Article(id=1322594543514538609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712073600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260711791, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260711791, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260711791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260711791, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594543766196850, articleId=1322594543514538609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization of Stope Structure Parameters of Subsequent Filling Mining Method for Broken Ore Body in Pakrut Gold Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of low production capacity, many mining and cutting projects, high cost, poor working environment, many hidden dangers and high risks in the 2 230 m and 2 170 m middle stopes of Pakrut Gold Mine, based on the rock physical and mechanical properties tests and RMR (rock mass geomechanics classification index), the reasonable stope size was obtained by using Mathews stability diagram method. The stope was changed from the original four 12 m low segments to two 21 m high segments. Taking the mining width as the variable, the stability of the stope under the condition of mining one block separated by three blocks was simulated by FLAC3D, and the optimal stope width was determined to be 11−12 m. The industrial test indicated that after optimizing the structural parameters of stope, the stope production capacity was increased by 20%, the loss rate was reduced by 4.67 percentage points, the dilution rate was reduced by 3.25 percentage points, and the kiloton mining ratio was reduced by 36%, and the stope did not collapse, the desired results had be reached. The research shows that based on the rock physical and mechanical properties tests and RMR rock classification, the method of optimizing stope structure parameters by Mathews stability diagram method and FLAC3D numerical simulation and then verifying the parameters by industrial test has a high application value.

, authors=Dake LIU1, Haoqiang ZHANG1, Xiang GUO1, Hepeng SU1, Changhong JIANG1, Jie TAN2, authorsList=Dake LIU, Haoqiang ZHANG, Xiang GUO, Hepeng SU, Changhong JIANG, Jie TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594547432018571, articleId=1322594543514538609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=帕鲁特金矿破碎矿体嗣后充填采矿法采场结构参数优化, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对帕鲁特金矿2 230 m、2 170 m中段采场生产能力低、采切工程多、成本高、作业环境差、安全隐患多、风险高等问题,在岩石物理力学性能试验和RMR(岩体地质力学分类指标)的基础上,采用Mathews稳定图解法,得到了合理的采场尺寸;并将采场由原来的4个12 m低分段改为2个21 m高分段,以采矿宽度为变量,采用FLAC3D数值模拟“隔三采一”条件下采场的稳定性,确定最优的采场宽度为11~12 m。工业试验表明,采用结构参数优化后,采场生产能力提高了20%,损失率降低了4.67个百分点,贫化率降低了3.25个百分点,千吨采切比降低了36%,且采场并未出现垮塌现象,达到了预期效果。研究表明:基于岩石物理力学性能试验和RMR岩石分类,采用Mathews稳定图解法和FLAC3D数值模拟优化采场结构参数并进行工业试验验证的方法具有较高的应用价值。

, authors=刘大可1, 张浩强1, 郭翔1, 苏贺鹏1, 姜昌宏1, 谭杰2, authorsList=刘大可, 张浩强, 郭翔, 苏贺鹏, 姜昌宏, 谭杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘大可(1990—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士,采矿工程师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采技术。E-mail:

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刘大可(1990—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士,采矿工程师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采技术。E-mail:

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刘大可(1990—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士,采矿工程师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采技术。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2022, 42(5):1-6., articleTitle=Optimization of stope structure parameters in steps Ⅱ. under the condition of poor backfill, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594558446260984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=22, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=34, authorNames=周永涛, journalName=矿业研究与开发, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周永涛. 阿舍勒铜矿采场结构参数优化研究[J]. 矿业研究与开发,2023, 43(3): 22-25., articleTitle=阿舍勒铜矿采场结构参数优化研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594558513369849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=22, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=35, authorNames=ZHOU Yongtao, journalName=Mining Research and Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Yongtao. Study on optimization of stope structure parameters in Ascher copper mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2023, 43(3):22-25., articleTitle=Study on optimization of stope structure parameters in Ascher copper mine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594558588867322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=106, pageEnd=113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=36, authorNames=刘嘉伟, 黄明清, 谭伟, journalName=有色金属工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘嘉伟,黄明清,谭伟. 基于拓展的Mathews稳定图法的采场结构参数优化[J]. 有色金属工程,2023, 13(1): 106-113., articleTitle=基于拓展的Mathews稳定图法的采场结构参数优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322594558668559099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=106, pageEnd=113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=37, authorNames=LIU Jiawei, HUANG Mingqing, TAN Wei, journalName=Nonferrous Metals Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Jiawei, HUANG Mingqing, TAN Wei. Optimization of stope structure parameters based on extended Mathews stability diagrammethod [J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594551848620734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2 182 m分段钻取部分岩芯, figureFileSmall=jKtqG4Q9l23MmPDGEWIHJw==, figureFileBig=MPboVzxcRn1iEOaPR8WgMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594552146416319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Division of stability areas of stope, figureFileSmall=MgolJgGhHy9dRhHeX0Fnew==, figureFileBig=Rpt3225QBVVOYf4ks+ZReA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594552230302400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=CN, label=图3, caption=采场稳定性区域划分, figureFileSmall=MgolJgGhHy9dRhHeX0Fnew==, figureFileBig=Rpt3225QBVVOYf4ks+ZReA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594552565846721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

RMR classification of rock mass quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩体RMR值分级类别岩体情况描述
81~100Ⅰ很好
61~80Ⅱ好
41~60Ⅲ较好
21~40Ⅳ较差
0~20Ⅴ很差
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553362764492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩体质量 RMR 分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩体RMR值分级类别岩体情况描述
81~100Ⅰ很好
61~80Ⅱ好
41~60Ⅲ较好
21~40Ⅳ较差
0~20Ⅴ很差
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553442456269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hydraulic radius calculated based on different widths and lengths of stope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场长度L2/m采场宽度L1/m
89101112131415
202.863.103.333.553.753.944.124.29
253.033.313.573.824.054.284.494.69
303.163.463.754.024.294.534.775.00
403.333.674.004.314.624.915.195.45
503.453.814.174.514.845.165.475.77
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553522148046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同采场宽度和长度下的水力半径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场长度L2/m采场宽度L1/m
89101112131415
202.863.103.333.553.753.944.124.29
253.033.313.573.824.054.284.494.69
303.163.463.754.024.294.534.775.00
403.333.674.004.314.624.915.195.45
503.453.814.174.514.845.165.475.77
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553593451215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Numerical simulation schemes for stope mining

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案采场宽度/m采场长度/m悬顶面积/m2水力半径/m网格数节点数
110252503.57103 360110 682
211252753.82103 360110 682
312253004.05114 304122 265
413253254.28114 304122 265
514253504.49125 248133 848
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553664754384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

采场回采数值模拟方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案采场宽度/m采场长度/m悬顶面积/m2水力半径/m网格数节点数
110252503.57103 360110 682
211252753.82103 360110 682
312253004.05114 304122 265
413253254.28114 304122 265
514253504.49125 248133 848
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553736057553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa
上盘岩石2 751.032 2100.300.97322.7342.36
下盘岩石2699.8120100.301.11294.4834.16
矿石2626.7833100.251.55383.5383.69
充填体2625.005800.260.64340.362.82
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553824137938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岩体物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa
上盘岩石2 751.032 2100.300.97322.7342.36
下盘岩石2699.8120100.301.11294.4834.16
矿石2626.7833100.251.55383.5383.69
充填体2625.005800.260.64340.362.82
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553903829715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of the main technical indicators of the test stope and the control stope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场编号生产能力/(t/d)炸药单耗/(kg/t)损失率/%贫化率/%千吨采切比/m
319#5000.4112.4011.257.53
317#5000.4012.1011.107.51
405#6000.486.867.774.87
409#6000.458.317.914.85
408#6000.477.568.114.67
对比+20%+15%降低4.67个百分点降低3.25个百分点-36%
), ArticleFig(id=1322594553970938580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594543514538609, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验采场与对照采场主要技术指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场编号生产能力/(t/d)炸药单耗/(kg/t)损失率/%贫化率/%千吨采切比/m
319#5000.4112.4011.257.53
317#5000.4012.1011.107.51
405#6000.486.867.774.87
409#6000.458.317.914.85
408#6000.477.568.114.67
对比+20%+15%降低4.67个百分点降低3.25个百分点-36%
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帕鲁特金矿破碎矿体嗣后充填采矿法采场结构参数优化
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刘大可 1 , 张浩强 1 , 郭翔 1 , 苏贺鹏 1 , 姜昌宏 1 , 谭杰 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(1): 32-40
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (1) : 32 -40
帕鲁特金矿破碎矿体嗣后充填采矿法采场结构参数优化
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刘大可(1990—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士,采矿工程师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采技术。E-mail:

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刘大可(1990—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士,采矿工程师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采技术。E-mail:

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刘大可1 , 张浩强1, 郭翔1, 苏贺鹏1, 姜昌宏1, 谭杰2
作者信息
  • 1.中色国矿帕鲁特有限责任公司,北京 100029
  • 2.中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司,广西 桂林市 541004
作者简介:

刘大可(1990—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士,采矿工程师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采技术。E-mail:

Optimization of Stope Structure Parameters of Subsequent Filling Mining Method for Broken Ore Body in Pakrut Gold Mine
Dake LIU1 , Haoqiang ZHANG1, Xiang GUO1, Hepeng SU1, Changhong JIANG1, Jie TAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Nonferrous Metals Int'l Mining Pakrut LLC, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2.China Nonferrous Metals Guilin Institute of Mineral Geology Co., Ltd., Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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针对帕鲁特金矿2 230 m、2 170 m中段采场生产能力低、采切工程多、成本高、作业环境差、安全隐患多、风险高等问题,在岩石物理力学性能试验和RMR(岩体地质力学分类指标)的基础上,采用Mathews稳定图解法,得到了合理的采场尺寸;并将采场由原来的4个12 m低分段改为2个21 m高分段,以采矿宽度为变量,采用FLAC3D数值模拟“隔三采一”条件下采场的稳定性,确定最优的采场宽度为11~12 m。工业试验表明,采用结构参数优化后,采场生产能力提高了20%,损失率降低了4.67个百分点,贫化率降低了3.25个百分点,千吨采切比降低了36%,且采场并未出现垮塌现象,达到了预期效果。研究表明:基于岩石物理力学性能试验和RMR岩石分类,采用Mathews稳定图解法和FLAC3D数值模拟优化采场结构参数并进行工业试验验证的方法具有较高的应用价值。

岩石力学性能试验  /  Mathews稳定图解法  /  结构参数优化  /  FLAC3D数值模拟  /  工业试验

Aiming at the problems of low production capacity, many mining and cutting projects, high cost, poor working environment, many hidden dangers and high risks in the 2 230 m and 2 170 m middle stopes of Pakrut Gold Mine, based on the rock physical and mechanical properties tests and RMR (rock mass geomechanics classification index), the reasonable stope size was obtained by using Mathews stability diagram method. The stope was changed from the original four 12 m low segments to two 21 m high segments. Taking the mining width as the variable, the stability of the stope under the condition of mining one block separated by three blocks was simulated by FLAC3D, and the optimal stope width was determined to be 11−12 m. The industrial test indicated that after optimizing the structural parameters of stope, the stope production capacity was increased by 20%, the loss rate was reduced by 4.67 percentage points, the dilution rate was reduced by 3.25 percentage points, and the kiloton mining ratio was reduced by 36%, and the stope did not collapse, the desired results had be reached. The research shows that based on the rock physical and mechanical properties tests and RMR rock classification, the method of optimizing stope structure parameters by Mathews stability diagram method and FLAC3D numerical simulation and then verifying the parameters by industrial test has a high application value.

Rock mechanics property test  /  Mathews stability diagram method  /  Structural parameter optimization  /  FLAC3D numerical simulation  /  Industrial test
刘大可, 张浩强, 郭翔, 苏贺鹏, 姜昌宏, 谭杰. 帕鲁特金矿破碎矿体嗣后充填采矿法采场结构参数优化. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 32 -40 .
Dake LIU, Haoqiang ZHANG, Xiang GUO, Hepeng SU, Changhong JIANG, Jie TAN. Optimization of Stope Structure Parameters of Subsequent Filling Mining Method for Broken Ore Body in Pakrut Gold Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 32 -40 .
在矿山实际生产中,复杂难采矿体具有典型的“松、散、软、弱”特征,存在矿岩强度低、顶板易垮塌、矿石损失贫化率高、作业条件差等问题[1]。采场结构参数的确定和优化对采场的生产能力、矿石损失率和贫化率、千吨采切比等技术经济指标和安全作业环境有着重大影响,关系着矿山的生产效率和安全生产条件[2]。近年来国内外众多学者对复杂条件下采场结构参数优化方法进行了大量研究[3],主要包括工程经验类比法[4]、理论计算法[5]、数值模拟法[6]等。魏敬芮[7]利用BP神经网络和PFC3D数值模拟,对程潮铁矿进行了采场结构参数优化,确定了最佳崩落步距为4.4 m。郑彦涛等[8]利用Bieniawski矿柱强度理论和FLAC3D数值模拟对贵州云峰铝土矿矿柱结构参数进行优化,确定了最优矿柱参数为4 m×4 m×5 m(长×宽×高),间距为12 m。徐永文等[9]利用FLAC3D对山东黄金矿业鑫汇金矿缓倾斜极薄矿体采场结构参数进行了优化,确定了将回采宽度设置为1.5 m时效果最优。李加州等[10]基于AHP-TOPSIS模型对某矿山的采场结构参数进行了优化,确定了最优参数为:阶段高65 m,矿房长25 m,矿柱长28 m。廖九波等[11]基于响应曲面法,利用FLAC3D数值模拟对某钨钼矿山进行了采场结构参数优化,确定了矿房长为48.25 m、宽为10.0 m、顶柱厚为4.0 m的最优参数。黄德镛等[12]利用FLAC3D数值模拟,基于正交设计试验对云南某铜矿的采场结构参数进行了优化,最终确定最优的矿柱和矿房宽分别为12 m和18 m。卢西洲等[13]基于Mathews稳定图解法、层次分析法和熵权法对金川二矿区深部充填体下的回采进路进行了参数优化,确定了回采进路宽为6.0 m、分层高为4.5 m时综合效益最大。张杰等[14]基于Bergmark-Roos理论和PFC2D数值模拟对甘肃镜铁山铁矿的采场结构参数进行了优化。李炎峰等[15]利用FIAC3D和模糊层次分析法对内蒙古柴胡栏子金矿的采场结构参数进行了优化,确定了采场长40 m、宽度10 m,顶柱厚度5 m为最优参数。赵兴东等[16]利用RMR岩石分级和Mathews稳定图解法对西藏帮中锌铜矿的采场结构参数进行了优化。众多学者的研究工作为矿山采场结构参数优化提供了有利参考[17],而基于理论分析、数值模拟和工业试验等多种方法相结合的采场结构参数优化则更加合理、可靠。
本研究针对帕鲁特金矿高大破碎矿体的开采技术条件,在岩石物理力学性能试验和RMR岩石分类的基础上,采用Mathews稳定图解法,得到合理的采场尺寸;在此基础上,将原来4个12 m低分段改为2个21 m高分段,以采矿宽度为变量,采用FLAC3D数值模拟“隔三采一”条件下采场的稳定性,最后通过工业试验分析优化后采场垮塌情况和各项经济技术指标,进而确定最优的采场结构参数。
帕鲁特金矿矿床位于帕鲁特河的两侧,其中1#主矿体位于帕鲁特河南侧走向发生较大变化的部位,出露于地表;矿体赋存标高2 461~1 750 m,走向近东西,延伸约400 m,矿体的形态主要为脉状,矿体倾向南-南西,矿体倾角上部较缓、下部较陡,倾角为70°至垂直,属急倾斜矿体;主矿体厚为8~40 m。
帕鲁特金矿床属于热液交代型金矿床,位于矿山褶皱带,有断层通过。围岩稳固性不佳,由于矿区内背斜和断层构造叠加,岩脉和节理裂隙发育,岩石一般比较破碎,强度较低。随着深度的增加,矿石和围岩的整体稳定性也随之提高。原生矿石及围岩的硬度系数为6~8。
由于围岩较为破碎,2 230 m中段及以上的矿体采用崩落法开采。2 230 m中段以下矿体主要采用阶段空场嗣后充填法回采,中段高度60 m,分段高度12 m,预留5 m顶柱。矿体厚度大于12.5 m时,采场垂直走向布置(采场宽度为12.5 m),矿体厚度小于12.5 m时,采场沿走向布置,采用“隔一采一”的回采顺序,如图1所示。
实际生产过程中,2 230 m、2 170 m中段若干采场发生了不同程度的垮塌,且存在采场生产能力偏低,采切工程量较多,采切成本较高,作业环境较差,安全隐患多等问题。随着开采深度的增加,赋存条件复杂的矿体、塌陷区周边的矿体等难采矿体增多,回采效率低、安全生产的风险高、矿石贫化损失控制难度大等问题更加突出。
岩石的密度测量用体积密度法,从每种岩性的岩石中各取试件若干,首先,用游标卡尺测量各试件直径、高度尺寸;然后,用电子天平分别测量每个岩块在自然状态下的质量。根据各岩石试样的测试结果计算密度并取其平均值,分别计算得上盘岩石的密度为2 751.03 kg/m3,矿体岩石的密度为2 626.78 kg/m3,下盘岩石的密度为2 699.81 kg/m3。
采用国际岩石力学学会推荐的劈裂法(巴西试验法)测试矿岩的单轴抗拉强度。在WDW50万能压力试验机上,平行于试件的径向以0.5 mm/min的速率加载,使试件内产生垂直于加载方向的张力,整体试件因张力作用沿加载方向开裂,此时记录最大破坏载荷,进而计算岩石试件的抗拉强度。由试验得到上盘岩石单轴抗拉强度为2.73 MPa,矿体岩石单轴抗拉强度为3.53 MPa,下盘岩石单轴抗拉强度为4.48 MPa。
岩石单轴抗压及变形试验参照国际岩石力学学会(ISRM)的标准与国内《煤和岩石物理力学性质测定方法》(GB/T 2356—2010)推荐的方法。标准岩石试件为直径50 mm的圆柱体,高径比约为2:1。将圆柱体岩石试样放在压力实验机上进行单轴压缩试验,试件破坏瞬间受压面上的极限应力值为该岩石的抗压强度。试件外部安装引伸计,在施压过程中测量试件的轴向和径向应变,从而计算出岩石的弹性模量。由试验可知,上盘岩石单轴抗压强度为42.36 MPa、弹性模量为2.21 GPa;矿体岩石单轴抗压强度为83.69 MPa、弹性模量为3.31 GPa;下盘岩石单轴抗压强度为34.16 MPa,弹性模量为2.01 GPa。
岩石RQD值是指用直径为75 mm的金刚石钻头和双层岩芯管在岩石中钻进,连续取芯,回次钻进所取岩芯中,长度大于10 cm 的岩芯段长度之和与该回次进尺长度的比值,以百分比表示[18]。通过岩石RQD值的大小可以在一定程度上反映岩石的完整性,从而反映岩石质量。
钻取岩芯地点分别为:2 182 m分段西部4号勘探线附近,(0, 12] m为矿体上盘(北部),(12, 45] m为矿体,(45, 60] m为矿体下盘(南部);2 182 m分段东部15号勘探线附近,(0, 16] m为矿体上盘(北部),(16, 32] m为矿体,(32, 47] m为矿体下盘(南部)。钻取的部分岩芯如图2所示。分别计算上盘、矿体和下盘RQD值的平均值。结果显示:上盘岩石RQD值为41.2%,矿体岩石RQD值为37.3%,下盘岩石RQD值为22.1%。
岩石RMR分级系统包括岩块强度(R1)、RQD值(R2)、节理间距(R3)、节理条件(R4)和地下水条件(R5)5种指标。分类时,根据各类指标的实测资料,分别予以评分,然后将各类指标的评分值相加得岩体质量总分RMR值,最后根据岩体质量总分RMR值对岩体质量进行分级。RMR值计算方法见式(1),岩体质量RMR分级见表1。
根据帕鲁特金矿上盘、矿体和下盘岩石性质、RQD值,结合节理裂隙调查及矿山地下水条件,利用岩体RMR分级系统对矿岩质量进行评分分级,得到上盘岩体评分结果为42分,分级为Ⅲ级,质量较好;矿体岩石评分结果为45分,分级Ⅲ级,质量较好;下盘岩体评分结果为29分,分级为Ⅳ级,质量较差。
Mathews稳定图解法是一种半经验性方法,用于评估采矿场的稳定性,其基础是Q系统[19]。该方法于1980年由Mathews等基于1 000 m以下的50多个硬岩实例提出,通过分析地质结构、岩石力学参数等因素绘制图表来判断采场的稳定性。Mathews稳定图分为稳定区、破坏或主要破坏区和崩落区 3个区域,表征采场在不同岩体性质及不同结构参数、水力半径下的岩体稳定性状况,如图3 所示。
Mathews 稳定图解法综合考虑了与岩体性质有关的岩体稳定性系数N和与采场结构参数有关的采场水力半径S。
稳定性系数N一般通过式(2)确定:
式中:Q0为岩体质量指数;A为应力系数,取0.32;B为岩体缺陷方位修正系数,取1.0;C为设计采场暴露面方位修正系数,取1.0。
岩体质量指数Q0通过式(3)确定:
式中:RQD为岩石质量指标,取37.3;Jr为节理粗糙度系数,取1.8;Jw为节理水折减系数,取1;Jn为节理组数,取3;Ja为节理蚀变影响系数,取0.2;Sf为应力折减系数,取10。
通过以上式(2)、式(3)计算,得矿体岩石的稳定性系数N为3.58。
采场水力半径通过式(4)确定:
式中:S为采场水力半径,即为暴露面面积与周长之比;L1为采场暴露面宽度;L2为采场暴露面长度。
根据确定的稳定性系数的取值,并结合图3可知,当采场水力半径为(0, 4.12] m时,采场处于稳定区;当采场水力半径为(4.12, 84.62] m时,采场处于不稳定区;当采场水力半径为大于84.62 m时,采场处于崩落区。
根据式(4)计算当采矿宽度分别为8 m、9 m、10m、11 m、12 m、13 m、14 m、15 m和采场长度分别为20 m、25 m、30 m、40 m、50 m时的采场水力半径结果见表2。
为了防止采场大规模垮塌、崩落,同时保证采场较低的矿石损失率和较高的产量,根据Mathews稳定图解法分析可知,当采场长度为20 m时,采场设计宽度为[12, 13) m;当采场长度为25 m时,采场设计宽度为[11, 12)m;当采场长度为30 m时,采场设计宽度为[10, 11)m;当采场长度为40 m时,采场设计宽度为[9, 10) m。
帕鲁特金矿的矿体与围岩均较为破碎,采场稳固性控制难度大,采场结构参数的合理选择十分重要。帕鲁特金矿2 170 m中段主要采用阶段空场嗣后充填法回采,受限于矿体开采技术条件和工艺水平,矿山采用12 m高的低分段开采,存在采场生产能力偏低,采切工程量较大,采切成本较高,作业环境较差,安全隐患多等问题。因此,为解决上述问题,对采用垂直走向布置采场的高分段空场嗣后充填采矿法回采该矿山的矿体进行数值模拟研究。
实际生产中,帕鲁特金矿矿体可采厚度大多为25 m。基于Mathews稳定图解法确定的采场结构参数:采场设计宽度为11~12 m,采场高为60 m,分段高为21 m,顶柱厚为6 m,底部结构高度为12 m,矿房、矿柱在中段内逐次排列,回采顺序为“隔三采一”,每个采场回采完后立即充填。由于采场宽度对采场稳定性的影响远大于采场长度,此次模拟选取采场宽度分别为10 m、11 m、12 m、13 m和14 m,数值模拟方案见表3。在相同的岩体条件下,通过对比围岩及矿柱的应力、应变等,即可得出这5种不同采场宽度中最适合本矿山的采场结构参数。根据经验数据以及矿体和围岩的分布特点、岩层移动角等综合因素,确定了总体尺寸为400 m×120 m×160 m的三维立体模型,如图4所示。由于采场中间位置最容易发生崩落,在采场中间位置设置监测点。模型的四周及底面设定位移边界条件,约束法向方向的位移;模型的顶面设定应力边界条件,方向为竖向,竖向应力的大小根据模型上部覆盖岩土的自重计算得到,主要岩体的力学参数见表4。
所有数值模拟采场回采充填完毕后,对监测点上的最大主应力进行统计分析,结果如图5所示。当采场宽度分别为10 m、11 m、12 m、13 m、14 m时,采场的最大主应力分别为2.469 MPa、2.472 MPa、2.477 MPa、2.497 MPa、2.516 MPa。可以看出,随着采场宽度的增加,采场的最大主应力逐渐接近充填的抗压强度,二步骤采场回采的安全性逐渐降低。
数值模拟矿柱回采完后,沿矿体走向的中截面上围岩及充填体的位移量见图6。由图6可知,当采场宽度分别为10 m、11 m、12 m、13 m、14 m时,岩体变形的最大位移量分别为27.33 mm、28.49 mm、29.61 mm、30.60 mm、31.60 mm。由此可以看出,随着采场宽度的不断增加,顶板岩层的位移量相应不断增加,顶板变形的区域也逐渐变大。
数值模拟矿柱开采后的围岩塑性变形区分布见图7。从图7可以看出,采场宽度为10 m、11 m、12 m时,岩体塑性变形区域较小;采场宽度为13 m、14 m时,岩体塑性变形区域较大。综合考虑回采安全性及采矿的经济性,确定最优的采场宽度为11 m或12 m。
选取帕鲁特金矿2 170 m中段的 405#、409#、408# 3个采场进行工业试验。405#、409# 采场长度为矿体厚度,可采长度约为22 m,宽度为11 m,中段高度为60 m,顶部留设6 m的保护顶柱,将底部结构的高度定为12 m,两个分段的高度定为21 m。408# 采场长度为矿体厚度,可采长度约为32 m,宽度为10 m,采场高度为48 m,顶部留设6 m的保护顶柱,两个分段的高度均为21 m,其中在第一分段布设底部出矿堑沟,采场布置与405#、409#采场类似。同时,选择2 230 m中段319#、317#采场作为对照组。
按照试验方案对试验采场进行回采,顶板并未出现垮塌、崩落现象,爆破后岩体连贯性较好,并没有出现较大的裂隙,岩体发生垮落的可能性较小,试验采场回采后,围岩情况见图8。
对上述405#、409#、408#3个试验采场和319#、317# 2个对照采场的主要技术指标进行统计,结果见表5。对比可以看出,相比2个对照采场,3个试验采场平均生产能力提高了20%,炸药单耗提高了15%,损失率降低了4.67个百分点,贫化率降低了3.25个百分点,千吨采切比降低了36%,均达到了预期。
针对帕鲁特金矿开展了岩石物理力学性能试验及岩石RMR分类,基于Mathews稳定图解法确定采场结构参数,应用FLAC3D软件对采场回采进行了数值模拟,并进行了采矿工业试验,可以得出以下结论。
(1)帕鲁特金矿上盘岩体的RMR评分结果为42分,分级为Ⅲ级,质量较好;矿体岩石的RMR评分结果为45分,分级Ⅲ级,质量较好;下盘岩体的RMR评分结果为29分,分级为Ⅳ级,质量较差。
(2)基于Mathews稳定图解法分析采场稳定性,矿体岩石的稳定性系数N为3.58,当采场长度为25 m时,最优的采场设计宽度为11~12 m。
(3)数值模拟结果显示,当采场长为25 m、高为60 m、分段高为21 m、顶柱厚为6 m、底部结构高度为12 m、“隔三采一”时,综合考虑回采安全性及采矿的经济性,确定最优的采场宽度为11~12 m,与基于Mathews稳定图解法确定的结果一致。
(4)工业试验结果显示,采场结构参数优化后,采场的生产能力提高了20%,炸药单耗提高了15%,矿石损失率降低了4.67个百分点,矿石贫化率降低了3.25个百分点,千吨采切比降低了36%,均达到了预期效果。综上所述,此次研究可为其他矿山采场结构参数优化提供参考。
  • 中国有色集团青年科学基金资助项目(2023KJZX003)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-03
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中国有色集团青年科学基金资助项目(2023KJZX003)
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    1.中色国矿帕鲁特有限责任公司,北京 100029
    2.中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司,广西 桂林市 541004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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