Article(id=1322594581628171056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710864000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260720879, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260720879, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260720879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260720879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=126, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594583205229361, articleId=1322594581628171056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Method of Anchor Hole Positioning in Multi-Scale Complex Environment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The anchoring operation of coal mine excavation roadway is the key factor affecting the tunneling efficiency. Accurately determining the position of anchor hole under the condition of roadway with many interference factors is one of the key links to improve the anchoring speed. At present, most of the research on anchor hole positioning has a single consideration of interference factors, and the influence of complex factors on anchor hole identification under multi-scale changes has not been studied. To this, an improved YOLOv8s anchor hole positioning method in multi-scale complex environment was proposed. Firstly, according to the actual anchoring situation of the roadway, four main factors affecting the positioning of the anchor hole, such as light intensity, dust concentration, water mist concentration and shooting distance, were summarized, and a three-level influence scale was established. The initial data set was formed by the combination of various influencing factors. Before the anchor hole identification, the image preprocessing operation was performed to optimize the overall quality of the image. Then, the YOLOv8s deep learning network model was improved, and the multi-scale hole attention mechanism (MSDA) was added to improve the feature extraction ability of the model under complex conditions. Finally, the pixel coordinates of the anchor hole center were calculated to obtain the actual three-dimensional coordinates. The results show that the average detection precision of the improved YOLOv8s model reaches 91.6%, which is 5.3 percentage points higher than that of the YOLOv8s model. The improved YOLOv8s model has better detection ability and can accurately detect the anchor hole position in the image under the interference of different scale combination influencing factors. The number of frames per second of the processed image of the improved YOLOv8s model is maintained at 171 frames, which can meet the real-time requirements of the model detection function.

, authors=Kun YANG1, 2, Hongwei WANG1, 2, 3, 4, Fujing ZHANG1, 2, Jin LI1, 3, Zhihao ZHANG1, 3, Zhenglong LI1, 3, authorsList=Kun YANG, Hongwei WANG, Fujing ZHANG, Jin LI, Zhihao ZHANG, Zhenglong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594589131780955, articleId=1322594581628171056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=多尺度复杂环境下的锚孔定位方法, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

煤矿掘进巷道锚护作业是影响掘进效率的关键因素,在干扰因素众多的巷道条件下,精准确定锚孔位置是提高锚护速度的关键环节之一。目前,大部分锚孔定位的研究对干扰因素的考虑较为单一,尚未研究多尺度变化下复杂因素对锚孔识别的影响。对此,提出一种改进的YOLOv8s多尺度复杂环境下的锚孔定位方法。首先,根据巷道实际锚护情况总结了光照强度、粉尘浓度、水雾浓度、拍摄距离等影响锚孔定位的4种主要因素,并建立三级影响尺度,通过各影响因素的组合构成初始数据集,锚孔识别前先进行图像预处理操作,对图像整体质量进行优化。然后,对YOLOv8s深度学习网络模型进行改进,增加了多尺度空洞注意力机制(MSDA),提高了模型在复杂条件下小目标的特征提取能力。最后,将锚孔中心的像素坐标经过运算后,求得其实际三维坐标。结果表明:改进YOLOv8s模型的平均检测精度达到91.6%,相较于YOLOv8s模型提高了5.3个百分点;改进YOLOv8s模型有更好的检测能力,能够在不同尺度组合影响因素的干扰下准确检测出图像中的锚孔位置;改进YOLOv8s模型每秒处理图像的帧数保持在171帧,可满足模型检测功能的实时性要求。

, authors=杨焜1, 2, 王宏伟1, 2, 3, 4, 张夫净1, 2, 李进1, 3, 张之好1, 3, 李正龙1, 3, authorsList=杨焜, 王宏伟, 张夫净, 李进, 张之好, 李正龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨焜(1998—),男,山西长治人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业物联网、图像识别。E-mail:

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杨焜(1998—),男,山西长治人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业物联网、图像识别。E-mail:

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articleId=1322594581628171056, language=CN, label=图10, caption=改进YOLOv8s检测结果, figureFileSmall=i5HzMLBRpgXh3aqjFFwnpQ==, figureFileBig=6DIwIXFXa7yovJCWY4eK6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594599349105582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameter component of anchor hole image

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图像序号光照分量粉尘浓度分量水雾浓度分量距离分量
a适中低等低等近距离
b弱光低等低等近距离
c强光中等中等近距离
d弱光高等高等近距离
e适中低等低等远距离
f弱光低等低等远距离
g强光中等中等远距离
h强光高等高等远距离
), ArticleFig(id=1322594601001661359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锚孔图像参数分量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
图像序号光照分量粉尘浓度分量水雾浓度分量距离分量
a适中低等低等近距离
b弱光低等低等近距离
c强光中等中等近距离
d弱光高等高等近距离
e适中低等低等远距离
f弱光低等低等远距离
g强光中等中等远距离
h强光高等高等远距离
), ArticleFig(id=1322594601077158832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hardware and software configuration

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配置名称配置参数
CPUIntel(R)Xeon(R)Silver 4210R
GPUTesla v100-PCIE
操作系统Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
深度学习框架Pytorch1.8.0
CUDA11.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322594601152656305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

软硬件配置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配置名称配置参数
CPUIntel(R)Xeon(R)Silver 4210R
GPUTesla v100-PCIE
操作系统Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
深度学习框架Pytorch1.8.0
CUDA11.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322594601249125298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of ablation test

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模型P/%R/%mAP/%帧率/(帧·s-1)
YOLOv5s86.383.285.7165
YOLOv8s89.585.486.3183
MSDA-YOLOv8s91.487.688.1177
改进YOLOv8s94.190.391.6171
), ArticleFig(id=1322594601324622771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

消融试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型P/%R/%mAP/%帧率/(帧·s-1)
YOLOv5s86.383.285.7165
YOLOv8s89.585.486.3183
MSDA-YOLOv8s91.487.688.1177
改进YOLOv8s94.190.391.6171
), ArticleFig(id=1322594601416897460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Image parameter component of anchor hole under different scale combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
图像序号光照分量粉尘浓度分量水雾浓度分量距离分量
a适中低等低等近距离
b弱光低等低等远距离
c弱光高等高等近距离
d弱光中等中等远距离
e强光高等高等远距离
), ArticleFig(id=1322594601488200629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581628171056, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同尺度组合下的锚孔图像参数分量

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图像序号光照分量粉尘浓度分量水雾浓度分量距离分量
a适中低等低等近距离
b弱光低等低等远距离
c弱光高等高等近距离
d弱光中等中等远距离
e强光高等高等远距离
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多尺度复杂环境下的锚孔定位方法
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杨焜 1, 2 , 王宏伟 1, 2, 3, 4 , 张夫净 1, 2 , 李进 1, 3 , 张之好 1, 3 , 李正龙 1, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(1): 126-134
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (1) : 126 -134
多尺度复杂环境下的锚孔定位方法
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杨焜(1998—),男,山西长治人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业物联网、图像识别。E-mail:

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杨焜(1998—),男,山西长治人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业物联网、图像识别。E-mail:

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杨焜1, 2 , 王宏伟1, 2, 3, 4, 张夫净1, 2, 李进1, 3, 张之好1, 3, 李正龙1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.太原理工大学 山西省煤矿智能装备工程研究中心,山西 太原 030024
  • 3.太原理工大学 机械与运载工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 4.山西焦煤集团有限责任公司博士后工作站,山西 太原 030024
作者简介:

杨焜(1998—),男,山西长治人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业物联网、图像识别。E-mail:

Method of Anchor Hole Positioning in Multi-Scale Complex Environment
Kun YANG1, 2 , Hongwei WANG1, 2, 3, 4, Fujing ZHANG1, 2, Jin LI1, 3, Zhihao ZHANG1, 3, Zhenglong LI1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 2.Center of Shanxi Engineering Research for Coal Mine Intelligent Equipment, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 3.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 4.Post-doctoral Workstation of Shanxi Coking Coal Group Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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煤矿掘进巷道锚护作业是影响掘进效率的关键因素,在干扰因素众多的巷道条件下,精准确定锚孔位置是提高锚护速度的关键环节之一。目前,大部分锚孔定位的研究对干扰因素的考虑较为单一,尚未研究多尺度变化下复杂因素对锚孔识别的影响。对此,提出一种改进的YOLOv8s多尺度复杂环境下的锚孔定位方法。首先,根据巷道实际锚护情况总结了光照强度、粉尘浓度、水雾浓度、拍摄距离等影响锚孔定位的4种主要因素,并建立三级影响尺度,通过各影响因素的组合构成初始数据集,锚孔识别前先进行图像预处理操作,对图像整体质量进行优化。然后,对YOLOv8s深度学习网络模型进行改进,增加了多尺度空洞注意力机制(MSDA),提高了模型在复杂条件下小目标的特征提取能力。最后,将锚孔中心的像素坐标经过运算后,求得其实际三维坐标。结果表明:改进YOLOv8s模型的平均检测精度达到91.6%,相较于YOLOv8s模型提高了5.3个百分点;改进YOLOv8s模型有更好的检测能力,能够在不同尺度组合影响因素的干扰下准确检测出图像中的锚孔位置;改进YOLOv8s模型每秒处理图像的帧数保持在171帧,可满足模型检测功能的实时性要求。

多尺度复杂环境  /  锚孔定位  /  注意力机制  /  深度学习  /  改进YOLOv8s模型

The anchoring operation of coal mine excavation roadway is the key factor affecting the tunneling efficiency. Accurately determining the position of anchor hole under the condition of roadway with many interference factors is one of the key links to improve the anchoring speed. At present, most of the research on anchor hole positioning has a single consideration of interference factors, and the influence of complex factors on anchor hole identification under multi-scale changes has not been studied. To this, an improved YOLOv8s anchor hole positioning method in multi-scale complex environment was proposed. Firstly, according to the actual anchoring situation of the roadway, four main factors affecting the positioning of the anchor hole, such as light intensity, dust concentration, water mist concentration and shooting distance, were summarized, and a three-level influence scale was established. The initial data set was formed by the combination of various influencing factors. Before the anchor hole identification, the image preprocessing operation was performed to optimize the overall quality of the image. Then, the YOLOv8s deep learning network model was improved, and the multi-scale hole attention mechanism (MSDA) was added to improve the feature extraction ability of the model under complex conditions. Finally, the pixel coordinates of the anchor hole center were calculated to obtain the actual three-dimensional coordinates. The results show that the average detection precision of the improved YOLOv8s model reaches 91.6%, which is 5.3 percentage points higher than that of the YOLOv8s model. The improved YOLOv8s model has better detection ability and can accurately detect the anchor hole position in the image under the interference of different scale combination influencing factors. The number of frames per second of the processed image of the improved YOLOv8s model is maintained at 171 frames, which can meet the real-time requirements of the model detection function.

Multi-scale complex environment  /  Anchor hole positioning  /  Attention mechanism  /  Deep learning  /  Improved YOLOv8s model
杨焜, 王宏伟, 张夫净, 李进, 张之好, 李正龙. 多尺度复杂环境下的锚孔定位方法. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 126 -134 .
Kun YANG, Hongwei WANG, Fujing ZHANG, Jin LI, Zhihao ZHANG, Zhenglong LI. Method of Anchor Hole Positioning in Multi-Scale Complex Environment[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 126 -134 .
我国大部分煤炭资源埋藏较深,多数煤矿以井工开采为主[1],开采过程中需要通过掘进工艺挖掘大量巷道并及时进行支护[2]。人工支护不仅支护效率低下,而且还面临着诸多安全问题[3],严重制约了煤炭整体开采效率[4]。近年来许多专家学者通过对钻锚设备的智能化改造,初步实现了锚护作业的自动化和智能化[5]。但是由于煤矿地质条件复杂,目前仍需通过手动确定钻锚位置,将锚杆精准打入钢带预留的锚孔之中[6]。因此,实现钻锚设备对锚孔的自动定位,能够进一步提高煤矿巷道支护效率。
近年来,由于深度学习在各个领域的广泛应用,基于深度学习的图像检测技术也受到众多研究人员的关注[7]。该技术通过多层神经网络自动实现待检测目标的特征提取,具有高准确性、灵活性和可扩展性等优势[8]。在煤矿领域已广泛应用于煤矸识别[9]、异物检测[10]、带式输送机损伤检测[11]等。目前,针对煤矿巷道锚孔定位方面的研究还较少。张夫净等[12]使用改进的YOLOv5s模型在实验室条件下实现锚孔位置的识别,但是在构建数据集的时候仅考虑了暗光环境对锚孔识别的影响,对模型实际应用的泛化能力缺乏有力论证。王宏伟等[13]利用视觉和激光雷达融合的方法进行锚孔识别,能够有效避免单一传感器受到环境干扰而导致检测精度下降的问题,但是该方法在实际应用中检测速度过慢,且激光雷达生产造价过高,目前无法应用于实际的锚护作业。CHI等[14]、BONCHIS等[15]虽然能够实现类似于锚孔这类小目标的实时检测,但由于采用的算法老旧,极易出现漏检现象。综上所述,使用深度学习构建锚孔定位模型过程中需要充分考虑三个问题:一是各种干扰因素在不同尺度组合下对检测精度的影响;二是图像识别模型的训练成本及特征提取能力;三是检测实时性需求高,模型需要保证秒级的目标检测速度。
针对以上问题,本文提出了一种基于改进YOLOv8s模型的多尺度复杂环境下锚孔定位方法。首先,根据掘进巷道锚护现场实际工况和人工经验,构建了多尺度复杂环境下的锚孔数据集。其次,对锚孔图像进行预处理,降低锚孔边缘和细节的噪声,提高图像的特征表达水平。再次,选用推理速度快、小目标检测能力强、部署成本低的YOLOv8s作为模型的基础网络结构,通过添加多尺度空洞注意力(Multi-Scale Dilated Attention, MSDA)模块,提高基础模型在不同尺度下的特征提取能力。最后,在成功获取锚孔所在图像的位置信息后,结合双目相机获取其深度信息,经过矩阵运算得到锚孔中心实际的三维坐标。锚护设备控制程序可根据锚孔位置信息调整机身姿态,实现自动锚护。
锚孔识别与定位流程如图1所示。
首先,对导入的锚孔图像数据集进行预处理,提高锚孔周围的特征信息。其次,将处理后的图像用于对改进YOLOv8s模型的训练,将训练好的模型部署在钻锚设备的边缘系统。再次,使用相机捕获巷道内实际锚孔图像,锚孔识别后获取其三维坐标信息。最后,钻锚设备可参考坐标信息调整姿态,实现自动锚护。
由于复杂的巷道条件会影响模型的训练精度和检测效果,因此,使用自适应伽马矫正算法对弱光环境下的数据集进行整体亮度改善,减少由于环形光源造成的光照不均匀带来的影响,抑制高照明区域亮度,增强低照明区域亮度。计算公式如下:
式中:O(x,y)代表校正后输出图像的亮度参数;F(x,y)代表图像的输入特征;γ代表矫正参数;I(x,y)代表光照分量;m代表通过回归计算得到的图像整体亮度均值。经过计算后对光照亮度低的图像区域进行亮度增强,减少低光照强度下检测目标细节特征的丢失[16]。
使用基于图像增强的去雾算法(Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, CLAHE),通过估计图像整体的透过率和场景亮度来减轻受粉尘和水雾影响的雾霾效应。通过调整图像的对比度、饱和度、锐化程度等操作,提升图像整体视觉效果,使图像细节更加突出。选用低照明度加高粉尘和水雾浓度的图像进行处理,效果如图2所示。由图2可以看出,原图在复杂干扰下人眼几乎无法识别锚孔所在位置,锚孔实际位置用矩形框标注,经过本文所采取的图像预处理方法,能够增强原始图像的对比度和整体亮度,降低水雾和粉尘对图像清晰度的影响,使锚孔局部的光照亮度更强,边缘和细节更加清晰。
当光照条件比较充分且粉尘浓度较高时,锚孔局部的视觉效果模糊,孔位内的色彩特征与钢带整体相近。图像处理效果如图3所示。由图3可以看出,经过处理后的图像并不会再次增加光照强度,导致图片过曝,在保持原有的光照条件下,仅会改善受粉尘和水雾影响的锚孔周围的模糊程度,使锚孔所在局部区域的边界更加清晰。
注意力机制是一种模仿人类视觉系统工作原理的技术,通过具体计算方式计算每个输入位置的注意力权重,在处理图像时选择性关注关键区域的特征,将注意力机制引入图像识别,能够提高模型对输入数据关键特征的理解和表达能力。
在图像识别中,当前应用比较广泛的局部注意力例如卷积注意力模块(Convolutional Block Attention Module, CBAM)通常将注意力集中在待检测目标的局部区域,能够提高模型对小目标的检测能力,但如果实际应用在煤矿巷道这种包含大量干扰因素的场景下,锚孔周围的图像特征千差万别,识别效果可能会大打折扣。全局注意力ViT(Vision Transtormer)模型虽然能够在任意图像块间建立多尺度的依赖关系,提高模型在复杂环境下的检测能力,但前提是需要消耗大量的计算成本。JIAO等[17]研究发现,浅层次上注意力矩阵具有局部性和稀疏性,MSDA通过使用多头滑动窗口膨胀注意力机制来减少全局依赖性建模带来额外的计算冗余。当选择不同的膨胀度r时,以图像中红色查询块为中心,分别在周围不同距离的彩色块执行注意力操作,在减少计算开销的同时提高模型在不同尺度内的关注感受野。MSDA网络结构如图4所示(颜色标识见电子版)。
首先将输入特征图像根据特征映射后获得特征参数Q、K、V,其中Q是查询向量、K是键向量、V是值向量。将不同特征映射的通道划分为多个头部,在不同的头部中设置不同的膨胀率,执行根据ViT模型改进的多尺度滑动窗口扩展注意力操作,执行完成后将不同头部的特征通过Concat 模块组合在一起。经过一个线性层进行特征聚合后,将执行结果输出。MSDA的具体描述如下式:
式中:n表示划分通道的个数;hi表示第i个通道提取的特征信息;Qi、Ki、Vi分别表示反馈到第i个头部的特征参数;r表示执行SWDA操作的膨胀度;X表示经过线性层特征聚合后的输出结果;Linear表示对特征参数进行线性变换操作;SWDA表示对特征通道执行多尺度膨胀卷积操作。
YOLOv8s网络结构分为input层、backbone层、head层、detect层。input层负责对图像进行自适应处理,将输入的图像统一缩放为640 px×640 px大小后输入至backbone层中。backbone层负责从输入图像中提取高层次的语义信息,通过一系列的卷积、池化等操作,将原始图像转换为具有丰富语义信息的特征图。在backbone层中将YOLOv8s中所有的C3模块换成了C2f模块,C2f模块在C3模块原有基础上增加了跳层连接和split操作,能够使网络保持较小计算量的同时,更加有效地提取小目标的相关特征,非常适用于巷道锚孔这种小目标检测应用场景。
head层通过多种处理模块,将backbone层提取到的不同深度的特征进行融合并增强,并通过多次卷积和连接等操作,将最初输入的特征图分别转化为80 px×80 px×256、40 px×40 px×512、20 px×20 px×1 024三种尺寸。在head层也将原先的C3模块全部更换为C2f模块,增强网络的特征融合能力。detect层负责对head层输出的特征图进行目标检测,通常包含卷积层、激活函数、类别置信度等用于目标检测的基础模块,目标检测方法由Anchor-Based变成了Anchor-Free,从而无需预先生成锚框来预测目标位置,简化了模型设计和需要调优的超参数设计。
虽然前期通过图像预处理方法能够有效提升图像整体质量,但是由于锚孔本身尺寸较小,加之巷道多种复杂环境的干扰,会导致YOLOv8s模型无法全面提取锚孔周围的特征信息,无法精准识别锚孔。改进后的YOLOv8s网络结构如图5所示,通过在YOLOv8s的骨干网络中加入MSDA注意力机制,增加模型提取全局的网络特征,具体添加位置为backbone层中原先的第2层、第4层、第6层、第8层。MSDA模块结合数据集的多尺度信息和膨胀卷积操作扩大感受野,相较于全局注意力机制,减少了大量的冗余计算,提高了模型的全局感知能力,实现了模型在复杂巷道环境下检测精度的提升。
使用改进的YOLOv8s结构成功检测到锚孔后,可以获得其中心点所在图像的像素坐标(u1,v1)。然后用双目相机经过特征匹配操作后,获得锚孔的深度信息。求解公式如下式:
式中:z为锚孔深度信息;f和b分别为相机的焦距和基线;x1和x2分别为锚孔映射在左右相机坐标系中的横坐标。获取到锚孔深度信息后,通过矩阵运算便可得到锚孔的三维坐标,求解公式如下式:
式中:(x,y,z)表示在相机坐标系下的三维坐标;(u2,v2)表示锚孔中心在相机的像素坐标;K表示相机的内参矩阵[18]。
考虑到目前现有锚孔数据集在制作过程中仅考虑光照或者粉尘浓度等单因素的影响,在实际应用中模型的泛化能力可能存在缺陷,需要重新创建数据集。考虑到多种现实工况影响因素[19],以及各因素间不同尺度组合下的影响,在实验室搭建模拟巷道时,利用环形光源和喷雾装置模拟巷道的实际干扰因素。根据巷道实际锚护现状可知,影响锚孔识别的主要因素分别为光照强度、粉尘浓度、水雾浓度和拍摄距离4种。由于在开采过程中掘进巷道条件复杂,无法对各类影响因素给出具体定量分析,在拍摄过程中通过人工经验,根据实际条件将4类影响因素分为3种不同尺度,并通过各种干扰因素间的不同尺度组合模拟实际干扰因素对锚孔的识别影响,数据集具体描述如下式:
式中:X表示该序号图像的各个影响因素的尺度集合;L表示光照分量;D表示粉尘浓度分量;F表示水雾浓度分量;S表示距离分量;n表示图像序号,下角标i,j,k,l表示该分量影响尺度。
部分拍摄锚孔图像如图6所示,各图像参数分量见表1。首先,由于煤矿巷道锚护作业要求在巷道左侧、右侧、顶部分别打入多根锚杆,需要考虑到锚杆钻机钻臂与孔位的角度和距离,距离过远时,锚孔成像的尺寸较小,特征信息更少,容易影响到对锚孔的初步识别。其次,在掘进巷道过程中会产生不同浓度的粉尘和水雾,而且在巷道中光源离锚孔位置也不固定,造成锚孔附近的光照强度也不一样。因此,模拟了巷道不同距离、不同光照条件、不同粉尘和水雾浓度下锚孔的成像效果。
本文使用的软件配置见表2,模型训练轮次设置为200次,参数优化算法选用SGD(Stochastic Gradient Descent)随机梯度下降法,学习率设置为0.01,动量因子设置为0.93,采用LabelImg标注工具对拍摄的图像进行锚孔标注,标注结果导出为文本格式文件,用于后续的模型训练和评估。
使用精确率(Precision,P)、召回率(Recall,R)、平均精度均值(mean Average Precision,mAP)作为评估模型检测能力的评估指标。精确率和召回率反映模型的误检水平,平均精度均值反映模型的综合检测性能。具体公式如下式:
式中:TP表示正确检测到锚孔的图像数量;FP表示将其他对象误检为锚孔的图像数量;FN表示未检测到锚孔的图像数量;P(R)表示以P为纵坐标,R为横坐标画出的PR曲线图。
为验证本文改进的锚孔识别模型的训练效果,选取YOLOv5s、YOLOv8s、MSDA-YOLOv8s作为参照组进行对比试验,训练过程中的mAP变化曲线如图7所示,试验结果见表3。
由图7可知,改进后的YOLOv8s模型在训练轮次(epoch)达到90次时已经基本实现收敛,相较于其他3种模型收敛速度更快,模型具有更强的特征感知能力。当使用未加改进的网络模型进行训练时,模型的准确率、召回率、mAP分别为94.2%、92.8%、92.3%。加入多种复杂因素(YOLOv5s)相较于未加入复杂因素的数据集检测精度下降了6.6个百分点,证明引入多尺度组合干扰因素确实会严重影响模型整体的泛化效果。而经过优化后的模型(MSPA-YOLOv8s)的准确率、召回率、mAP与未加入组合干扰因素模型仅相差了2.8, 5.2, 4.2个百分点,证明模型改进后的检测效果提升显著。由表3可知,YOLOv8s相较于YOLOv5s的准确率、召回率、mAP分别提升3.2, 2.2, 0.6个百分点,证明YOLOv8s相较于YOLOv5s有更好的训练效果和检测性能。当加入MSDA模块后,相较于YOLOv8s, MSPA-YOLOv8s模型的mAP提升了1.8个百分点,证明加入该模块能够提高模型对图像关键特征的感知能力,帮助模型适应不同环境下的锚孔识别任务。经过数据预处理后,mAP再次提升了3.5个百分点,证明数据顶处理能够明显提升图像质量,减少后期特征丢失。
为验证本文改进后的模型的实际应用效果,同时充分考虑多尺度复杂环境因素对模型检测能力的影响,根据识别难度选取不同尺度组合下的锚孔图像,将原YOLOv8s模型与本文改进的模型进行对比分析,检测效果如图8至图10所示,图像各参数分量见表4。
由图8至图10可知,模型未改进前能够清晰识别未加入干扰因素下的锚孔。但是在同时加入光照、粉尘和水雾的组合影响下,照片质量会变得模糊,由于锚孔周围的颜色与背景较为接近,锚孔周围特征更加难以提取,最终导致锚孔识别失败。而本文提出的改进模型在遇到粉尘浓度过高、光照不均匀的情况时,会先通过图像预处理算法改善图片的清晰度,使图像中锚孔周围的细节更加突出。综上所述,经过本文采用的图像预处理算法处理后,能够预先降低复杂干扰因素对图像整体质量的影响,同时加入MSDA注意力机制,能够增强模型对小目标周围关键特征的提取能力,提高模型锚孔识别的准确性和置信度。
(1)基于YOLOv8s网络模型,首先,引入MSDA注意力机制,提高模型在各种复杂环境下锚孔周围关键特征的提取能力;其次,引入图像预处理算法,提高受光照和粉尘等干扰因素影响的图像整体质量,使锚孔的边缘和细节更加清晰;最后,将识别后锚孔的二位像素坐标与双目视觉下的深度信息相结合,获得锚孔真实的三维坐标。
(2)根据巷道实际锚护情况总结了影响锚孔的4种主要因素,分别为光照强度、粉尘浓度、水雾浓度和拍摄距离,通过人工经验将各类影响因素分为3种不同尺度,根据各因素间的不同尺度组合构建了多尺度复杂巷道条件下锚孔数据集。
(3)将改进YOLOv8s模型与原模型进行了消融试验分析,试验结果表明,改进后的模型的平均检测精度达到91.6%,相较原模型提升了5.3个百分点;选取不同识别难度的锚孔图像验证本文改进YOLOv8s模型的实际应用效果,检测结果表明,改进后的模型能够识别各种尺度干扰因素组合下的锚孔位置,相较于原模型泛化能力更强。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1314004)
  • 山西省重点研发计划项目(202102100401015)
  • 山西省揭榜招标项目(20201101008)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-20
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1314004)
山西省重点研发计划项目(202102100401015)
山西省揭榜招标项目(20201101008)
作者信息
    1.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.太原理工大学 山西省煤矿智能装备工程研究中心,山西 太原 030024
    3.太原理工大学 机械与运载工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    4.山西焦煤集团有限责任公司博士后工作站,山西 太原 030024
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