于不平衡状态。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42107208)
  • 四川省自然科学基金（面上项目）(2024NSFSC0099)
  • 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主研究课题(SKLGP2023Z014)
文献
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间：2024-06-05
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42107208)
四川省自然科学基金（面上项目）(2024NSFSC0099)
地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主研究课题(SKLGP2023Z014)
作者信息
    1.成都理工大学 环境与土木工程学院，四川　成都　610059
    2.成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点试验室，四川　成都　610059
    3.葫芦岛八家矿业股份有限公司，辽宁　葫芦岛市　125316

通讯作者:

陈旭（1988—），男，新疆图木舒克人，副教授，主要研究方向为岩石的破裂与失稳、岩石的损伤与断裂、岩石的渗流特性。E-mail:
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