Article(id=1322594581267464972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708185600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260720793, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260720793, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260720793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260720793, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594581435237133, articleId=1322594581267464972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on the Formulation of Filling Binder Based on Low-Activity Slag, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the cost of mine filling, the experimental study of filling binder was carried out using low-activity slag and other auxiliary materials around Timok copper-gold mine. The optimal formulation obtained by orthogonal experiment is slag : lime : caustic soda : desulfurization gypsum=81.5:10:1:7.5. The hydration mechanism of slag-based binder was studied by XRD and SEM analysis methods. Combined with the local material price and processing cost, the production cost of slag-based filling binder was calculated, and its application range was recommended. The results show that the 28 d cementation effect of the slag-based binder is slightly lower than that of the local cement, and its cost can be reduced by 30% compared with the local cement. In Timok copper-gold mine, the application of slag-based binder to the filling of sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method can reduce the cementing cost by 13%. The annual saving of filling cost is 1.281 million euros, which has certain application value.

, authors=Xu WANG1, 2, 3, Rongrong ZHANG2, Changjun WANG1, 2, 3, Shengli YU2, authorsList=Xu WANG, Rongrong ZHANG, Changjun WANG, Shengli YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594583930848018, articleId=1322594581267464972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于低活性矿渣的充填胶结剂配方试验研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了降低矿山充填成本,利用Timok金铜矿周边低活性矿渣及其他辅料,开展了充填胶结剂试验研究。采用正交试验得到最优配方为矿渣:石灰:烧碱:脱硫石膏=81.5:10:1:7.5。通过XRD和SEM分析方法研究了矿渣基胶结剂的水化机理。结合当地材料价格及加工成本测算矿渣基胶结剂的生产成本,并推荐其应用范围。研究结果表明,该矿渣基胶结剂的28 d胶结效果稍低于当地水泥,其矿渣基成本较当地水泥可下降30%。在Timok铜金矿,将胶结剂应用于分段空场嗣后充填法采场的充填,可使胶结成本下降13%,年节约充填成本128.1 万欧元,具备一定的应用价值。

, authors=王旭1, 2, 3, 张荣荣2, 王长军1, 2, 3, 余胜利2, authorsList=王旭, 张荣荣, 王长军, 余胜利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王旭(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事充填工艺、充填胶结剂及充填采矿法等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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王旭(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事充填工艺、充填胶结剂及充填采矿法等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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王旭(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事充填工艺、充填胶结剂及充填采矿法等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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Experimental study on preparation of porous concrete admixture by alkaline blast furnace slag and its purification of acidic water[J]. Earth and Environment, 2017, 45(6):643-648., articleTitle=Experimental study on preparation of porous concrete admixture by alkaline blast furnace slag and its purification of acidic water, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594598325699452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=36, issue=增刊2, pageStart=64, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=40, authorNames=于博伟, 杜延军, 刘辰阳, journalName=岩土力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于博伟,杜延军,刘辰阳,等. 活性MgO碱性激发粒化高炉矿渣固化黏土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀试验研究[J].岩土力学,2015, 36(增刊2):64-72., articleTitle=活性MgO碱性激发粒化高炉矿渣固化黏土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594598392808317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=36, issue=Suppl.2, pageStart=64, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=41, authorNames=YU Bowei, DU Yanjun, LIU Chenyang, journalName=Rock and Soil Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Bowei, DU Yanjun, LIU Chenyang, et al. Study of durability of reactive magnesia-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag stabilized soil attacked by sulfate sodium solution[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2015, 36(Suppl.2): 64-72., articleTitle=Study of durability of reactive magnesia-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag stabilized soil attacked by sulfate sodium solution, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322594584476107539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594584497079060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, companyId=1322594584476107539, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low-Grade Refractory Gold Ores, Shanghang County, Fujian 364204, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594584509661973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, companyId=1322594584476107539, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室,福建 上杭县 364204)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322594584606130966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594584627102487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, companyId=1322594584606130966, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Shanghang County, Fujian 364200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594584635491096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, companyId=1322594584606130966, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司,福建 上杭县 364200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322594584719377177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594584723571482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, companyId=1322594584719377177, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Zijin (Changsha) Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594584752931611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, companyId=1322594584719377177, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司,湖南 长沙 410114)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322594588544582462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=XRD diffraction pattern of the sample, figureFileSmall=SeRn1LSqt90rLHZTdzdaBQ==, figureFileBig=ADDJQRW27i4NEP+Zl0Al0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594588615885631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试样XRD衍射图, figureFileSmall=SeRn1LSqt90rLHZTdzdaBQ==, figureFileBig=ADDJQRW27i4NEP+Zl0Al0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594588875932480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM images of hydration products of the sample, figureFileSmall=E8O6IJ+1mBkO36zwfNc4nw==, figureFileBig=SAvfCPhQhsRFyucC1r3Usw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594588959818561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=图2, caption=试样水化产物的SEM照片, figureFileSmall=E8O6IJ+1mBkO36zwfNc4nw==, figureFileBig=SAvfCPhQhsRFyucC1r3Usw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594589031121730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The chemical compositions of full tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFeCaOMgOAl2O3SiO2S其他
9.351.530.3210.5851.0912.6214.51
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589135979331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全尾砂的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFeCaOMgOAl2O3SiO2S其他
9.351.530.3210.5851.0912.6214.51
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589207282500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test results of mix propertion of cemented backfill with full tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比质量浓度/%充填体强度/MPa
7 d28 d
1:6701.854.62
1:8701.323.19
1:10700.961.75
1:15700.570.67
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589286974277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

全尾砂胶结充填体配比试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比质量浓度/%充填体强度/MPa
7 d28 d
1:6701.854.62
1:8701.323.19
1:10700.961.75
1:15700.570.67
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589349888838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chemical compositions of slag from iron and steel plants at home and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产地化学成分/%碱性系数质量系数
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOSO3MnOTiO2其他
塞钢37.1010.160.4840.178.900.220.260.472.241.041.57
水钢33.0612.650.7544.685.701.600.74—0.821.101.90
邯钢33.9112.770.4538.6310.59———3.651.061.83
三钢28.8213.400.9838.826.412.460.420.548.151.071.77
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589429580615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国内外钢铁厂矿渣化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产地化学成分/%碱性系数质量系数
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOSO3MnOTiO2其他
塞钢37.1010.160.4840.178.900.220.260.472.241.041.57
水钢33.0612.650.7544.685.701.600.74—0.821.101.90
邯钢33.9112.770.4538.6310.59———3.651.061.83
三钢28.8213.400.9838.826.412.460.420.548.151.071.77
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589509272392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Orthogonal test factor level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平影响因素
A/%B/%C/%
1512.5
21035.0
32057.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589576381257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正交试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平影响因素
A/%B/%C/%
1512.5
21035.0
32057.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589643490122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The results of three-factor and three-level orthogonal formula test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A/%B/%C/%单轴抗压强度/MPa
7 d28 d
1512.50.551.87
2535.00.450.60
3557.50.551.76
41015.00.721.82
51037.50.871.86
61052.50.481.41
72017.50.732.55
82032.50.682.14
92055.00.420.22
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589723181899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三因素三水平正交配方试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A/%B/%C/%单轴抗压强度/MPa
7 d28 d
1512.50.551.87
2535.00.450.60
3557.50.551.76
41015.00.721.82
51037.50.871.86
61052.50.481.41
72017.50.732.55
82032.50.682.14
92055.00.420.22
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589794485068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Range analysis of various factors and uniaxial compressive strength

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标特征项水平值影响因素
A/%B/%C/%
7 d强度/MPa均值10.5170.6670.570
20.6900.6670.530
30.6100.4830.717
极差R0.1730.1840.187
28 d强度/MPa均值11.4102.0801.807
21.6971.5330.880
31.6371.1302.057
极差R0.2870.9501.177
), ArticleFig(id=1322594589874176845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各因素与单轴抗压强度极差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标特征项水平值影响因素
A/%B/%C/%
7 d强度/MPa均值10.5170.6670.570
20.6900.6670.530
30.6100.4830.717
极差R0.1730.1840.187
28 d强度/MPa均值11.4102.0801.807
21.6971.5330.880
31.6371.1302.057
极差R0.2870.9501.177
), ArticleFig(id=1322594590012588878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of formula verification test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比胶结剂–全尾砂水泥–全尾砂百分比/%
Ⅰ
7 d/MPa
Ⅱ
28 d/MPa
Ⅲ
7 d/MPa
Ⅳ
28 d/MPa
Ⅰ/ⅢⅡ/Ⅳ
1:61.133.851.854.626183
1:80.902.901.323.196889
1:100.681.400.961.756980
1:150.270.560.570.676184
), ArticleFig(id=1322594590092280655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594581267464972, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

配方验证试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比胶结剂–全尾砂水泥–全尾砂百分比/%
Ⅰ
7 d/MPa
Ⅱ
28 d/MPa
Ⅲ
7 d/MPa
Ⅳ
28 d/MPa
Ⅰ/ⅢⅡ/Ⅳ
1:61.133.851.854.626183
1:80.902.901.323.196889
1:100.681.400.961.756980
1:150.270.560.570.676184
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基于低活性矿渣的充填胶结剂配方试验研究
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王旭 1, 2, 3 , 张荣荣 2 , 王长军 1, 2, 3 , 余胜利 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(1): 79-84
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (1) : 79 -84
基于低活性矿渣的充填胶结剂配方试验研究
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王旭(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事充填工艺、充填胶结剂及充填采矿法等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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王旭(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事充填工艺、充填胶结剂及充填采矿法等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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王旭1, 2, 3 , 张荣荣2, 王长军1, 2, 3, 余胜利2
作者信息
  • 1.低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室,福建 上杭县 364204
  • 2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司,福建 上杭县 364200
  • 3.紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司,湖南 长沙 410114
作者简介:

王旭(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事充填工艺、充填胶结剂及充填采矿法等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Experimental Study on the Formulation of Filling Binder Based on Low-Activity Slag
Xu WANG1, 2, 3 , Rongrong ZHANG2, Changjun WANG1, 2, 3, Shengli YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low-Grade Refractory Gold Ores, Shanghang County, Fujian 364204, China
  • 2.Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Shanghang County, Fujian 364200, China
  • 3.Zijin (Changsha) Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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为了降低矿山充填成本,利用Timok金铜矿周边低活性矿渣及其他辅料,开展了充填胶结剂试验研究。采用正交试验得到最优配方为矿渣:石灰:烧碱:脱硫石膏=81.5:10:1:7.5。通过XRD和SEM分析方法研究了矿渣基胶结剂的水化机理。结合当地材料价格及加工成本测算矿渣基胶结剂的生产成本,并推荐其应用范围。研究结果表明,该矿渣基胶结剂的28 d胶结效果稍低于当地水泥,其矿渣基成本较当地水泥可下降30%。在Timok铜金矿,将胶结剂应用于分段空场嗣后充填法采场的充填,可使胶结成本下降13%,年节约充填成本128.1 万欧元,具备一定的应用价值。

充填胶结剂  /  低活性矿渣  /  正交试验  /  水化机理  /  尾砂

In order to reduce the cost of mine filling, the experimental study of filling binder was carried out using low-activity slag and other auxiliary materials around Timok copper-gold mine. The optimal formulation obtained by orthogonal experiment is slag : lime : caustic soda : desulfurization gypsum=81.5:10:1:7.5. The hydration mechanism of slag-based binder was studied by XRD and SEM analysis methods. Combined with the local material price and processing cost, the production cost of slag-based filling binder was calculated, and its application range was recommended. The results show that the 28 d cementation effect of the slag-based binder is slightly lower than that of the local cement, and its cost can be reduced by 30% compared with the local cement. In Timok copper-gold mine, the application of slag-based binder to the filling of sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method can reduce the cementing cost by 13%. The annual saving of filling cost is 1.281 million euros, which has certain application value.

Filling binder  /  Low activity slag  /  Orthogonal experiment  /  Hydration mechanism  /  Tailings
王旭, 张荣荣, 王长军, 余胜利. 基于低活性矿渣的充填胶结剂配方试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 79 -84 .
Xu WANG, Rongrong ZHANG, Changjun WANG, Shengli YU. Experimental Study on the Formulation of Filling Binder Based on Low-Activity Slag[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 79 -84 .
水泥是一种重要的建筑材料,广泛应用于国民经济的各个领域。但是从能源、资源消耗及环境保护等方面分析,水泥的生产、使用及废弃全过程是一个不断破坏自然环境和人类生存空间的过程。因此,在满足经济建设对优质建筑材料需求的前提下,实现水泥行业的可持续发展,保护生态环境,研究和发展生态水泥势在必行。生态水泥的生产是利用各种废弃物作为原、燃材料,在生产和使用过程中,具有较好的生态环境协调性。所谓矿渣基生态水泥,就是以矿渣为主要组分的一类生态水泥的总称。
关于矿渣基生态水泥的研发,已有众多学者开展了研究。韩涛等[1-2]、靳秀芝等[3]研究了矿渣微粉细度对矿渣水泥强度的影响。BARNETT等[4]研究了养护温度对矿渣砂浆强度发展的影响。SAJEDI等[5]研究了化学激发剂对普通硅酸盐水泥-矿渣砂浆早期强度的影响。谭克锋[6]研究发现,以Na2CO3为激发剂可显著改善高掺矿渣水泥的力学的性能和耐久性。李茂辉[7]针对低活性酒钢水淬渣开发早强胶凝材料配方,获得的充填体7 d强度达3.17 MPa。唐美红等[8]研究了Ca(OH)2的掺量及水玻璃的模数和掺量对矿渣胶结剂强度的影响。张西玲等[9]论述了矿渣活性的化学激发方法及内在机理。唐明浩等[10]阐述了影响矿渣活性的主要因素以及矿渣活性激发机理,并对矿渣混凝土的用途进行了总结。秦江浩[11]的研究表明,碱/石膏矿渣水泥胶凝体系兼具石膏矿渣水泥和碱矿渣水泥两者的优点。大量研究成果表明,机械激发、热激发、化学激发均是行之有效的激发方式,而碱和硫酸盐复合激发是相对高效的化学激发方式。
Timok铜金矿体赋存集中,矿体上部断层裂隙较发育、矿体稳固性较差,必须针对不同矿岩条件选择不同的采矿方法回收高价值矿石资源,以期在保证采矿作业安全、减少损失贫化率的基础上实现矿体的集中强化开采。矿山选择上向进路充填法和分段空场嗣后充填法对矿体进行回采,所占比例分别为36%和64%。当地水泥价格较高,近年在120~140 欧元/t高位区间波动,全矿综合灰砂比约为1:10,年消耗水泥约17.2 万t,约合2 064 万~2 408 万欧元。因而针对当地水泥价格高导致充填成本居高不下的难题,根据Timok铜金矿尾砂的特点,以当地矿渣为主要原料开发水泥替代品[12-14],在满足采矿方法对充填体强度要求的前提下,尽量降低胶结充填成本[15-17]。
采用ANALYSETTE 22激光粒度分析仪测试全尾砂的粒度分布,测得尾砂平均粒径为32 μm,-200目含量达89.1%,尾砂粒度较细且含泥。含泥尾砂常用不均匀系数Cu表征其均匀程度,用曲率系数Cc表征粒径级配累计曲线是否连续,是否缺失中间粒径,根据相关规范规定:Cu≥5且Cc=1~3为级配良好,不同时满足则为级配不良。
通过对Timok铜金矿尾砂进行粒径测试,得到:d10=1.75、d30=6.5、d60=46,则Cu=d60/d10=26.28,Cc=(d30×d30)/(d60×d10)=0.52,因此,可以认为该矿的尾矿粒度分布均匀,但缺少中间粒径,属于不良级配的尾砂。
充填材料的化学成分及含量对充填体力学性能具有一定影响,其中有较大影响的化学成分主要有Al2O3、CaO、MgO、SiO2、S。Timok矿全尾砂化学成分测定结果见表1。从表1可以看出,尾砂中Al2O3、TFe、CaO、MgO、SiO2含量均在正常范围内,但S的含量高达12.62%,高硫尾砂极易引起充填体开裂,大幅降低充填体的后期强度[18-19]。
配比试验所用材料为充填用全尾砂,胶结剂为充填站在用水泥。根据矿山日常充填配比及浓度,设计4种全尾砂充填料浆的灰砂比,分别为1:6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:15,全尾砂充填料浆质量浓度为70%。试模规格为7.07 cm×7.07 cm×7.07 cm,每组配比试验进行7 d 和28 d 两个龄期的强度测试。试验结果见表2。
从表1可以看出:不同灰砂比、不同龄期的试块强度具有明显的规律性,试块强度与龄期、水泥用量及质量浓度呈正相关。
试验采用的矿渣来自河钢旗下的塞尔维亚钢铁厂(简称塞钢),取样测试其化学组成,计算代表矿渣活性的质量系数,并与国内其他来源矿渣对比,结果见表3。
质量系数是表征矿渣活性的重要指标,是矿渣活性成分(如CaO、MgO、Al2O3)与惰性成分(如SiO2、MnO、TiO2)的比值,矿渣质量系数通常大于1.2。塞钢矿渣属于碱性矿渣[20-22],其质量系数为1.57,与国内高活性矿渣仍有不小差距,属于低活性矿渣,激发难度大。
矿山周边可获得石灰、烧碱、脱硫石膏3种固体激发剂以及矿渣,以这4种材料为基础开展配方试验。试验固定料浆质量浓度为70%、灰砂比为1:8,设计三因素三水平正交试验。正交试验因素及水平设定见表4,表中A、B、C分别代表石灰、烧碱和脱硫石膏的质量掺量。
现场取样,在实验室内烘干尾砂、矿渣和脱硫石膏;用研磨机将石灰和矿渣磨细后过200目筛;按试验方案配料,制备料浆灌模,根据料浆沉降和凝固情况完成添模和刮模;试块初凝后,脱模后在温度为24°C、湿度为95%的条件下养护;养护至7 d和28 d龄期时,分别测试抗压强度。
抗压强度测试结果见表5。用水泥作为胶结剂时,试块的7 d 和28 d 强度分别为1.32 MPa和3.19 MPa。从表5中可以看出,各矿渣胶结剂试块的28 d 强度均小于3 MPa,因此水泥的效果优于矿渣基胶结剂。由于正交试验的试验点分布比较均匀,而第7组试块的28 d 强度最高,因此第7组可以作为最优配方的参考。
对上述试验结果进行极差分析,结果见表6。
由表6可得,7 d强度极差RC>RB>RA,28 d强度极差RC>RB>RA,根据各影响因素极差大小排序及均值趋势可得以下结论。
(1)石灰添加量变化对试块强度的影响最弱。随着石灰添加量的增加,试块7 d、28 d强度先增大后减小,水平值为2时,试块7 d和28 d强度达到最大。推荐石灰的添加水平为2,即10%。
(2)烧碱添加量变化对试块7 d和28 d强度的影响明显,随着烧碱添加量的增加,各龄期均值强度呈下降趋势。推荐烧碱添加水平为1,即1%。
(3)脱硫石膏添加量变化对试块强度的影响最大,随着脱硫石膏添加量增加,7 d、28 d试块强度均先降低后增大,水平值为3时,试块均值强度最大。推荐脱硫石膏添加水平为3,即7.5%。
综上,推荐配方A2B1C3,即矿渣:石灰:烧碱:脱硫石膏=81.5:10:1:7.5。
通过开展全尾砂浆试验,验证正交试验得到的最优配方胶结剂的胶结效果,并与水泥胶结效果对比。试验固定料浆质量浓度为70%,灰砂比分别为1:6,1:8,1:10,1:15。试验数据见表7。
由表7可以看出,最优配方的矿渣基胶结剂的胶结效果展现出良好的规律性,试块强度与龄期、胶结剂用量呈正相关;胶结剂试块7 d强度为0.27~1.13 MPa,28 d强度为0.56~3.85 MPa,可满足采矿方法的需求。胶结剂的胶结效果不如水泥,7 d强度仅能达到同配比同期水泥试块强度的60%~70%,28 d强度达同配比同期水泥试块强度的80%~90%。
采用最优配方矿渣胶结剂以标准稠度用水量制成净浆试块,置于标准养护箱中养护1 d后脱模浸水养护,到规定的水化龄期,取出试块的一部分敲成小块,用无水乙醇浸泡终止水化,然后进行X射线衍射分析和SEM分析,结果分别如图1、图2所示。
由图1可知,矿渣基水泥石中的结晶相主要为石膏、钙矾石、碳酸钙和石英。试样水化第3天即开始出现钙矾石晶体的衍射峰,说明脱硫石膏早期即参与水化反应。不同龄期试样均发现石膏衍射峰的存在,说明石膏组分充足,可适当下调其含量。随着龄期增加,石膏衍射峰呈下降趋势,钙矾石衍射峰则逐渐增高,说明石膏在不断被化合成钙矾石。
由图2可知,水化到第3天时,试样中产生C–S–H凝胶和针状钙矾石晶体,它们相互搭接形成空间网络结构,使水泥石具备一定强度,但尚有大量孔洞,结构稀松。水化第7天时,C–S–H凝胶搭接更为致密,呈团状,水泥石中空隙大幅减少,大量的水化凝胶将矿渣颗粒包裹严密。水化到第28天时,C–S–H凝胶量显著增加,水化产物相互交织、填充形成完整的网络结构,水泥石中的空隙被水化产物不断填充,同时未水化的矿渣颗粒被水化产物严密包裹并充当骨架,使水泥石结构更加致密,强度显著提高。
综合以上分析,该矿渣基胶结剂的水化过程总结如下:早期水化产物主要是液相中形成的钙矾石和C–S–H凝胶,它们起到网络连接作用,使浆体失去流动性,开始凝结。随着水化龄期延长,矿渣在钙离子和硫酸根离子双重激发作用下水解,形成钙矾石和C–S–H凝胶,浆体不断密实,强度逐渐提高,此过程中消耗大量钙离子,pH逐渐下降。
根据最优配方各原料组分比例及市场价格,计算出矿渣基胶结剂的生产成本为89.1 欧元/t。
当地普通水泥到矿价格为128 欧元/t,矿渣胶结剂的生产成本仅为水泥价格的69.6%,具有一定的价格优势。
上述验证试验表明,最优矿渣基胶结剂的胶结性能不如水泥,矿渣基胶结剂试块7 d强度仅能达到同配比、同期水泥试块强度的60%~70%,按最不利比例60%计算,矿渣胶结剂试块达到水泥试块同等强度至少需增加40%的胶结剂用量,则矿渣胶结试块7 d强度与水泥试块强度持平时,其综合成本相当于水泥成本的1.16倍,较水泥成本增加了16%,显然矿渣基胶结剂不适合用于采充循环时间短的小体积采场,即不适合用于上向进路充填法采场的充填。
同样,最优矿渣基胶结剂试块28 d强度达同配比、同期水泥试块强度的80%~90%时,按最不利比例80%计算,矿渣胶结剂试块达到水泥试块同等强度至少需增加20%的胶结剂用量,则矿渣基胶结试块28 d强度与水泥试块强度持平时,其综合成本相当于水泥成本的0.87倍,较水泥成本下降约13%,显然,矿渣基胶结剂适合用于采充循环时间长的大体积采场,即适合用于分段空场嗣后充填法采场的充填。
Timok铜金矿的分段空场嗣后充填法采场年出矿量211.2 万 t,年产生空区体积70.4 万 m3,充填综合灰砂比约为1:12,年消耗水泥约7.7 万 t,约合985.6 万欧元。若对这类采场改用矿渣基胶结剂代替水泥用于充填,则每年可节约成本128.1 万欧元。
(1)基于低活性矿渣及当地可获得的激发材料,开展胶凝材料配方正交试验,得到一种大掺量低活性矿渣基胶结剂配方,矿渣掺量超过80%,矿渣基胶结剂早期(7 d)活性与当地水泥有较大差距,后期(28 d)活性接近当地水泥,达到水泥的80%~90%水平。
(2)结合当地原材料价格,测算按最优配方生产矿渣基胶结剂的成本为89.1 欧元/t,仅为当地水泥价格的69.6%,具有一定的价格优势。综合分析矿渣基胶结剂生产价格及胶结效果,判断其适用于占矿山出矿比例64%的分段空场嗣后充填法采场的充填,可使充填成本下降约13%,年节约成本达到128.1 万欧元。
(3)矿渣基水泥石中的结晶相主要为石膏、钙矾石、碳酸钙和石英。早期水化产物主要是液相中形成的钙矾石和C–S–H凝胶,它们起到网络连接作用,使浆体失去流动性并开始凝结。随着水化龄期延长,矿渣在钙离子和硫酸根离子的双重激发作用下水解,形成钙矾石和C–S–H凝胶,浆体不断密实,强度逐渐提高,此过程中消耗大量钙离子,pH逐渐下降。

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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
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    1.低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室,福建 上杭县 364204
    2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司,福建 上杭县 364200
    3.紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司,湖南 长沙 410114
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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