Article(id=1322594520949174716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322594503278580030, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713715200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260706412, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260706412, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260706412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260706412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594503278580030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='276', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260702199, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260702199, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=24, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594521125335485, articleId=1322594520949174716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Application of Mechanized Upward Horizontal Layered Filling Mining Method in Gently Inclined Thin Ore Body, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of difficult mining, low mechanization and limited resource utilization of gently inclined thin ore body in a fluorite mine in Guizhou, combined with the occurrence characteristics and mining technical conditions of the ore body, it was recommended to adopt mechanized upward horizontal layered filling mining method. According to the structural parameters of the stope and the extraction technology, the stability of the stope was analyzed using Mathews stability graph method and numerical simulation software. The results show that the stope span, the exposed area of the hanging wall and the roof are less than the theoretical limit. The roof settlement of stope is between 0.96 − 4.32 mm. The maximum floor heave value of the bottom is 3.5 mm. The maximum compressive stress of the mining room is 9.8 MPa. The tensile stress value is far less than the tensile strength of the filling body 0.44 MPa. The plastic zone does not form penetration and the stope is always stable. After field application, the production capacity of the ore block is 150 t/d, the mining-cut ratio is 12.96 m/kt, the loss rate is 10%, and the dilution rate is 8%, which has achieved good economic benefits.

, authors=Jiubo LIAO1, 2, 3, Lingyi ZENG1, 2, 3, Yu WANG1, 2, 3, authorsList=Jiubo LIAO, Lingyi ZENG, Yu WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594524577247696, articleId=1322594520949174716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法在缓倾斜薄矿体中的应用, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对贵州某萤石矿缓倾斜薄矿体开采难度大、机械化程度低、资源利用受限等问题,结合该矿体赋存特征和开采技术条件,推荐采用机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法回采,根据采场结构参数、回采工艺,使用Mathews稳定图法和数值模拟软件分析了采场的稳定性。结果表明,采场跨度、上盘及顶板暴露面积均小于理论极限,采场顶板沉降量介于0.96~4.32 mm之间,底部最大底鼓量为3.5 mm,矿房所受最大压应力为9.8 MPa,拉应力值远小于充填体抗拉强度0.44 MPa,塑性区未形成贯穿,采场始终保持稳定;现场应用后,矿块生产能力达150 t/d,采切比为12.96 m/kt,损失率为10%,贫化率为8%,取得了较好的经济效益。

, authors=廖九波1, 2, 3, 曾令义1, 2, 3, 王宇1, 2, 3, authorsList=廖九波, 曾令义, 王宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

廖九波(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿研究、设计及咨询等方面的工作。E-mail:

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廖九波(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿研究、设计及咨询等方面的工作。E-mail:

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廖九波(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿研究、设计及咨询等方面的工作。E-mail:

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articleId=1322594520949174716, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation results of stability coefficient and allowable hydraulic radius

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区域Q′GMNN′RH/m
稳定区过渡区
上盘围岩3.51.00.38.08.47.011.3
采场顶板3.51.00.82.05.63.56.0
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稳定性系数和容许水力半径的计算结果

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区域Q′GMNN′RH/m
稳定区过渡区
上盘围岩3.51.00.38.08.47.011.3
采场顶板3.51.00.82.05.63.56.0
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Simulation of mining sequence

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回采步骤开采区域
步骤1同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段1分层
步骤2同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段1分层
步骤3同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段2分层
步骤4同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段2分层
步骤5同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段3分层
步骤6同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段3分层
步骤7同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段4分层
步骤8同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段4分层
步骤9同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段5分层
步骤10同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段5分层
步骤11同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段6分层
步骤12同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段6分层
步骤13同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段7分层
步骤14同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段7分层
步骤15同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段8分层
步骤16同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段8分层
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模拟开采顺序

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回采步骤开采区域
步骤1同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段1分层
步骤2同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段1分层
步骤3同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段2分层
步骤4同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段2分层
步骤5同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段3分层
步骤6同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段3分层
步骤7同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段4分层
步骤8同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段4分层
步骤9同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段5分层
步骤10同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段5分层
步骤11同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段6分层
步骤12同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段6分层
步骤13同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段7分层
步骤14同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段7分层
步骤15同时开挖1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段8分层
步骤16同时充填1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m中段8分层
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机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法在缓倾斜薄矿体中的应用
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廖九波 1, 2, 3 , 曾令义 1, 2, 3 , 王宇 1, 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(1): 24-31
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (1) : 24 -31
机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法在缓倾斜薄矿体中的应用
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廖九波(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿研究、设计及咨询等方面的工作。E-mail:

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廖九波(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿研究、设计及咨询等方面的工作。E-mail:

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3.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322594524854071761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594524862460370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, companyId=1322594524854071761, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594524870848979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, companyId=1322594524854071761, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322594524937957844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594524954735061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, companyId=1322594524937957844, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Safety Technology of Metal Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594524967317974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, companyId=1322594524937957844, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322594525055398359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594525063786968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, companyId=1322594525055398359, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Hunan Research Center of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environmental Reconstruction Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322594525072175577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322594520949174716, companyId=1322594525055398359, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012)])])]
廖九波1, 2, 3 , 曾令义1, 2, 3, 王宇1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
作者简介:

廖九波(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿研究、设计及咨询等方面的工作。E-mail:

Application of Mechanized Upward Horizontal Layered Filling Mining Method in Gently Inclined Thin Ore Body
Jiubo LIAO1, 2, 3 , Lingyi ZENG1, 2, 3, Yu WANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan410012, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Safety Technology of Metal Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.Hunan Research Center of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Environmental Reconstruction Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25
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针对贵州某萤石矿缓倾斜薄矿体开采难度大、机械化程度低、资源利用受限等问题,结合该矿体赋存特征和开采技术条件,推荐采用机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法回采,根据采场结构参数、回采工艺,使用Mathews稳定图法和数值模拟软件分析了采场的稳定性。结果表明,采场跨度、上盘及顶板暴露面积均小于理论极限,采场顶板沉降量介于0.96~4.32 mm之间,底部最大底鼓量为3.5 mm,矿房所受最大压应力为9.8 MPa,拉应力值远小于充填体抗拉强度0.44 MPa,塑性区未形成贯穿,采场始终保持稳定;现场应用后,矿块生产能力达150 t/d,采切比为12.96 m/kt,损失率为10%,贫化率为8%,取得了较好的经济效益。

机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法  /  回采工艺  /  采场结构参数  /  稳定性分析  /  数值模拟

Aiming at the problems of difficult mining, low mechanization and limited resource utilization of gently inclined thin ore body in a fluorite mine in Guizhou, combined with the occurrence characteristics and mining technical conditions of the ore body, it was recommended to adopt mechanized upward horizontal layered filling mining method. According to the structural parameters of the stope and the extraction technology, the stability of the stope was analyzed using Mathews stability graph method and numerical simulation software. The results show that the stope span, the exposed area of the hanging wall and the roof are less than the theoretical limit. The roof settlement of stope is between 0.96 − 4.32 mm. The maximum floor heave value of the bottom is 3.5 mm. The maximum compressive stress of the mining room is 9.8 MPa. The tensile stress value is far less than the tensile strength of the filling body 0.44 MPa. The plastic zone does not form penetration and the stope is always stable. After field application, the production capacity of the ore block is 150 t/d, the mining-cut ratio is 12.96 m/kt, the loss rate is 10%, and the dilution rate is 8%, which has achieved good economic benefits.

Mechanized upward horizontal layered filling mining method  /  Extraction technology  /  Structural parameter of stope  /  Stability analysis  /  Numerical simulation
廖九波, 曾令义, 王宇. 机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法在缓倾斜薄矿体中的应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (1) : 24 -31 .
Jiubo LIAO, Lingyi ZENG, Yu WANG. Application of Mechanized Upward Horizontal Layered Filling Mining Method in Gently Inclined Thin Ore Body[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (1) : 24 -31 .
缓倾斜薄矿体在国内外矿山中占有相当比例,属于典型的难采矿体,传统开采该类矿体主要以房柱法、全面法、壁式崩落法、常规上向水平分层或进路充填法为主,但这些方法存在机械化水平低、采场生产能力小、损失贫化大、生产成本高等问题。为此,学者们进行了大量的研究。郭俊利等[1]为解决围岩破碎条件下房柱法损失率大、安全性差等问题,设计了长壁式连续采矿法,利用人工假柱来保持采空区顶板的稳定性,结果表明该方法在采准工程量、采掘比及围岩破碎条件下的采空区安全等方面具有显著优势。范顺刚等[2]将液压支柱护顶壁式崩落法应用于围岩和稳固性不好的矿体,通过工业试验表明该方法能够提高矿山生产能力,降低生成成本,保证工人作业安全。郝学冉[3]设计了进路回采充填采矿法,该方法是在房柱法的基础上将区间转化为进路,采用间隔回采,并在回采后迅速充填以提高采空区的稳定性。余昕等[4]对采场进行分区,并设计多种布置方式的上向水平进路充填采矿法,工业试验表明,巷道围岩未见显著破坏或变形,同时采场充填状况稳定,整体表现良好。随着矿山机械设备的发展,黄永祥[5]以南非铂金矿双层矿体为研究背景,将普通空场法升级为半机械化空场法,现场试验表明,使用半机械化开采提高了劳动效率,降低了损失贫化,降低了约15%的生产成本。郭金峰等[6]将无轨机械设备应用于南非某铬矿山的房柱法开采,显著提高了出矿量和生产效率。
在前人研究的基础上,结合矿山机械的快速发展,本文以贵州某萤石矿缓倾斜薄矿体为研究背景,通过分析其赋存特征、开采技术条件与周边环境的复杂性,创新性地应用了一种机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法[7-8],并采用理论计算和数值模拟手段论证优化升级后采场的稳定性,为有效提高矿石回采率,增强矿山机械化水平和采矿生产效率,实现产能稳步提升,矿山采矿方法的顺利转变和安全、高效、经济开采提供技术保障。
矿区内出露地层由老到新主要为石炭-二叠系南丹组(CPn)、非正式地层单元硅化蚀变层(CPq);二叠系地层龙吟组(P1ly)、包磨山组(P1b);在沟谷低洼处有第四系(Q)分布,其中 CPn、CPq和P1ly为萤石重要含矿地层。矿区内萤石含矿岩系为硅化蚀变层(CPq),呈似层状、透镜状分布于九层山背斜轴部及近轴部,沿九层山背斜向西延伸出矿区逐渐变薄至尖灭,沿倾向往南北方向远离背斜轴,硅化蚀变逐渐变弱至尖灭。
萤石矿体走向长520 m,倾向东,倾角为30°左右,矿体厚度为2.03~4.01 m,平均为3 m;品位为20.01%~51.21%,平均(CaF2)为28.89%,品位变化系数为25.67%。
当地最低侵蚀基准面在矿区矿体之上,地下水与地表水联系不密切,矿床自然排水条件差,矿体主要含水层富水性为中等至弱,水文地质条件中等;矿区含矿岩系以硅化岩、灰岩、泥灰岩为主,夹少量硅化泥岩、泥岩,岩性较复杂,灰岩、泥灰岩属层状结构,局部硅化灰岩呈块状结构,且矿层顶板有少量软弱夹层,顶底板围岩以半坚硬—坚硬岩组为主,且矿体无夹石,工程地质条件中等;矿区内地形起伏较大,矿区外围老滑坡群发育,目前处于稳定状态,矿区内农田、村庄密度大,开采排水可能导致附近水井干涸、河水流量减小,将来矿坑排水会对周边水体产生一定污染,环境地质条件中等。综上,矿区开采技术条件中等。
矿山地表有河流、村庄和农田,对开采安全要求较高,属于典型的“三下”开采。
该萤石矿区矿脉为缓倾斜薄矿体,矿体走向较长,形态变化较大,矿石品位一般。针对常规采矿方法存在的问题,近些年快速发展的高效智能化采矿设备给该类矿体的开采带来了机遇和变革,本研究创新性地应用了机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法[9-11],该方法具有矿石损失小、生产效率高、机械化程度高、安全性好、经济效益显著等优势。该方法采用浅孔凿岩台车凿岩、铲运机出矿,采用由下往上的开采顺序,人员设备在充填体上方作业,各分层联络道有围岩支撑,其顶板暴露面积小,可有效保证作业安全,机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法如图1所示。
(1)矿块布置与结构参数。矿块沿走向布置,矿块长80~100 m,宽为矿体厚度,中段高40 m,每个中段布置3个分段,分段高度为12~14 m,每个分段布置3个分层,分层高度为4 m,不留间柱和顶柱,留6~8 m底柱。
(2)采准切割。通过矿体下盘的中段运输平巷和采区斜坡道掘进分段联络道、分段平巷、分层联络道、溜井联络道和采场溜井。铲运机通过脉外斜坡道进行分段之间的调度。
(3)凿岩爆破。采场作业循环为隔一采一,回采时从下至上逐层回采至顶部。采场内采用智能化浅孔采矿台车进行凿岩,孔径45 mm,排距为0.8~1.0 m,孔距为0.9~1.2 m,孔深为2.0~3.0 m,凿岩台车的台班凿岩效率为300 t/台班。为便于边角矿凿岩,配备1台气腿式凿岩机。炮孔打完后,人工装填2#岩石炸药及电子数码雷管进行爆破作业。
(4)采场通风。新鲜风流冲洗工作面后,污风从充填回风切割井排入上中段运输巷道,经南北两端回风上山、回风斜井排出地表。每个采场配1台11 kW的JK58-1NO.5局扇和1台5.5 kW的JK58-1NO.4局扇辅助通风,以加强采场工作面通风。
(5)采场出矿。采用WJD-2型2 m3 电动铲运机将矿石倒入采场溜井,再由下部的振动放矿机给UQ-15运矿卡车装矿。
(6)顶板管理。凿岩前采用XYQM-060型撬毛台车处理顶板松石。当矿岩稳固性较差时,采用锚杆台车、湿喷台车等高效无轨设备进行喷锚网支护。
(7)采场充填。待整个采场内的矿石全部出完后,立即进行采空区充填。采用尾砂胶结充填,采场每分层最上部0.5 m高采用灰砂比1:5的充填体浇面,强度不低于4~5 MPa。为降低回采成本,中下部3.5 m高采用灰砂比1:8~1:12的充填体,强度不低于1.5 MPa。
(8)矿柱回采。采场内留设6~8 m底柱用于支撑采空区,回采本阶段矿石时暂不对底柱进行回采,待下中段采场回采充填至离上中段底柱2.5 m处,采用分层联络道对底柱进行回采。
Mathews 稳定图法是采场结构参数确定应用最广泛的理论分析方法之一,最早由 BRADY 等[12]、MITRI 等[13]于 1980 年提出,随后 TRUEMAN等[14]在稳定图的数据库中加入了大量新增案例资料。目前,Mathews稳定图法可用于分析判定采场的稳定性。
Mathews 稳定图法包括 3 个带,分别为稳定区、过渡区、破坏区[15], 如图2所示。
采用式(1)计算Mathews稳定性系数:
式中:N′为Mathews稳定性系数;Q′为修正的岩体质量Q值;G为重力调整系数;M为节理方位系数;N为岩石应力系数。
根据采场的结构参数、矿体的产状和赋存条件,结合Mathews稳定性系数的计算参数,以及式(1)和图2,可得出采场的稳定性系数 N′ 和稳定状况下的容许水力半径RH,计算结果见表1。
经计算,该矿山采场最大跨度为4 m,得出该工况下顶板水力半径为1.92 m,小于容许水力半径3.5 m,该矿山采场分层高度为4 m,得出该工况下上盘水力半径为1.92 m,小于容许水力半径7.0 m,说明该工况下顶板及上盘可保持稳定状态。
为研究采场跨度的安全稳定性,采用Barton公式计算最大无支护跨度[16],具体见式(2):
式中:S为无支护最大跨度;ESR为支护比;Q为岩体质量指标,可由图3计算得出。
当量尺寸与质量指标的关系如图3所示。图3中纵坐标为无支护时当量尺寸De,可通过采空区跨度、直径或高度与支护比相比所得。
根据该萤石矿矿岩情况,由图3可知,Q为7.0。采场回采作业时,巷道属于矿山临时通道,为保证人员在采场内安全作业,当矿山围岩条件较好且人员不在采场暴露面积下工作时,ESR应取较大值5,无支护最大跨度为21.77 m;当矿山围岩条件较差时,ESR应取较小值3,无支护最大跨度为13.07 m。而机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法采场最大跨度为4 m,远小于无支护最大跨度13.07 m,可以保证采场顶板稳定安全。
采场结构参数对采场稳定性至关重要[17-23]。为研究开采过程中采场的稳定性,采用Rhino软件和岩土工程软件FLAC3D对机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法进行数值模拟,分析开挖、充填后采场应力、应变及塑性区的变化规律。
针对所采用的机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法,选取1 045 m、1 005 m、965 m等3个中段采场作为分析对象,中段高度为40 m, 3个中段同时回采,采场沿矿体走向布置,采场长为100 m、底柱高为6~8 m、分层高度为4 m,共8个分层,矿体倾角取30°,矿体厚度为3 m,模拟开采顺序见表2。
由于模拟步骤较多,为节省篇幅,取部分步骤云图进行展示,并对最终步骤(步骤16)进行分析。
(1)位移分析。
图4为Z方向位移云图。由图4(d)可知,在矿房回采后,采场顶板产生沉降,采场顶板沉降量在0.96~4.32 mm之间。采场底部出现拱起,最大拱起量为3.50 mm,由于上覆岩层和四周岩层挤压作用,矿房充填体也发生变形,矿房顶部位移量最大,但整体位移量均较小。
(2)应力分析。
图5和图6分别为采场开采时最大和最小主应力云图。由图可知,在上覆岩层作用下,矿房整体受压,矿房两侧围岩形成压应力集中,矿房内部所受压应力较小,最大为9.8 MPa,局部采场顶板下方产生拉应力,拉应力值远小于充填体抗拉强度0.44 MPa,不会造成破坏。
(3)塑性区分析。
塑性区是岩体力学状态的综合评价指标,塑性区云图如图7所示。
由图7可知,在开采过程中,采场曾进入屈服状态,采场顶板在拉应力作用下发生少量拉伸破坏,采场内部小范围内出现拉伸和剪切塑性变形,整体破坏体积为47 331.19 m3,但塑性区并未形成贯穿,采场始终维持稳定状态。
机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法经现场工业试验应用后,矿块生产能力达150 t/d,采切比为12.96 m/kt,损失率为10%,贫化率为8%,基本达到了预期指标。该方法能够较好地适用于缓倾斜薄矿体回采,有效提高了矿块生产能力、机械化水平、采矿生产效率和作业安全性,降低了工人劳动强度、矿石损失贫化率和采矿生产成本。
针对该萤石矿缓倾斜薄矿体的赋存特征、矿区开采技术条件,创新性地应用机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法,制定了采场结构参数、采准切割、回采工艺及充填工艺等,得出以下主要结论。
(1)采用Mathews稳定图法分析采场极限暴露面积,采场跨度最大为4 m,计算得到该工况下顶板水力半径为1.92 m,小于容许水力半径3.5 m;采场分层高度为4 m,计算该工况下上盘水力半径为1.92 m,小于容许水力半径7.0 m,说明该工况下顶板及上盘可保持稳定状态,通过理论分析证明了所选取的采场结构参数能确保采场安全。
(2)对采场的开挖过程进行数值模拟分析,模拟结果表明,采场顶板沉降量介于0.96~4.32 mm之间,底部最大拱起量为3.50 mm,矿房所受最大压应力为9.8 MPa,拉应力值远小于充填体抗拉强度0.44 MPa,塑性区未形成贯穿,采场始终保持稳定状态。
(3)现场应用后,矿块生产能力达150 t/d,采切比为12.96 m/kt,损失率为10%,贫化率为8%,取得了较好的经济效益,提高了机械化程度,回采作业更加安全可靠。

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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-22
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    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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