Article(id=1322594560761516796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707062400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260715904, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260715904, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260715904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260715904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=103, endPage=111, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594560929288957, articleId=1322594560761516796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Influence of Mine Water on the Erosion Performance of Red Mud-Based Filling Body, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Red mud as mine filling materials can solve the storage problems, but metal ions and acid ions in mine water will corrode the filling body and affect their stability. Indoor simulation tests were conducted based on the backgrounds of Bulianta Mine and Cuncaota Mine, and the impact of mine water on the compressive strength of the filling material was characterized by the erosion resistance coefficient to determine the optimal ratio of raw materials. The variation law of compressive strength of the filling body in mine water was analyzed, and the degree of erosion of the filling body by mine water was evaluated through indicators such as compressive strength loss rate and apparent failure path. Combining with testing methods such as scanning electron microscopy and energy dpectrum analysis, the micro mechanism of the action of mine water on the filling body was revealed. The results show that when the mass concentration of the slurry is 56% and the ratio of red mud, calcined kaolin, and cement is 5:4:1, the compressive strength of the specimen at 28 d is 1.98 MPa, and the initial flowability of the slurry is 260 mm, which meets the performance requirements of the filling body and achieves large-scale consumption of red mud. After soaking in sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions for 28 d, the compressive strength of the specimens decreases by 7.3% and 2.8% respectively compared to pure water immersion conditions, with corresponding corrosion resistance coefficients of 0.92 and 0.97, respectively. The microscopic test results show that the filling body has been in an acid-base environment for a long time, the Si—O—Al bond is broken, and the gel is depolymerized, leading to the gradual reduction of the compressive strength of the filling body. This research can provide a theoretical reference for the engineering application of red mud-based filling materials in mine water.

, authors=Yongming SONG1, Chi LI2, 3, 4, Yu GAO1, 3, 4, Xiaorong WANG1, 3, 4, authorsList=Yongming SONG, Chi LI, Yu GAO, Xiaorong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594563101938454, articleId=1322594560761516796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=矿井水对赤泥基充填体侵蚀性能的影响, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

赤泥作为矿山充填材料可解决其堆存问题,但矿井水中金属离子和酸根离子会侵蚀充填体,影响其稳定性。以补连塔矿和寸草塔矿为背景进行室内模拟试验,采用抗侵蚀系数表征矿井水对充填体抗压强度的影响,确定原材料的最佳配合比。分析充填体在矿井水中抗压强度的变化规律,通过抗压强度折损率、表观破坏路径等指标评价矿井水对充填体的侵蚀程度,并结合扫描电镜和能谱分析等测试手段,揭示矿井水对充填体的微观作用机理。结果表明:料浆质量浓度为56%,赤泥、煅烧高岭土、水泥的配合比为5:4:1时,试件28 d抗压强度为1.98 MPa,料浆的初始流动度为260 mm,满足充填体性能要求且实现了赤泥的大规模消纳;经硫酸和氢氧化钠溶液浸泡28 d后的试件抗压强度较纯水浸泡条件下分别下降7.3%和2.8%,对应的抗侵蚀系数分别为0.92和0.97;微观测试结果显示,充填体长期处于酸碱环境中,Si—O—Al键断裂,凝胶解聚,导致充填体抗压强度逐渐降低。研究结果可为赤泥基充填材料在矿井水中的工程应用提供理论参考。

, authors=宋永明1, 李驰2, 3, 4, 高瑜1, 3, 4, 王晓荣1, 3, 4, authorsList=宋永明, 李驰, 高瑜, 王晓荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高瑜, authorNote=

宋永明(1999—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿井固废填充方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
高瑜(1984—),女,河南新乡人,博士,副教授,研究方向为岩土工程灾害防治。E-mail:
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宋永明(1999—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿井固废填充方面的研究。E-mail:

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宋永明(1999—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿井固废填充方面的研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594560761516796, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of raw materials

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材料SiO2Fe2O3CaOAl2O3MgOK2ONa2OTiO2其他
赤泥14.6234.852.2421.600.150.1810.1412.603.62
煅烧高岭土46.41—0.3949.180.230.250.031.561.95
水泥26.36—48.859.495.090.901.300.267.75
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原材料化学成分分析

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材料SiO2Fe2O3CaOAl2O3MgOK2ONa2OTiO2其他
赤泥14.6234.852.2421.600.150.1810.1412.603.62
煅烧高岭土46.41—0.3949.180.230.250.031.561.95
水泥26.36—48.859.495.090.901.300.267.75
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Design of mix ratio test for red mud-based filling materials

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组别各组分质量分数/%料浆质量浓度/%
赤泥煅烧高岭土
A1603052
A25535
A35040
A44545
B1603054
B25535
B35040
B44545
C1603056
C25535
C35040
C44545
D1603058
D25535
D35040
D44545
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赤泥基充填材料配合比试验设计

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组别各组分质量分数/%料浆质量浓度/%
赤泥煅烧高岭土
A1603052
A25535
A35040
A44545
B1603054
B25535
B35040
B44545
C1603056
C25535
C35040
C44545
D1603058
D25535
D35040
D44545
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矿井水对赤泥基充填体侵蚀性能的影响
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宋永明 1 , 李驰 2, 3, 4 , 高瑜 1, 3, 4 , 王晓荣 1, 3, 4
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(1): 103-111
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (1) : 103 -111
矿井水对赤泥基充填体侵蚀性能的影响
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宋永明(1999—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿井固废填充方面的研究。E-mail:

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宋永明(1999—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿井固废填充方面的研究。E-mail:

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宋永明1 , 李驰2, 3, 4, 高瑜1, 3, 4 , 王晓荣1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古工业大学 土木工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 2.内蒙古工业大学 资源与环境工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 3.内蒙古工业大学 地质技术与岩土工程内蒙古自治区工程研究中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 4.沙旱区地质灾害与岩土工程防御自治区高等学校重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
通讯作者:
高瑜(1984—),女,河南新乡人,博士,副教授,研究方向为岩土工程灾害防治。E-mail:
作者简介:

宋永明(1999—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿井固废填充方面的研究。E-mail:

Influence of Mine Water on the Erosion Performance of Red Mud-Based Filling Body
Yongming SONG1 , Chi LI2, 3, 4, Yu GAO1, 3, 4 , Xiaorong WANG1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China
  • 3.Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Geological Technology and Geotechnical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of University of Geological Hazards and Geotechnical Engineering Defense in Sandy, Drought and Cold Regions, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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赤泥作为矿山充填材料可解决其堆存问题,但矿井水中金属离子和酸根离子会侵蚀充填体,影响其稳定性。以补连塔矿和寸草塔矿为背景进行室内模拟试验,采用抗侵蚀系数表征矿井水对充填体抗压强度的影响,确定原材料的最佳配合比。分析充填体在矿井水中抗压强度的变化规律,通过抗压强度折损率、表观破坏路径等指标评价矿井水对充填体的侵蚀程度,并结合扫描电镜和能谱分析等测试手段,揭示矿井水对充填体的微观作用机理。结果表明:料浆质量浓度为56%,赤泥、煅烧高岭土、水泥的配合比为5:4:1时,试件28 d抗压强度为1.98 MPa,料浆的初始流动度为260 mm,满足充填体性能要求且实现了赤泥的大规模消纳;经硫酸和氢氧化钠溶液浸泡28 d后的试件抗压强度较纯水浸泡条件下分别下降7.3%和2.8%,对应的抗侵蚀系数分别为0.92和0.97;微观测试结果显示,充填体长期处于酸碱环境中,Si—O—Al键断裂,凝胶解聚,导致充填体抗压强度逐渐降低。研究结果可为赤泥基充填材料在矿井水中的工程应用提供理论参考。

矿井水  /  赤泥基充填材料  /  抗压强度  /  酸碱侵蚀  /  抗侵蚀系数

Red mud as mine filling materials can solve the storage problems, but metal ions and acid ions in mine water will corrode the filling body and affect their stability. Indoor simulation tests were conducted based on the backgrounds of Bulianta Mine and Cuncaota Mine, and the impact of mine water on the compressive strength of the filling material was characterized by the erosion resistance coefficient to determine the optimal ratio of raw materials. The variation law of compressive strength of the filling body in mine water was analyzed, and the degree of erosion of the filling body by mine water was evaluated through indicators such as compressive strength loss rate and apparent failure path. Combining with testing methods such as scanning electron microscopy and energy dpectrum analysis, the micro mechanism of the action of mine water on the filling body was revealed. The results show that when the mass concentration of the slurry is 56% and the ratio of red mud, calcined kaolin, and cement is 5:4:1, the compressive strength of the specimen at 28 d is 1.98 MPa, and the initial flowability of the slurry is 260 mm, which meets the performance requirements of the filling body and achieves large-scale consumption of red mud. After soaking in sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions for 28 d, the compressive strength of the specimens decreases by 7.3% and 2.8% respectively compared to pure water immersion conditions, with corresponding corrosion resistance coefficients of 0.92 and 0.97, respectively. The microscopic test results show that the filling body has been in an acid-base environment for a long time, the Si—O—Al bond is broken, and the gel is depolymerized, leading to the gradual reduction of the compressive strength of the filling body. This research can provide a theoretical reference for the engineering application of red mud-based filling materials in mine water.

Mine water  /  Red mud-based filling material  /  Compressive strength  /  Acid alkali erosion  /  Anti-erosion coefficient
宋永明, 李驰, 高瑜, 王晓荣. 矿井水对赤泥基充填体侵蚀性能的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 103 -111 .
Yongming SONG, Chi LI, Yu GAO, Xiaorong WANG. Influence of Mine Water on the Erosion Performance of Red Mud-Based Filling Body[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 103 -111 .
随着我国经济迅速发展和铝加工行业高新技术的不断突破,铝冶炼及加工行业得到了快速发展,同时也产生了大量的赤泥[1]。根据数据统计,每产出1 t氧化铝通常伴随着约1.5 t的赤泥排放。2021年我国赤泥排放量约为1.2 亿 t,但其综合利用率仅为6.7%[2]。近年来,国内外学者开展了对赤泥资源化利用的研究,涉及胶凝材料、建筑材料,路面水稳层材料、高分子材料、回收有价金属以及修复环境等领域。周丽波等[3]以赤泥为掺合料,得出当赤泥掺量为15%时,复合砂浆的抗折强度和抗压强度均最高。王晓等[4]研究表明赤泥掺量为26%时,可制备出各项物理力学性能优异的道路硅酸盐水泥。安强等[5]制备了碱激发赤泥-粉煤灰-电石渣复合材料,当赤泥的掺量为40%时,复合材料28 d抗压强度可达20.1 MPa。HOU等[6]利用拜耳法赤泥部分取代水泥制备超高性能混凝土,结果表明赤泥掺量为40%时,混凝土试样的强度高达150 MPa。ROMANO等[7]以拜耳法赤泥为碱源,研究结果表明赤泥掺量小于20%不会影响水泥的力学性能[7]。尽管如此,赤泥的处理量仍相当有限,存在消纳不足的严峻问题。
鉴于采空区的广泛分布和巨大规模,将赤泥制备成充填材料应用于充填采空区,不仅能够消纳大量的赤泥,还能为采空区的地质稳定性提供重要支持。采空区内环境非常复杂,特别是矿井水环境,矿井水受地质年代、地质构造和地面环境等多种条件因素的影响,不同矿井水的成分差异很大,且具有腐蚀性[8]。国内外学者对充填材料的抗侵蚀性能开展了相关研究,重点在于探讨离子效应对材料的影响和材料的耐久性[9-14]。因此,研究矿井水侵蚀对赤泥基充填体抗压强度的影响,对科学指导矿山充填开采具有重要的现实意义。
以补连塔矿和寸草塔矿为研究背景。补连塔矿位于鄂尔多斯市境内,采用斜井-平峒联合开拓方式,煤层埋深为129~280 m,矿井水pH为5.0~8.3,主要成分如下:Na+浓度286.69 mol/L、Ca2+浓度269.00 mol/L、Mg2+浓度75.73 mol/L、Cl-浓度57.00 mol/L、浓度1 250.00 mol/L。寸草塔矿位于鄂尔多斯市境内,采用主斜井和副平碉、斜风井综合开拓方式,矿井水pH为7.3~8.6,主要成分如下:Na+浓度79.70 mol/L、Ca2+浓度41.50 mol/L、Mg2+浓度20.70 mol/L、Cl-浓度60.20 mol/L、浓度86.00 mol/L。矿区要求充填体28 d抗压强度超过1.5 MPa。采用室内试验模拟矿井水环境条件,通过表观形貌、宏观力学强度和破坏形式等表征手段,研究赤泥基充填体在酸碱溶液中抗压强度的变化规律。采用微观扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析等测试手段,分析充填体在酸碱溶液浸泡过程中的侵蚀机制,为赤泥基充填材料在矿井水环境中的应用提供理论依据。
赤泥取自某铝厂,属于拜耳法赤泥,颗粒粒径小于150 μm,外观呈现为桔红色,相对密度为2.74,液限为46.5%,塑限为31.4%,塑性指数为15.1。煅烧高岭土取自内蒙古某公司,颗粒粒径小于13 μm,呈现为白色粉末状。水泥采用P·O42.5普通硅酸盐水泥。利用X射线荧光光谱仪分析赤泥、煅烧高岭土、水泥的化学成分,见表1。赤泥和煅烧高岭土的物相组成如图1所示、微观结构形貌如图2所示。
经过前期大量的探索性试验,确定水泥掺量为10%,聚羧酸减水剂掺量为0.03%,设定料浆质量浓度分别为52%、54%、56%、58%,以充填体3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d抗压强度为研究指标,具体试验方案见表2。
(1)试件制备与单轴抗压强度测试。将烘干后原材料搅拌均匀后浇注到40 mm×40 mm×40 mm三联模具中[15-19],脱模后移送到标准恒温恒湿养护箱(养护温度(20±2)℃,养护湿度为90%)中养护至3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d。试件的单轴抗压强度按测试方法遵循《混凝土物理力学性能试验方法标准》(GB/T50081—2019),每个龄期共检测3个试块,取平均值作为最终的单轴抗压强度。
(2)流动度试验。根据《混凝土外加剂匀质性试验方法》(GB/T8077—2023)对试件流动度进行测定。将搅拌好的料浆分两次装入模具中并捣压,取下模套,抹平顶面,垂直提起截锥圆模;开动仪器,待仪器跳动完成后取两个垂直方向上的直径测量,计算平均值作为料浆的初始流动度;然后将料浆装入搅拌釜,用湿布封存30 min,重复上述操作,再继续测量料浆30 min后的流动度。
(3)抗侵蚀试验。将试件在标准恒温恒湿养护箱中养护7 d后分成4组,第一组浸泡在pH为5的硫酸溶液中,第二组浸泡在pH为7的纯水中,第三组浸泡在pH为9的氢氧化钠溶液中,第四组继续标准养护。溶液液面高出试块顶面5 cm,浸泡过程中每天用pH计测试溶液的pH,并用浓硫酸和氢氧化钠调节溶液的pH使其维持不变,每5天更换一次浸泡溶液。试块分别浸泡1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d后取出,擦干表面后测试各组的单轴抗压强度。定义抗侵蚀系数γ来表征试件的抗侵蚀性能:
式中:γ为抗侵蚀系数;PA为酸或碱溶液养护试件的单轴抗压强度,MPa;P0为纯水养护试件的单轴抗压强度,MPa。当γ≥1.0时,表明试件抗侵蚀性能良好。
(4)微观形貌分析。将试件浸泡在无水乙醇中进行预处理干燥后,进行SEM-EDS试验,将块体样品直接黏到导电胶上,进行45 s喷金处理,随后使用扫描电子显微镜拍摄样品形貌,并通过能谱仪进行mapping测试。
图3为不同龄期充填体试件的抗压强度。从图3可以看出,随着煅烧高岭土掺量的增加,试件的抗压强度逐渐增大。以3 d养护龄期的试件抗压强度为例,煅烧高岭土掺量从30%增加到45%,当料浆质量浓度分别为52%、54%、56%、58%时,试件的单轴抗压强度分别增长了22.3%、20.0%、45.1%、73.0%。煅烧高岭土掺量在40%以下时,抗压强度的增幅较小;掺量超过40%时,抗压强度的增长幅度较大。这是由于在水泥和赤泥的协同作用下,煅烧高岭土中的活性组分Al2O3和SiO2充分溶解,与凝胶中的Ca2+等结合生成C–S–H凝胶,有效提高了试件的抗压强度。
当料浆质量浓度不同时,如煅烧高岭土掺量为45%条件下,料浆质量浓度为58%的试件抗压强度比料浆质量浓度为52%、54%、56%的试件抗压强度分别提高了87.8%、71.1%、29.4%,随着料浆质量浓度增大,抗压强度逐渐升高,增长幅度呈现减小的趋势。料浆质量浓度升高时,参与水化反应的用水量相对减少,试件中的含水量下降,致密性提高,有利于增强试件的抗压强度和耐久性。试件养护时间从3 d增长至28 d,各配合比充填材料的抗压强度均升高,3~7 d试件强度增长缓慢,14~28 d试件强度增长相对较快。
根据抗压强度测试结果可知,料浆质量浓度大于56%时,试件7 d抗压强度均大于1.0 MPa,28 d抗压强度均大于1.5 MPa,满足矿区充填材料的性能需求[20]。
图4为充填料浆的流动度测试结果,从图4可以看出,各组的料浆初始流动度均大于240 mm, 30 min后的料浆流动度均大于220 mm,可以满足充填材料的流动性能要求[21]。随着煅烧高岭土掺量的增加,充填料浆的流动性能会逐渐减弱。相反,赤泥的掺量增加可以改善料浆的流动性能,一方面可以延缓胶凝材料的凝结时间,另一方面,赤泥的颗粒相对于煅烧高岭土的颗粒更大,有利于料浆流动扩展。
综合抗压强度和流动度试验结果分析,料浆质量浓度为56%,煅烧高岭土掺量为40%时,试件的7 d抗压强度为1.25 MPa,28 d抗压强度为1.98 MPa,初始流动度为260 mm,30 min流动度为245 mm,满足充填体的工作性能。充填料浆最佳配合比为赤泥掺量为50%,煅烧高岭土掺量为40%,料浆质量浓度为56%。
图5为不同酸碱条件下充填体抗压强度和抗侵蚀系数对比。从图5(a)可以看出,试件在硫酸溶液中浸泡时水化反应还没有结束,前7 d的抗压强度增长较快,7 d后抗压强度增长速度变慢,21 d后抗压强度呈现下降趋势,28 d时试件抗压强度比标准养护条件下的试件降低22%。图5(b)表明试件浸泡在硫酸溶液中时,抗侵蚀系数呈现先上升后下降的趋势,浸泡7 d的抗侵蚀系数最大,为1.05,浸泡28 d 时抗侵蚀系数降低至0.92。氢氧化钠溶液则可为试件提供碱性环境,加速水化反应,提高前期的抗压强度,浸泡14 d的试件抗侵蚀系数大于1。随浸泡时间的增长,溶液侵蚀试件的内部结构,导致抗压强度降低[22-23],抗侵蚀系数也逐渐降低,28 d时下降到1以下。对比纯水浸泡试件,硫酸溶液、氢氧化钠溶液浸泡条件下的试件28 d抗压强度分别降低了7.3%、2.8%,表明赤泥基充填体抵抗碱性水侵蚀的能力更强。
图6为硫酸溶液浸泡试件破坏形态(此处仅列出浸泡3 d、14 d、28 d图像)。由图6可知,浸泡前3 d,试块的表面有大量的气泡环绕;浸泡至7 d,气泡的数量减少,表面的物质发生剥落,容器四周有物质堆积;浸泡至21 d,试件表面出现微裂纹;浸泡至28 d,试件表面出现贯穿性裂缝,并且凹凸不平,四周棱角处的颗粒也发生脱落[24]。因为试件成型后内部存在孔隙,浸泡后硫酸溶液渗透到孔隙中,孔隙的气体被挤压至试件表面,所以浸泡前期在试件周围出现大量的气泡。随着浸泡时间的增长,在硫酸溶液的侵蚀作用下,酸中的H+破坏试件内部的Si—O—Al键,凝胶发生解聚,表面的颗粒剥落,充填体的抗压强度降低。
试件浸泡在氢氧化钠溶液中,表面会出现少量气泡;随浸泡时间推移,试件被加速腐蚀,表面颗粒脱落,内部的Si2+和Al3+会被浸出,孔隙结构发生改变,试件的抗压强度下降。纯水浸泡的试件内部含水量增加,结构密实度降低,同时表面有颗粒脱落,抗压强度降低。
图7为标准养护条件下试件的破坏路径,图8为酸碱溶液浸泡条件下试件的破坏路径。对比分析可知,养护方式对试件的破坏路径有影响。标准养护的试件破坏路径为X形分布和单对角线形分布;硫酸溶液浸泡的试件破坏路径是沿着表面生成的裂缝向试件内部延伸,剥离出许多小的类矩形块;氢氧化钠溶液浸泡前期,试件的破坏路径与标准养护一致,浸泡14 d时,试件的破坏路径与硫酸浸泡的试件一致;纯水浸泡的试件破坏形式与标准养护的一致。标准养护的试件破坏面凝胶分布均匀,在破坏时发生相对滑移的破坏形式,但是硫酸溶液和氢氧化钠溶液浸泡的试件内部凝胶发生解聚,数量减少,并且产生裂缝,所以在破坏时分裂成类矩形块。
图9为赤泥基充填体标准养护3 d、标准养护28 d、硫酸溶液浸泡28 d和氢氧化钠溶液浸泡28 d的SEM-EDS分析。由图9可知,赤泥颗粒呈现分散状(见图2),颗粒间隙较大,黏结作用小,掺入煅烧高岭土和水泥标准养护3 d,试件的微观结构发生了明显的变化,内部出现了团絮状的C–S–H凝胶和针棒状的钙矾石(Aft)。这些物质包裹在赤泥颗粒周围,填充颗粒之间的孔隙结构,并将颗粒胶结成一个整体。随着养护时间增加至28 d, C–S–H凝胶产物会增多,并且针棒状的钙矾石变大,使试件更加密实,最终赤泥颗粒与胶凝产物之间形成网状连接结构,提高了试件整体的抗压强度。
由能谱分析可知,试件标准养护28 d时,B区域O、Si、Al的含量要高于A区域,说明有更多的物质参与反应。试件在硫酸溶液中浸泡28 d后,试件的表面会出现裂缝,在SEM图像中也可以观察到内部有裂缝产生,并且存在大量的孔隙。在酸腐蚀过程中,H+会取代一部分Na+,导致部分硅铝酸盐凝胶解聚,凝胶数量减少。C 区域的Na、Al、Si的含量要低于B区域。在氢氧化钠溶液中浸泡28 d后,氢氧化钠的溶解作用使试件内部的孔隙结构增多,能谱图可以证实,D区域的Na、Al、Si的含量也要低于B区域,但是高于C区域,即酸性溶液对试件的腐蚀程度要强于碱性溶液。
综上,可以得出硫酸溶液对赤泥基充填体产生腐蚀的作用机理。首先,硫酸会中和充填体中所需的碱性环境,从而延缓甚至中断充填体内部的水化反应;其次,硫酸溶液中的H+与硅铝酸盐凝胶中的Al3+发生反应,导致硅铝酸盐凝胶局部溶解;除此之外,H+与硅铝酸盐凝胶中的氧键结合,导致凝胶内部结构发生破坏,从而引起硅铝酸盐凝胶的结构解聚,使得原本紧密结合的凝胶结构发生松散;最后,硅铝酸盐凝胶中的铝氧化物与H+发生反应,导致铝的溶解,反应生成了水,释放了硅氧化物,硅铝酸盐凝胶的结构发生改变,使得凝胶骨架结构松散。随着浸泡时间的延长,试块表面会产生一定深度的腐蚀区域,内部孔隙扩大,并产生新的微孔,导致充填体的抗压强度降低。试件在氢氧化钠溶液中浸泡时,则会释放OH-,增加溶液的碱性,碱性环境中OH-与硅铝酸盐凝胶表面发生水解反应,增加了颗粒表面的负电荷,进而增强了静电排斥力。这种排斥力的增强减弱了团粒之间的结合力,导致团粒结构的解聚,使得充填体的抗压强度降低。
(1)通过抗压强度和流动度试验,确定了赤泥-煅烧高岭土-水泥的复合充填材料体系。当料浆质量浓度为56%,赤泥、煅烧高岭土、水泥之间的比例为5:4:1时,试件的7 d、28 d抗压强度分别为1.25 MPa、1.98 MPa,初始流动度为260 mm,满足矿山充填体28 d抗压强度大于1.5 MPa的要求,同时可以消纳大量赤泥。该复合充填材料在性能和资源利用方面取得了良好的平衡。
(2)受矿井水影响,赤泥基充填体抗压强度降低,在硫酸、氢氧化钠溶液中浸泡28 d后,抗压强度相比于纯水浸泡试件分别下降了7.3%和2.8%,表明赤泥基充填体在碱性矿井水中的抗侵蚀能力相对较强,相比酸性矿井水,充填体在酸性矿井水中性能下降更为缓慢。研究为赤泥基充填材料在不同水质环境下的稳定性和耐久性提供了参考依据,但是对于长时间的耐侵蚀性能还有待进一步研究。
(3)微观形貌分析结果表明,赤泥-煅烧高岭土-水泥复合材料制备的充填体的水化产物为C–S–H和钙矾石。硫酸溶液中,H+与硅铝酸盐凝胶中的Al3+和氧键发生反应,导致凝胶内部结构发生破坏,引起硅铝酸盐凝胶的结构解聚,在内部形成大小各异、分布不均的孔隙。氢氧化钠溶液中,OH-与硅铝酸盐凝胶表面发生水解反应,增加了颗粒表面的负电荷,增强了静电排斥力,从而减弱颗粒间的结合力,导致团粒结构的解聚。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52378348; 12262031)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0344)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金青年基金项目(2023QN04016)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52378348; 12262031)
内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0344)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金青年基金项目(2023QN04016)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古工业大学 土木工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
    2.内蒙古工业大学 资源与环境工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
    3.内蒙古工业大学 地质技术与岩土工程内蒙古自治区工程研究中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
    4.沙旱区地质灾害与岩土工程防御自治区高等学校重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051

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高瑜(1984—),女,河南新乡人,博士,副教授,研究方向为岩土工程灾害防治。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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