Article(id=1322594540968591879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709136000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260711185, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260711185, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260711185, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260711185, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=41, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594542973469192, articleId=1322594540968591879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research and Practice on Low-Disturbance Filling and Mining Scheme for Point Pillar Resources of Shallow Buried Depth in Xianglushan Tungsten Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the utilization rate of point pillar resources in Xianglushan tungsten mine and control the impact of point pillar mining of shallow buried depth, analysis was conducted on the technical conditions for mining the underground residual pillars. Combined with the current common point pillar mining schemes and selection principles to determine two filling and mining schemes suitable for point pillar in Xianglushan tungsten mine of shallow buried depth. Furthermore, numerical simulations were conducted to calculate and analyze the displacement and plastic failure of each scheme at burial depths of 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m. At the same time, to reduce the impact of underground blasting vibration on ancient buildings, the relationship between the maximum allowable single section dosage and the distance for underground blasting was calculated. Finally, industrial tests were conducted in the 610 mining area of Xianglushan Tungsten Mine to verify the mining scheme. The research results show that during the implementation of the mining scheme, there is no significant change in ground pressure and displacement monitoring data, and the stability of the goaf is good. The total amount of extracted ore is about 21 000 t, and the residual ore recovery rate within the height of the goaf in the mining area reaches about 38.33%, achieving good economic benefits.

, authors=Fei WU1, Jian SUN2, 3, Linhai WAN1, renze OU2, 3, Tao GAO1, Dongchun LIU1, authorsList=Fei WU, Jian SUN, Linhai WAN, renze OU, Tao GAO, Dongchun LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594547905970715, articleId=1322594540968591879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=香炉山钨矿浅埋深点柱资源低扰动充填回采方案研究与实践, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高香炉山钨矿点柱资源利用率,控制浅埋深点柱资源回采而产生的影响,首先针对井下残留点柱开采技术条件进行分析,并结合目前常见的点柱回采方案及选取原则,确定了两种适用于香炉山钨矿浅埋深点柱资源的充填回采方案;然后通过数值模拟对各方案在埋深分别为50 m、100 m、150 m、200 m的情形下,进行位移、塑性破坏计算分析;同时,为减少井下爆破振动对古建筑物的影响,计算了地下爆破许用最大单段药量空间距离的关系;最后,在香炉山钨矿井下610采场进行工业试验,对回采方案进行验证。研究结果表明,回采方案在实施过程中,地压、位移监测数据无明显变化,采空区稳定性良好,合计采出矿量约2.1 万 t,盘区采场空顶高度内残矿回采率达到了38.33%,取得了良好的经济效益。

, authors=吴飞1, 孙健2, 3, 万林海1, 欧任泽2, 3, 高涛1, 刘冬春1, authorsList=吴飞, 孙健, 万林海, 欧任泽, 高涛, 刘冬春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙健, authorNote=

吴飞(1982—),男,河南周口人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全生产管理工作。E-mail:

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孙健(1990—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术方面的工作。E-mail:
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吴飞(1982—),男,河南周口人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全生产管理工作。E-mail:

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吴飞(1982—),男,河南周口人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全生产管理工作。E-mail:

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Research on vibration response and control of structures under blasting excavation of metro tunnel[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2020., articleTitle=Research on vibration response and control of structures under blasting excavation of metro tunnel, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322594558710497895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, awardId=2023YFC2907404, language=CN, fundingSource=“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322594548124074524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594548136657437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, companyId=1322594548124074524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Jiangxi Xiushui Xianglushan Tungsten Industry Co., Ltd., Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594548145046046, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of point pillar mining schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采方案适用环境优点缺点
削柱抽采法采空区敞空工艺简单、成本低。限制条件多,整体回采率不高,安全风险较高。
人工矿柱置换法采空区敞空工艺简单、安全风险低。成本较高,难以全面推广,整体回采率不高,假柱接顶难。
全面充填嗣后回采采空区充填地压控制效果好,安全风险低,整体回采率高。工艺复杂,成本较高,充填体混入多,贫化指标高。
假巷分区充填回采采空区充填地压控制效果好,安全风险低,整体回采率高。假巷成本高,通风较差,充填体混入多,贫化指标高。
), ArticleFig(id=1322594558064575072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

点柱回采方案特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采方案适用环境优点缺点
削柱抽采法采空区敞空工艺简单、成本低。限制条件多,整体回采率不高,安全风险较高。
人工矿柱置换法采空区敞空工艺简单、安全风险低。成本较高,难以全面推广,整体回采率不高,假柱接顶难。
全面充填嗣后回采采空区充填地压控制效果好,安全风险低,整体回采率高。工艺复杂,成本较高,充填体混入多,贫化指标高。
假巷分区充填回采采空区充填地压控制效果好,安全风险低,整体回采率高。假巷成本高,通风较差,充填体混入多,贫化指标高。
), ArticleFig(id=1322594558202987105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation results of point pillar mining in scheme 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
埋深/m点柱跨度/m塑性区分布采场垂直位移/ mm地表位移/ mm
一步骤回采二步骤回采一步骤回采二步骤回采水平位移垂直位移
5015零星零星5.956.5833
10015零星零星8.208.9523
15015局部成片11.1012.0023
15012局部局部8.589.3823
15010零星零星6.757.3712
20010成片成片9.3610.2012
), ArticleFig(id=1322594558291067490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

方案二点柱回采计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
埋深/m点柱跨度/m塑性区分布采场垂直位移/ mm地表位移/ mm
一步骤回采二步骤回采一步骤回采二步骤回采水平位移垂直位移
5015零星零星5.956.5833
10015零星零星8.208.9523
15015局部成片11.1012.0023
15012局部局部8.589.3823
15010零星零星6.757.3712
20010成片成片9.3610.2012
), ArticleFig(id=1322594558358176355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relationship between the distance of protection buildings and single section charge amount[16-17]

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建筑物距离/mKα质点振速/(cm/s)单段药量/kg
13853.3521.3790.213.86
15053.3521.3790.217.79
20053.3521.3790.242.18
25053.3521.3790.282.38
), ArticleFig(id=1322594558421090916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

保护建筑物距离与单段药量关系[16-17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑物距离/mKα质点振速/(cm/s)单段药量/kg
13853.3521.3790.213.86
15053.3521.3790.217.79
20053.3521.3790.242.18
25053.3521.3790.282.38
), ArticleFig(id=1322594558509171301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594540968591879, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main technical and economic indicators

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采出矿量/t出矿品位/%金属量/t采矿工效/(t/d)采充综合成本/(元/t)残矿回采率/%
21 032.190.65136.71190.2269.2138.33
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主要技术经济指标

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采出矿量/t出矿品位/%金属量/t采矿工效/(t/d)采充综合成本/(元/t)残矿回采率/%
21 032.190.65136.71190.2269.2138.33
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香炉山钨矿浅埋深点柱资源低扰动充填回采方案研究与实践
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吴飞 1 , 孙健 2, 3 , 万林海 1 , 欧任泽 2, 3 , 高涛 1 , 刘冬春 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(1): 41-47
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (1) : 41 -47
香炉山钨矿浅埋深点柱资源低扰动充填回采方案研究与实践
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吴飞1 , 孙健2, 3 , 万林海1, 欧任泽2, 3, 高涛1, 刘冬春1
作者信息
  • 1.江西省修水香炉山钨业有限责任公司,江西 九江市 332400
  • 2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
通讯作者:
孙健(1990—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术方面的工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

吴飞(1982—),男,河南周口人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全生产管理工作。E-mail:

Research and Practice on Low-Disturbance Filling and Mining Scheme for Point Pillar Resources of Shallow Buried Depth in Xianglushan Tungsten Mine
Fei WU1 , Jian SUN2, 3 , Linhai WAN1, renze OU2, 3, Tao GAO1, Dongchun LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangxi Xiushui Xianglushan Tungsten Industry Co., Ltd., Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332400, China
  • 2.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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为提高香炉山钨矿点柱资源利用率,控制浅埋深点柱资源回采而产生的影响,首先针对井下残留点柱开采技术条件进行分析,并结合目前常见的点柱回采方案及选取原则,确定了两种适用于香炉山钨矿浅埋深点柱资源的充填回采方案;然后通过数值模拟对各方案在埋深分别为50 m、100 m、150 m、200 m的情形下,进行位移、塑性破坏计算分析;同时,为减少井下爆破振动对古建筑物的影响,计算了地下爆破许用最大单段药量空间距离的关系;最后,在香炉山钨矿井下610采场进行工业试验,对回采方案进行验证。研究结果表明,回采方案在实施过程中,地压、位移监测数据无明显变化,采空区稳定性良好,合计采出矿量约2.1 万 t,盘区采场空顶高度内残矿回采率达到了38.33%,取得了良好的经济效益。

浅埋深  /  点柱回采  /  稳定性分析  /  回采扰动  /  残矿

In order to improve the utilization rate of point pillar resources in Xianglushan tungsten mine and control the impact of point pillar mining of shallow buried depth, analysis was conducted on the technical conditions for mining the underground residual pillars. Combined with the current common point pillar mining schemes and selection principles to determine two filling and mining schemes suitable for point pillar in Xianglushan tungsten mine of shallow buried depth. Furthermore, numerical simulations were conducted to calculate and analyze the displacement and plastic failure of each scheme at burial depths of 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m. At the same time, to reduce the impact of underground blasting vibration on ancient buildings, the relationship between the maximum allowable single section dosage and the distance for underground blasting was calculated. Finally, industrial tests were conducted in the 610 mining area of Xianglushan Tungsten Mine to verify the mining scheme. The research results show that during the implementation of the mining scheme, there is no significant change in ground pressure and displacement monitoring data, and the stability of the goaf is good. The total amount of extracted ore is about 21 000 t, and the residual ore recovery rate within the height of the goaf in the mining area reaches about 38.33%, achieving good economic benefits.

Shallow buried depth  /  Point pillar mining  /  Stability analysis  /  Mining disturbance  /  Residual ore
吴飞, 孙健, 万林海, 欧任泽, 高涛, 刘冬春. 香炉山钨矿浅埋深点柱资源低扰动充填回采方案研究与实践. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 41 -47 .
Fei WU, Jian SUN, Linhai WAN, renze OU, Tao GAO, Dongchun LIU. Research and Practice on Low-Disturbance Filling and Mining Scheme for Point Pillar Resources of Shallow Buried Depth in Xianglushan Tungsten Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 41 -47 .
全面法、房柱法是微倾斜—缓倾斜矿体开采过程中最常用的采矿方法,在国内外同类型矿山中使用率超过70%。这类方法具有采切工程量小、工作组织简单、支护消耗少、通风良好等优点,但是盘区采场的矿柱占比较大,回采难度较高,采场损失率较大[1]。据统计,采用全面法、房柱法开采矿体时,矿柱约为矿块矿量的30%~50%,其中点柱占比约为20%~30%。对于铜、钨、锡、锰等贵金属矿产资源开采而言,这部分开采损失造成的资源与经济损失极大[2]。
因此,提高采场点柱回采率,对于提高全面法、房柱法开采矿山的整体资源利用率,扩大同类型矿山经济效益、社会效益有着重要的意义。
截至目前,国内外尚未形成一种统一、安全高效的点柱回采方案,点柱回采长期处于小规模置换、试验研究的基础层面。刘海科等[3]针对南温钨矿高品位采场,进行了人工矿柱替代矿石矿柱的相关研究与试验,试验采场回采矿石3 895.4 t,创造利润311.92万元;侯国权等[4]针对缓倾斜极薄矿体开采残留点柱进行了“各区域自下而上分块充填、边充边采、交替作业”的回采方案稳定性分析,验证了方案的安全可行性;赵兴柱等[5]在红透山铜锌矿对充填体下采场内孤立的点柱,进行了扩井回采、VCR法爆破、混凝土替换法等方案的对比分析并选择了合适的方案。
综上,对点柱回采方案持续进行研究,不断提高点柱回采的工艺技术水平,探索出一种安全高效的点柱回采方案,实现点柱回采技术指标的整体最优化具有重要意义。同时,随着充填采矿方法的普及和应用,利用充填采空区来实现地压控制的方式已成为主流趋势,点柱回采的相关研究也应聚焦于充填回采领域,从而推动该技术的进一步发展。
以香炉山钨矿东部采区采场留设的点柱为研究对象,对矿山概况及点柱开采技术条件进行分析。
香炉山钨矿主采1 W矿体为缓倾斜中厚—厚大矿体,上盘灰岩、下盘花岗岩以及矿体角岩均属于稳固岩体,东部矿区矿体埋深不超过240 m(以200 m以内为主),采用平硐结合+辅助斜坡道的开拓方式和非正规的房柱法进行开采。采场平面投影面积为5 000~12 000 m2[6-7],顶板设计预留厚度为1 m的矿石护顶层,点柱形态、高度各异,跨度约为10~15 m,平均尺寸(长×宽)为14 m×7 m。铲运机在采场内铲装矿石后,直接装入矿卡,经平硐直接运输至地表选矿厂。矿区点柱分布平面如图1所示。
2013年,矿山采用分层充填采矿法替代房柱法进行开采,采场内原不规则点柱、条柱继续用于支撑采场顶板。随着充填采矿法的实施,采场空顶高度降低至8 m以内(撬毛台车最大控顶高度),部分区域可以实现充填接顶,盘区采场点柱具备了进行充填开采的基本条件[8]。
香炉山钨矿开展点柱回采工作具有其独特的技术难点及优势[9],主要可总结为以下几点。
(1)井下采场点柱数量多、品位高,但分布不均,需要精确规划并布置工程,方可开展规模化回采工作。
(2)已进行分层充填的采场区域,点柱的底脚存在不同厚度的充填体,采用人工矿柱置换回采,人工矿柱无法与原岩接触,置换回采实施难度较大。
(3)选矿指标极易受充填体混入影响,制定回采方案时,需要优先选择具有敞空自由面的回采方案,并尽可能扩大浅孔回采的矿石量规模,以保证多数矿石的回采质量和回采价值。
(4)矿山建有一套地压微震监测系统和地表位移监测系统,能够对点柱回采的全过程及后续影响进行持续监测,提供井下安全预警和准确评价。
由上可知,香炉山钨矿井下现场条件较为复杂,点柱回采方案研究应首先聚焦于采场点柱的平均尺寸及间距,初步分析得出不同点柱回采方案实施过程中的相关规律和适用条件后,再进一步结合现场点柱特性,采取工业试验与地压监测等手段对点柱回采方案进行分析论证,以确保回采方案的安全、可行。
选择点柱回采[10-11]方案应遵循以下原则:(1)方法安全可靠,安全措施可行,充分保证回采全过程中的人员、设备安全;(2)技术层面可行,回采工艺合理,确保实施过程的稳定连接;(3)合理控制工艺成本,创造良好的经济效益;(4)协同处理空区,解决点柱回采的同时解决新、旧采空区问题。
目前,经过国内外矿山实践或研究的点柱回采方案[12]有:削柱抽采法、人工矿柱置换法、充填回采法等[7]。以上方法的适用环境及优缺点见表1。
人工矿柱置换法、削柱抽采法是针对点柱的分布、尺寸规格进行优化处理的方法,研究内容主要针对采空区敞空条件下的采场结构参数,如顶板暴露面积、点柱安全系数等,方案实施条件相对苛刻,尚无全矿范围内全面推广的案例。同时,在香炉山钨矿使用人工矿柱置换法时,人工矿柱极易失稳(架设在充填体上)。因此,点柱回采方案选取回采过程相对安全、回采指标相对较高的充填回采法,同时,针对部分可削柱抽采的矿柱,进行削采与抽采,最终实现点柱回采整体效益的最大化。
充填回采方式选择充填条带回采,充填体强度为28 d 强度大于1.5 MPa[13],初步确定回采方案为:方案一,充填回采全部点柱;方案二,充填回采部分点柱,即采用“隔一采一”的方式回采约50%的点柱[14]。各方案实施流程介绍如下。
如图2所示,方案一实施流程为:

(1)利用超长简易挡墙将采场点柱连接,圈定充填条带区域进行嗣前充填,形成条带采场的宽度应保证人员、设备正常通行[15];

(2)划分一、二步骤回采“条带”,“条带”的一端设置为回风平(假)巷,另一端设置为人行通风及设备进出的通道;

(3)后退式连续回采一步骤点柱“条带”,回采结束后充填接顶,再进行后退式连续回采二步骤点柱“条带”,回采结束后充填接顶。

方案二实施流程如图3所示。方案二与方案一的差异点为:后退式间隔回采一步骤点柱“条带”,点柱“采一留一”,回采结束后充填接顶,再采用同样的方式回采二步骤点柱“条带”,回采结束后,充填形成充填体包裹的“梅花形”永久留设点柱阵列。
香炉山钨矿东部采区矿体埋深较浅,为充分分析埋深深度对各回采方案采场稳定性的影响,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,代入香炉山钨矿岩体力学参数进行有限元计算分析。设定点柱平均高度为6 m,平均宽度为7 m、平均长度为14 m,间距为15 m,考虑埋深深度分别为50 m、100 m、150 m、200 m,计算结果如下。
埋深为50 m时,采场垂直位移及塑性区分布情况如图4、图5所示。
垂直位移方面,方案一进行二步骤点柱“条带”回采时,最大竖向位移分布在充填体的上部区域,与一步骤回采时相比,地表最大位移由5.55 mm增加至9.01 mm,顶板最大位移由5.55 mm增加至9.02 mm,地表建筑或厂房可能会受到沉降影响,而采空区顶板也可能出现失稳现象。
塑性区方面,由一步骤回采造成围岩上盘部分塑性破坏(上盘抗拉强度较低),变化增长为护顶层及上盘贯通性塑性破坏,有整体垮塌风险。
因此,埋深50 m工况条件下,采用方案一不能完成设定点柱全部回采的任务目标。同时,随着埋深增加,地应力逐渐增大,顶板位移及塑性区增多,易引发安全隐患。
方案二的优势在于按照回采顺序回采点柱后,周边“梅花形”点柱及嗣前充填的充填体能够较好地分担因部分点柱回采而造成的应力、位移影响。
如图6所示,当埋深为100 m时,一步骤、二步骤点柱回采结束后,塑性破坏区散布在留设点柱的上、下盘围岩内,同时部分采场顶板上盘围岩出现了一定的塑性区,但未贯通采场,这说明点柱和护顶层起到了较好的支撑作用。在实际回采过程中,应格外注意护顶层的留设,以防回采过程中发生冒顶失稳,危害到作业人员的生命安全。
随着埋深的增加,由于上盘围岩抗拉强度不足以及点柱回采顶板暴露面积的增大,顶板将成为影响采场稳定的薄弱环节。如图7所示,当埋深150 m,点柱跨度为15 m情况下,一步骤点柱回采结束后,虽然顶板护顶层仍有保护作用,但采场顶板塑性区分布范围较大,采场的顶板塑性破坏区成贯通状分布,存在较大范围垮冒风险。当缩小点柱跨度为10 m时,顶板暴露面积减少,周边矿柱支撑作用逐渐增大,顶板塑性破坏区明显减少,护顶层仍可以起到较好的保护作用。
方案二不同埋深、不同点柱跨度条件下,回采过程的塑性区及采空区顶板、地表位移计算结果见表2。
对方案二的塑性区分布及位移计算结果进行分析,可得出以下结论。
(1)当埋深为50~100 m时,方案二基本可以保证点柱安全回采与地表稳定。
(2)当埋深为100~150 m时,选取点柱跨度为10 m,可以实现点柱安全回采与地表稳定;但当点柱跨度大于10 m时,需要采取支护措施(锚索加固等), 确保井下安全后再进行回采作业。
(3)当埋深超过150 m,点柱跨度为10 m条件下,采场护顶层、上盘灰岩出现了较大的塑性区贯通,即使采取支护措施也不再适合。因此,埋深超过150 m时,建议采取削采等方案进行点柱回采。
香炉山钨矿地表存在古建筑与古迹,并按照相关要求圈定了保安矿柱(不回采)。保安矿柱区域以外,开展回采工作需要考虑爆破振动对保护建筑物的影响。古建筑与古迹的安全允许质点振速v取0.2 cm/s。爆破单段最大药量与安全距离的计算公式如下:
式中:R为爆破振动安全允许距离,m;Q为微差爆破最大一段药量,kg;K,α为与岩石性质、爆破条件及距离等有关的系数,根据香炉山钨矿爆破振动测试结果,K=53.352,α=1.379。计算结果见表3。
610采场位于古建筑及古迹的保安矿柱区域以外,与古建筑古迹相距超过250 m,采场上方地表及周边无保护建筑物,采场埋深不足100 m,采场长约130 m,宽约115 m,回采面积达到12 008 m2。矿段整体相对平缓,侧伏角、倾角均为5°~8°,上、下盘围岩较为稳固,采场空顶高度为6~8 m,顶部除个别区域揭露灰岩外,大部分区域留有厚约1~1.5 m的护顶保护层,采场点柱底部已被充填体掩埋,不再计划回采,点柱数量为21个,空顶高度内点柱矿量为54 872.70 t。
610采场周边情况如图1所示,采场点柱回采工程布置范围(红色,颜色标识见电子版)如图8所示,可以看出:

(1)采场北侧及东侧分别为下五采和未编号采空区,区域内采场点柱数量较少且品位较低,不计划回采点柱,正在进行封闭充填;

(2)采场西侧为五坑口回风巷,与610采场之间设有数个点柱,并用充填挡墙进行区域隔离,610采场的西北部与该回风通道贯通,设置有人行梯,作为610采场的安全逃生通道,五坑口回风巷的端部设有55 kW分区通风风机,回风平硐与地表相通;

(3)采场南侧为610采场的人员设备通道,与五坑口运输主巷相连。

(1)回采方案。采用方案二与削采结合的方式进行点柱回采,首先嗣前充填Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ号充填区域进行区域地压控制,并根据需要进行回采的矿柱将人员通道划分为 1#、2#、3#、4# 共4条回采通道。待充填体强度达到要求后,按照回采顺序对点柱进行削采或全采,回采结束后,及时进行嗣后充填与接顶作业。回采区域内,削采的矿柱有:6-4、4-8、4-13、6-11、6C-3,共5个矿柱(要求削采后点柱安全系数大于2,顶板护顶层暴露面积小于1 400 m2);全采的矿柱有:4-15-1、6-7-1、6-10、4-16、4-19,共5个矿柱。
(2)回采顺序。自回风侧向各通道的入口侧进行后退式回采,按照2#通道→1#通道→3#通道→4#通道的顺序进行整体回采。其中,2#通道矿柱回采结束后,及时封闭线路进行充填;回采1#~3#通道的矿柱时,在图8所示位置构建风帘,以满足通道的回采通风需求。待回采结束后,拆除风帘,进行4#通道的矿柱回采作业,各通道回采结束后,封闭并充填接顶。
(1)微震监测结果。在方案实施过程中,610采场及周边区域触发事件数量变化较为平稳,定位事件共发生2起,但能量较小,经现场排查,分别为610采场内的人工矿柱和原生矿柱的顶部边角开裂松落,但未产生贯通性裂缝,矿柱的支撑性能完好;充填接顶后,仍能接收到在该采场内深部发生数起定位事件,但能量均较小,推断为充填采场内顶板或矿柱局部开裂,但此时采场已大面积充填接顶,对外部影响较小,同时610采场周边微震监测数据反馈一切正常,未发生定位事件。
(2)地表位移监测结果。610采场施工过程和施工结束后长达6个月的位移监测数据显示,地表监测数据无明显变化,说明在顶板保护层、永久留设点柱、嗣前及嗣后充填体的共同作用下,地表位移得到了有效控制。因此,根据微震监测、地表位移监测的数据结果可以初步认为:该回采方案对610采场采空区、周边区域以及地表的稳定性影响较小。
(3)技术经济指标。该回采方案没有增加掘进工程和支护等辅助措施,但进行了大量的充填挡墙制作与回采前的嗣前充填(约4.1 万 m3)工作,由于在现场对崩落的充填体直接进行了剔除,实际出矿品位与地质品位接近,回采主要技术经济指标见表4。
(1)本文基于香炉山钨矿点柱开采技术条件与方案选取原则,对各点柱回采方案进行对比分析并初步确定了两种点柱充填回采方案:充填回采全部点柱、充填回采部分点柱(隔一采一)。
(2)对各回采方案下采场的塑性区分布对位移影响结果进行分析可得,充填回采部分点柱方案下,埋深为50~100 m时,采场基本保持稳定;随着埋深的增加,应对点柱回采顶板暴露面积进行控制;埋深进一步增加至超过150 m时,建议采取削采等方案进行点柱回采。
(3)经过610采场工业试验验证,采取充填回采部分点柱作为主采方案,辅以实施部分削采,回采过程安全可靠,现场实现削采矿柱5个,充填全采矿柱5个,永久损失点柱11个,合计采出矿量约2.1万t,在盘区空顶空间内点柱残矿回采率达到38.33%,取得了良好的经济效益。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-29
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
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    1.江西省修水香炉山钨业有限责任公司,江西 九江市 332400
    2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012

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孙健(1990—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术方面的工作。E-mail:
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