Article(id=1322164998453969490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761753600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158300269, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158300269, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158300269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158300269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164998802096723, articleId=1322164998453969490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation Study on Ground Pressure Control Technology in Panel and Optimization of Continuous Mining in Double Middle Sections of Deep Metal Mines, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the continuous mining project of the deep double middle sections in the second mining area of Jinchuan Nickel Mine, numerical analysis of ground pressure control in the panel of deep double middle sections was carried out. By comparing the distribution of maximum unbalanced force, stress, and displacement field in the lower panel under five different schemes of ground pressure control technology, it was found that Scheme Ⅴ (advanced unloading through the upper and lower panels and trapezoidal approach with two mining intervals) had the best ground pressure control effect, with the lowest extreme value of maximum unbalanced force (1.20×108 N). The maximum principal stress of the backfill at the top of the panel was negative and no tensile stress was observed. Compared with Scheme I (advance unloading through the vein in panel and rectangular approach with one mining interval), Scheme V has an average minimum principal stress increase of 0.11% and a maximum compressive stress increase of 1.56%. During the mining process, the tilting deformation of the backfill on the roof of the panel is minimized. The optimization of the ground pressure control technology scheme for the deep double middle sections shows that the “positive trapezium + concave” technology scheme has smaller stress fluctuations and displacement deformations, and the ground pressure control effect is better. The application and stability analysis results of deep mining engineering show that after adopting the optimized scheme of ground pressure control technology, the ore output of the mining area can meet the production capacity requirement of 4 million tons per year. The increase in frequency of microseismic events is relatively slow, and microseismic events occur uniformly without sudden clustering. The overall frequency coefficient of roadway damage in the 1 000 m middle section shows a decreasing trend year by year, which verifies the rationality of the ground pressure control technology scheme for the panel in deep double middle sections.

, authors=Bei CHEN1, Haiyun ZHANG2, Jia SHENG2, 3, Jianqiang HU1, Xiqing TANG1, authorsList=Bei CHEN, Haiyun ZHANG, Jia SHENG, Jianqiang HU, Xiqing TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322165002425975418, articleId=1322164998453969490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=深部金属矿双中段连续开采盘区地压调控数值模拟分析及优化, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以金川镍矿二矿区深部双中段连续开采工程为背景,开展深部双中段开采盘区地压调控数值分析。通过对比5种地压调控技术方案下盘区最大不平衡力、应力及位移场分布情况,得出方案Ⅴ(盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一)的地压调控效果最优,最大不平衡力极值最低(为1.20×108 N),盘区顶部充填体最大主应力为负值,未显现拉应力;相比方案Ⅰ(盘区穿脉超前卸荷与矩形进路隔一采一),方案Ⅴ最小主应力平均极值增加0.11%,压应力极值增加1.56%,开采过程盘区顶板充填体倾斜变形最小。对深部双中段开采区域地压调控技术方案进行优化可知,“正阶梯型+凹型”技术方案应力波动及位移变形量均较小,地压调控效果较优。深部采矿工程应用及稳定性分析结果表明,采用地压调控技术优化方案后,矿区出矿量可满足矿区400万t/a生产能力要求;微震事件频数变化增幅较缓,微震事件较均匀发生,没有突然聚集发生的情况;1 000 m中段巷道破坏频次系数整体呈逐年减弱趋势,验证了深部双中段开采盘区地压调控技术方案的合理性。

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陈蓓(1982—),女,湖南祁阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事自动控制和监测技术研究。E-mail:

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陈蓓(1982—),女,湖南祁阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事自动控制和监测技术研究。E-mail:

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陈蓓(1982—),女,湖南祁阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事自动控制和监测技术研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1322164998453969490, language=CN, label=图12, caption=各方案回采过程盘区顶部充填体倾斜率极值, figureFileSmall=OBjOOHMuf7Dkzk5ybvJNmg==, figureFileBig=mr4Ce/D8XfeNHV7yFOt1QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322165008524493504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=The “positive step type+concave type”control technology scheme of ground pressure in deep double middle mining area, figureFileSmall=7kOVENXZS89JzKZZAk6Fsg==, figureFileBig=760OQxat9PkrNEEpGnLVWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322165008608379585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=CN, label=图13, caption=深部双中段开采“正阶梯型+凹型”区域地压调控技术方案, figureFileSmall=7kOVENXZS89JzKZZAk6Fsg==, figureFileBig=760OQxat9PkrNEEpGnLVWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322165008696459970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=EN, 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Mechanical parameters of rock mass in No.2 mining area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)变形模量/GPa泊松比体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa
大理岩39.191.722.1036.1915.890.2510.592.88
花岗岩33.640.251.1443.5811.600.257.730.97
含辉岩16.110.150.8538.453.160.292.510.28
二辉岩22.240.181.0938.452.990.262.080.62
混合岩14.210.111.4140.346.560.295.210.26
角闪岩15.790.131.2339.994.260.273.090.39
断层9.500.090.2435.003.200.252.132.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322165009669538509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

二矿区矿岩体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)变形模量/GPa泊松比体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa
大理岩39.191.722.1036.1915.890.2510.592.88
花岗岩33.640.251.1443.5811.600.257.730.97
含辉岩16.110.150.8538.453.160.292.510.28
二辉岩22.240.181.0938.452.990.262.080.62
混合岩14.210.111.4140.346.560.295.210.26
角闪岩15.790.131.2339.994.260.273.090.39
断层9.500.090.2435.003.200.252.132.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322165009786979022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Strength parameters of cemented filling body in No.2 mining area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称密度/(kg/cm3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比体积模量/GPa切应变模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/MPa
胶结充填体1.720.870.320.810.570.7636.600.50
), ArticleFig(id=1322165009979917007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

二矿区胶结充填体强度参数

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名称密度/(kg/cm3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比体积模量/GPa切应变模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/MPa
胶结充填体1.720.870.320.810.570.7636.600.50
), ArticleFig(id=1322165010177049296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison between the measured values and the calculated values of the stress in the mining process of No.2 mining area

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监测点位置岩性深度/m主应力实测值/MPa主应力计算值/MPa
最大值最小值最大值最小值
近地表围岩20~303.00—1.37~3.150.62~2.00
近地表矿岩430~53020.00~30.00—22.87~29.7512.53~16.22
西部围岩51024.5015.4025.51~27.3014.04~14.93
西部富矿体55518.45~22.133.99~10.8021.05~30.002.64~10.00
1 150 m下盘运输道围岩58031.1810.8825.00~35.0010.00~18.00
1 150 m TB7变电站围岩58024.88~28.449.44~12.9625.00~30.0010.00~18.00
1 000 m水平20行富矿体中部富矿体73017.10~25.808.20~12.1030.00~45.008.00~12.00
1 000 m水平12行富矿体中部富矿体73023.2010.9028.41~35.008.00~10.00
1 000 m上盘围岩围岩73031.64~37.8611.59~13.0928.40~40.0012.00~23.65
), ArticleFig(id=1322165010273518289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二矿区开采过程应力实测值与计算值对比

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监测点位置岩性深度/m主应力实测值/MPa主应力计算值/MPa
最大值最小值最大值最小值
近地表围岩20~303.00—1.37~3.150.62~2.00
近地表矿岩430~53020.00~30.00—22.87~29.7512.53~16.22
西部围岩51024.5015.4025.51~27.3014.04~14.93
西部富矿体55518.45~22.133.99~10.8021.05~30.002.64~10.00
1 150 m下盘运输道围岩58031.1810.8825.00~35.0010.00~18.00
1 150 m TB7变电站围岩58024.88~28.449.44~12.9625.00~30.0010.00~18.00
1 000 m水平20行富矿体中部富矿体73017.10~25.808.20~12.1030.00~45.008.00~12.00
1 000 m水平12行富矿体中部富矿体73023.2010.9028.41~35.008.00~10.00
1 000 m上盘围岩围岩73031.64~37.8611.59~13.0928.40~40.0012.00~23.65
), ArticleFig(id=1322165010344821458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of accumulated displacement between on-site measurement and numerical simulation at monitoring points of 16-row in the 1 250 m middle section of No.2 mining area

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测点编号测点位置实测累积位移/mm模拟累积位移/mm
16-1下盘围岩577267
16-2下盘接触面535303
16-3下盘充填体592209
16-5上盘充填体544163
16-6上盘接触面474315
), ArticleFig(id=1322165010420318931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

二矿区1 250 m中段16行监测点现场实测和数值模拟累计位移对比

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测点编号测点位置实测累积位移/mm模拟累积位移/mm
16-1下盘围岩577267
16-2下盘接触面535303
16-3下盘充填体592209
16-5上盘充填体544163
16-6上盘接触面474315
), ArticleFig(id=1322165010491622100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Technical schemes of ground pressure control in mining panel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案开采设计
方案Ⅰ盘区穿脉超前卸荷与矩形进路隔一采一
方案Ⅱ盘区上下盘超前卸荷与矩形进路隔二采一
方案Ⅲ盘区穿脉超前卸荷与梯形进路隔一采一
方案Ⅳ盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔一采一
方案Ⅴ盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一
), ArticleFig(id=1322165010554536661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

开采盘区地压调控技术方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案开采设计
方案Ⅰ盘区穿脉超前卸荷与矩形进路隔一采一
方案Ⅱ盘区上下盘超前卸荷与矩形进路隔二采一
方案Ⅲ盘区穿脉超前卸荷与梯形进路隔一采一
方案Ⅳ盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔一采一
方案Ⅴ盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一
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深部金属矿双中段连续开采盘区地压调控数值模拟分析及优化
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陈蓓 1 , 张海云 2 , 盛佳 2, 3 , 胡建强 1 , 唐夕晴 1
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(12): 1-13
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (12) : 1 -13
深部金属矿双中段连续开采盘区地压调控数值模拟分析及优化
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[Author(id=1322165003810095749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=34982561@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322165003919147655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, authorId=1322165003810095749, language=EN, stringName=Bei CHEN, firstName=Bei, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.Hunan Vocational Institute of Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411104, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322165004099502728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164998453969490, authorId=1322165003810095749, language=CN, stringName=陈蓓, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.湖南理工职业技术学院,湖南 湘潭市 411104, bio={"content":"

陈蓓(1982—),女,湖南祁阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事自动控制和监测技术研究。E-mail:

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陈蓓(1982—),女,湖南祁阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事自动控制和监测技术研究。E-mail:

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陈蓓1 , 张海云2, 盛佳2, 3, 胡建强1, 唐夕晴1
作者信息
  • 1.湖南理工职业技术学院,湖南 湘潭市 411104
  • 2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
作者简介:

陈蓓(1982—),女,湖南祁阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事自动控制和监测技术研究。E-mail:

Numerical Simulation Study on Ground Pressure Control Technology in Panel and Optimization of Continuous Mining in Double Middle Sections of Deep Metal Mines
Bei CHEN1 , Haiyun ZHANG2, Jia SHENG2, 3, Jianqiang HU1, Xiqing TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hunan Vocational Institute of Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411104, China
  • 2.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Safety Technology for Metal Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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以金川镍矿二矿区深部双中段连续开采工程为背景,开展深部双中段开采盘区地压调控数值分析。通过对比5种地压调控技术方案下盘区最大不平衡力、应力及位移场分布情况,得出方案Ⅴ(盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一)的地压调控效果最优,最大不平衡力极值最低(为1.20×108 N),盘区顶部充填体最大主应力为负值,未显现拉应力;相比方案Ⅰ(盘区穿脉超前卸荷与矩形进路隔一采一),方案Ⅴ最小主应力平均极值增加0.11%,压应力极值增加1.56%,开采过程盘区顶板充填体倾斜变形最小。对深部双中段开采区域地压调控技术方案进行优化可知,“正阶梯型+凹型”技术方案应力波动及位移变形量均较小,地压调控效果较优。深部采矿工程应用及稳定性分析结果表明,采用地压调控技术优化方案后,矿区出矿量可满足矿区400万t/a生产能力要求;微震事件频数变化增幅较缓,微震事件较均匀发生,没有突然聚集发生的情况;1 000 m中段巷道破坏频次系数整体呈逐年减弱趋势,验证了深部双中段开采盘区地压调控技术方案的合理性。

金属矿  /  深部双中段连续开采  /  地压调控  /  稳定性分析  /  数值模拟

Based on the continuous mining project of the deep double middle sections in the second mining area of Jinchuan Nickel Mine, numerical analysis of ground pressure control in the panel of deep double middle sections was carried out. By comparing the distribution of maximum unbalanced force, stress, and displacement field in the lower panel under five different schemes of ground pressure control technology, it was found that Scheme Ⅴ (advanced unloading through the upper and lower panels and trapezoidal approach with two mining intervals) had the best ground pressure control effect, with the lowest extreme value of maximum unbalanced force (1.20×108 N). The maximum principal stress of the backfill at the top of the panel was negative and no tensile stress was observed. Compared with Scheme I (advance unloading through the vein in panel and rectangular approach with one mining interval), Scheme V has an average minimum principal stress increase of 0.11% and a maximum compressive stress increase of 1.56%. During the mining process, the tilting deformation of the backfill on the roof of the panel is minimized. The optimization of the ground pressure control technology scheme for the deep double middle sections shows that the “positive trapezium + concave” technology scheme has smaller stress fluctuations and displacement deformations, and the ground pressure control effect is better. The application and stability analysis results of deep mining engineering show that after adopting the optimized scheme of ground pressure control technology, the ore output of the mining area can meet the production capacity requirement of 4 million tons per year. The increase in frequency of microseismic events is relatively slow, and microseismic events occur uniformly without sudden clustering. The overall frequency coefficient of roadway damage in the 1 000 m middle section shows a decreasing trend year by year, which verifies the rationality of the ground pressure control technology scheme for the panel in deep double middle sections.

Metal mine  /  Continuous mining in deep double middle sections  /  Ground pressure control  /  Stability analysis  /  Numerical simulation
陈蓓, 张海云, 盛佳, 胡建强, 唐夕晴. 深部金属矿双中段连续开采盘区地压调控数值模拟分析及优化. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1 -13 .
Bei CHEN, Haiyun ZHANG, Jia SHENG, Jianqiang HU, Xiqing TANG. Numerical Simulation Study on Ground Pressure Control Technology in Panel and Optimization of Continuous Mining in Double Middle Sections of Deep Metal Mines[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1 -13 .
随着浅部矿产资源逐渐枯竭,深部矿产已成为保障国家矿产资源安全的重要来源[1-2]。我国已有多座金属矿山的开采深度超过了1 000 m,随之而来的“三高一扰动”(高应力、高地温、高岩溶水压、强开采扰动)问题则极易诱发深部围岩应力动态转移,造成围岩变形、岩体结构垮塌及岩爆等风险,严重威胁着深部金属矿产资源的开采安全[3-4]。
根据地压分布规律及高地应力下矿石开采特征,国内外学者在采矿工艺技术、开采工程稳定、地压调控与灾害防治等方面开展了大量的研究。钱鸣高等[5]提出了围岩压力拱概念及压力拱假说,以此来阐释围岩卸载的缘由。SUN等[6]、LI等[7]指出上覆地层的重量通过压力拱传递至隧道两侧的拱座,从而减轻了压力拱内侧围岩所承受的上覆地层荷载。吴鑫等[8]利用3DEC软件对施工卸压孔的围岩变形进行了分析,结果表明,钻孔卸压可将巷道两帮的应力集中区转移至围岩深部,有效保护深部巷道。在深部开采中,最大水平地应力的存在会导致采场周围的应力集中,增加开采过程中的动力灾害风险[9]。因此,通过合理布置开采顺序和采用卸压措施,可以有效降低最大水平地应力对采场的影响。隔断开采是一种通过在采场周围设置隔断来降低应力集中的方法。谢柚生[10]针对大规模开采过程中有可能出现的应力诱导矿压灾害,开展了卸压开采研究,提出的卸压方案使采场周边应力降低了14.8%,矿块分步回采方案使采场周边应力降低了63.6%。WANG等[11]提出了一种使用Critic赋权法优化卸荷开采方案的方法,研究表明,所提出的分层卸荷、大断面巷道方案在提高卸荷效率和减少贫化率及损失率方面效果显著。冯豫[12]、郑雨天等[13]提出了“先柔后刚、先让后抗、柔让适度、稳定支护”的方法,即一次卸压、二次加强支护的联合支护思想。XIE等[14-15]提出了一种通过内部钻孔来保护深部煤巷两侧的新卸压技术,该技术能有效控制巷道两侧的变形,提高巷道的稳定性。曹平等[16]研究了金川矿区深部充填体和围岩稳定性的影响,并对回采方式进行优化,最终建议采用“隔三采一”的回采顺序。
深部高应力环境作为深部开采工程灾害发生的决定因素,随着开采深部的增加,冲击地压灾害事故越来越频繁,破坏力也越来越强,传统的支护方式很难达到预期效果,对此,深部地压的调控技术变得十分必要。盛佳等[17]对比分析了深部金属矿开采过程的位移和应力演化规律,发现预先切割上下盘和增加卸荷巷道工程能有效控制采场上下盘、顶板和底板的应力及沉降。朱豪等[18]根据理论分析和数值模拟结果,提出了“锚(杆)、网、喷+全断面锚索”的联合支护方案,为深部破碎围岩巷道支护技术提供了理论依据。吴向前等[19]进行相似模拟试验对开采保护层的卸压减振机制进行了分析。秦秀山等[20]建立了金属矿床开采过程中应力与开采工艺参数之间的关系模型,提出了动力灾害定量预警方法,实现了采动地压动态调控。
现有的卸荷开采研究主要集中于采场结构参数和回采顺序的局部或单中段开采,并提出了多种地压调控方案。然而,针对大面积连续开采区域的地压调控技术方案,尤其是深部金属矿双中段卸荷开采区域的地压调控研究相对较少。因此,本文结合金川镍矿二矿区历史开采过程及生产实践,采用有限差分仿真软件FLAC3D建立矿区整体开采模型,对比分析深部双中段开采盘区不同地压调控技术方案下盘区最大不平衡力、应力及位移场分布情况,并进行地压调控技术方案优化及工程应用,验证了该技术方案的有效性。
金川镍矿二矿区的主矿体为1号和2号超基性岩型矿体。其中1号矿体占矿区总储量的76.45%,长1.6 km,平均厚度为98 m,矿体倾角为60°~75°;2号矿体占矿区总储量的22.86%,长1.3 km,平均厚度为118 m,矿体倾角为75°。围岩主要为二辉橄榄岩、斜长二辉橄榄岩、大理岩等,顶板稳定性较好,底板稳定性较差。
二矿区采用竖井+斜坡道联合开拓,采用机械化下向分层进路胶结充填采矿法开采。结合矿区岩石力学试验成果,基于广义的Hoek-Brown准则的GSI法对岩石力学试验参数进行算术平均及折减处理,得到二矿区岩体力学参数见表1,二矿区胶结充填体强度参数见表2。
基于金川镍矿二矿区历史开采过程及生产实践,建立矿区三维数值计算模型。模型在X方向尺寸为2 500 m(垂直矿体走向以矿体为中心向上下盘扩展),Y方向尺寸为2 500 m(沿矿体走向划分为4~26行,由中心向两侧扩展);Z方向尺寸为1 740 m(500 m至地表),模型由1 776 736个节点、922 383个基本单元组成。三维数值模型如图1所示。
选取金川二矿区16行开采过程进行数值模拟研究,得到二矿区开采过程16行主应力、位移变化云图(见图2和图3)。由图2可知,矿体开采初期,矿区主应力在垂直方向上呈现梯度力分布,随着深度及范围的增加,应力值增大,开采范围内呈现漩涡卸压形状,矿体受开采扰动程度越大。由图3可知,位移区域随着开采深度的推进逐渐下降,充填体对上下盘围岩呈“椭球形”对称挤压,在已充填的采场内形成了总位移较小区域。
金川二矿区采用空芯包体应力解除法,在1 000 m中段、1 150 m中段布置了16个测点,监测二矿区开采过程应力变化情况,并与数值模拟结果进行对比,结果见表3。由表3可知,1 000 m水平20行、12行监测点的最大主应力计算值大于实测值,这是因为实际地质体存在隐伏断层、软弱夹层或不均质岩层,而模型中常简化为连续均匀介质,且模型所用岩石力学参数(如弹性模量、泊松比)采用室内试验值,未考虑现场岩体的裂隙、孔隙影响,导致应力计算值偏大。其他监测点的数值模拟计算值与实测值基本一致。
在1 250 m中段16行、17行、18行、19行、21行和上下盘沿脉道共布设42个测点开展巷道水准变形监测,每行布置6个测点。在此选择16行6个测点的位移实测值与模拟分析结果进行对比分析,其中6个测点的位置分别在下盘围岩、下盘接触面、下盘充填体、上盘充填体和上盘接触面,结果见表4。由表4可知,数值模拟累计位移值与实测累计位移值的变化规律基本一致,但数值模拟累计位移始终小于实测累计位移,且下盘围岩与下盘充填体实测位移值较大。这是因为数值模拟矿岩体及充填体设置为连续介质,具有良好的延续性。因此,数值模型及模拟计算结果合理,能满足深部开采地压调控数值模拟计算与分析需求。
根据进路采场顶板暴露时间及两帮与充填体稳定性状况,二矿区现有矩形进路采场宽×高为5 m×(4.2~4.3) m,长度控制在55~60 m,随着矿区开采深度的增加,进路两帮破坏较为严重,顶板充填体局部垮落、掉块现象频发,严重影响采场回采安全。为此,本研究创新性地提出了梯形进路采场自稳结构,构建基于进路两帮岩体自稳的缓冲斜面,减少进路片帮垮落,提高巷道结构自稳定性能。梯形采场结构进路宽度与高度为4 m、5 m、6 m,斜坡角度为3°、6°、10°。
二矿区上下分层充填进路交错布置,分层内盘区进路采场主要采用隔一采一、隔二采一、隔三采一共3种回采顺序。通过采场结构及回采顺序数值模拟结果分析可知,盘区内采场采用隔二采一或隔三采一回采顺序,结合矿山生产能力需求,推荐采用隔二采一回采顺序,同时,以隔一采一为对照组进行对比分析。
盘区内主要采用穿脉超前卸荷、上下盘进路超前回采卸荷,进路主要采用矩形、梯形2种采场结构、隔一采一和隔二采一2种回采顺序技术方案,针对深部双中段开采盘区地压调控提出5种技术方案,见表5。
建立二矿区深部1 000 m和850 m双中段开采盘区地压调控模型,盘区模型长×宽×高为100 m×100 m×150 m。本次数值模型依据矿山地应力测量值施加应力荷载,模型顶部根据矿区垂直应力分布规律施加垂向应力荷载,四周采用水平位移约束。以方案Ⅰ和方案Ⅴ为例,深部双中段开采盘区地压调控技术方案数值模型如图4所示。
进路采场结构及参数差异化将引发不同程度的地压活动,且采场结构参数越大,地压活动越剧烈。为分析深部盘区内采场回采过程应力集中与转移、能量聚集与释放的时空变化规律,主要对比分析各技术方案的最大不平衡力、最大主应力、采动位移,确定合理的深部双中段开采盘区地压调控技术方案。
最大不平衡力是指数值模拟过程中产生的系统内外力之差,反映了开采活动对原岩应力场的扰动程度。基于盘区内各采场对应数值计算模型矿石回采总量恒定,依据各模型回采过程中最大不平衡力平均值、极值的变化情况优选各技术方案。深部双中段开采盘区地压调控数值模拟回采过程最大不平衡力平均值及极值如图5所示。
由图5可知,不同方案对最大不平衡力的调控效果有差异,方案Ⅳ、Ⅴ最大不平衡力均值趋于平缓(约7.00×107 N),方案Ⅱ最大不平衡力均值最低,方案Ⅴ次之,地压控制上表现较优;方案Ⅴ的极值最低,为1.20×108 N。综合分析认为,方案Ⅴ在平均值和极值上均处于较优水平,地压调控的整体稳定性更强。
(1)盘区顶部充填体最大主应力分析。
模型盘区采场顶部Z轴标高为+60 m,为便于分析盘区顶部充填体内部最大主应力的演化情况,在盘区采场顶部(Z轴方向)以上间隔2 m布置监测点,监测点Y轴方向固定(Y=50 m),X方向间距同样为2 m,整个监测区域为X=-20~+120 m;Y=+50 m;Z=+62~+80 m。重点研究Z轴标高分别为+62 m、+66 m、+70 m、+74 m、+78 m时的最大主应力极值监测数据,优选出整个盘区采场回采阶段的最大主应力极值,结果如图6所示。
由图6可知,整个开采过程中,方案Ⅱ和方案Ⅴ盘区顶部充填体最大主应力为负值,均未显现拉应力,方案Ⅰ和方案Ⅲ对应最大主应力极值均超过0.4 MPa,超过充填体的抗拉强度,方案Ⅳ对应最大主应力极值仅为0.296 MPa。盘区顶部充填体的损伤受采场高度影响显著,为保障盘区上部充填体整体稳定,双中段开采盘区地压调控最优为方案Ⅴ,较优为方案Ⅱ和方案Ⅳ。
(2)盘区采场回采过程顶板最大主应力分析。
矿区最大水平应力趋近于沿矿体走向方向,当巷道的延伸方向与最大水平应力垂直时,垂直走向采场的巷道地压显现程度及返修率明显高于沿走向布置采场。为此,本研究重点分析垂直走向盘区采场的稳定性。以方案Ⅴ为例,回采进路距离为0、16 m、32 m、56 m,垂直走向进路盘区回采过程最大主应力分布云图如图7所示。各技术方案垂直走向进路盘区回采过程拉应力极值与均值如图8所示。
由图7和图8可知,大部分盘区采场顶板在开挖后均显现出明显的拉应力区。盘区回采过程中,方案Ⅰ、方案Ⅲ的最大拉应力超过了充填体抗拉强度0.60 MPa。相对方案Ⅰ,其余技术方案盘区回采过程拉应力极值降低幅度分别为23.13%、10.59%、24.64%、33.09%,拉应力均值降低幅度分别为17.02%、11.03%、31.88%、29.53%。综合分析认为,方案Ⅴ最优,其次为方案Ⅳ。
最小主应力即第一主应力,最小主应力越大,表明岩体所承受的压应力越大。压应力积聚易引发工程失稳等灾害。因此,本研究重点分析垂直走向采场最小主应力变化。以方案Ⅴ为例,设置回采进路距离分别为0、16 m、32 m、56 m,垂直走向进路盘区回采过程最小主应力分布云图如图9所示。各技术方案垂直走向进路盘区回采过程最小主应力极值与均值如图10所示。
由图9和图10可知,随着盘区回采作业下行推进,深部最小主应力场受扰动范围不断扩大,并在盘区下方深部形成明显的压应力集聚区(见图9中的蓝色区域,颜色标识见电子版),严重影响深部开拓及采准切割工程稳定性。相对方案Ⅰ,其余方案盘区回采过程的最小主应力均值增幅分别为0.97%、0.86%、0.98%、0.11%,而压应力极值的增加幅度分别为3.04%、0.23%、0.60%、1.56%,压应力的整体积聚程度相差不大,但压应力积聚范围变化明显。结合最小主应力分析可知,方案Ⅴ盘区地压调控最优,方案Ⅳ次之。
通过开展深部采场回采过程盘区顶部充填体位移场数值模拟分析,确定合理的采场结构参数。Z方向监测区域为+62~+80 m,方案Ⅴ回采过程盘区顶部充填体倾斜率如图11所示,各方案采场回采过程盘区顶部充填体倾斜率极值如图12所示。
由图11和图12可知,方案Ⅴ采场回采盘区顶部充填体的倾斜率呈偏斜漏斗形态分布,漏斗最低点均分布在15~20号测点范围内,工程实践中建议加强盘区采场局部区域的充填强度。方案Ⅴ开采过程盘区顶板充填体倾斜变形最小,盘区地压调控效果最好。综上所述,深部双中段开采盘区地压调控技术方案Ⅴ(即盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一技术方案)盘区地压调控效果最优。
根据金川镍矿二矿区回采现状,对盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一技术方案进行优化研究,将矿区调整至同一水平(1 000 m中段1 018 m水平与850 m中段934 m水平)进行回采顺序分析,提出了深部双中段开采“正阶梯型+凹型”和“正阶梯型+凸型”两种区域地压调控技术优化方案,如图13和图14所示。
基于提出的2种区域地压调控技术优化方案,与矿区当前回采顺序进行对比分析,以金川镍矿二矿区998 m水平13行、1 000 m水平上盘分段巷道为研究对象,揭示不同工程结构及回采顺序引起的岩体应力场演化规律,确定合理的深部开采区域地压调控技术优化方案。
(1)998 m水平13行模拟分析。
在998 m水平13行分别布置监测点108~112和监测点148~152,对充填体位移及应力变化趋势进行监测,结果如图15所示。深部开采区域地压调控技术优化方案在同一勘探线上存在差异,临近上下盘处变化较大,且下盘变化相比上盘更加明显。由图15可知,13行监测点108~112的位移规律大致相同,随着开采的推进,位移逐渐增加。各技术方案在998 m水平回采后期出现平缓增加与加速增加的状态,表明合理的回采顺序对局部的稳定影响较大。在不同地压调控技术方案下,监测点148~152的应力波动幅度存在显著差异。其中,“正阶梯型+凹型”技术方案下的应力波动较小,表明该技术方案对于区域地压调控具有明显优势。
(2)1 000 m水平上盘分段巷道模拟分析。
深部开采区域地压调控技术优化方案1 000 m水平上盘分段巷道应变监测变化趋势如图16所示。监测点80~87分别位于矿体上盘8行至22行,其中以监测点82的变形相对最大,表明12行上盘较为严重,监测点87变形相对较小,表明22行上盘受影响较弱。同一勘探线上其应变存在差异,8行与22行变形程度最小,总体以8行向22行逐渐减弱。由图16可知,1 000 m中段上盘分段巷道监测点的应变规律大致相同,应变均随着开采的推进逐渐增加。不同中段的回采速度的差异,导致局部区段波动曲线存在差异;在1 000 m水平回采后期应变出现平缓增加与加速增加,表明合理的回采顺序对局部的稳定意义重大。此外,在位移数值相对较小时,通过相关工程稳定性技术可有效控制围岩变形;在位移数值相对较大时,应变速率逐渐减小的方式,更有利于回采的稳定。1 000 m水平回采结束后,深部开采区域地压调控技术方案位移量比当前矿区回采顺序变形量小,“正阶梯型+凹型”区域地压调控技术优化方案位移较小,区域地压调控效果更优。
在2021—2023年度工程应用期间,针对金川二矿区1 000 m和850 m双中段回采状况,结合深部双中段开采区域地压调控技术方案数值计算最优方案,采用“正阶梯型+凹型”区域地压调控技术方案对二矿区各盘区矿量及回采顺序进行生产规划调整。调整后,2021年矿区出矿量为404.24万t,2022年矿区出矿量为412.8万t,可满足矿区400万t/a生产能力要求,实现了盘区安全高效开采,取得了良好的区域地压控制成效。2023年度二矿区1 000 m中段和850 m中段回采纵投影图见图17。
通过矿区地压微震监测系统对二矿区深部1 000 m区域地压微震监测事件开展风险分析,该区域有微震事件聚集,虽数量较少,但均为较大能量微震事件,且主要集中分布在11~13行之间的区域。该区域处于矿体上盘,爆破生产活动较少,说明区域内主要受采场和围岩地压影响而发生微震事件聚集。
采用“正阶梯型+凹型”区域地压调控技术方案后,微震事件频数变化增幅较缓,微震事件发生较均匀,没有突然聚集发生的情况,矿区应力集中自西向东转移趋势,与1 000 m中段西部盘区超前东部盘区(即正阶梯型)回采生产实践相符,矿区生产实践验证了1 000 m中段和850 m中段“正阶梯型+凹型”区域地压调整技术方案合理,有利于矿区回采安全和整体稳定性。
通过开展金川镍矿二矿区1 000 m中段1 038 m分段和1 018 m分段巷道工程稳定性现场调查可知,深部巷道局部出现严重的帮壁弯折内鼓、冒顶片帮、底鼓等强烈地压显现,侧帮、底鼓变形量约为200~300 mm,最大可达400 mm及以上。为探究深部开采巷道破坏分布及演化规律,将中段巷道返修次数与各中段巷道总返修次数的比值定义为中段巷道破坏频次系数。2019—2023年二矿区中段巷道破坏频次系数变化曲线如图18所示。由图18可知,2019—2023年金川二矿区1 150 m中段巷道破坏系数整体呈先增长后减弱趋势,1 000 m中段巷道破坏频次系数整体呈逐年减弱趋势,850 m中段巷道破坏频次系数整体呈逐年增长趋势。二矿区中段年破坏频次系数整体反映了深部开采过程及地压显现的时空演化规律,同时验证了深部双中段开采盘区地压调控的可靠性。
结合金川镍矿二矿区历史开采过程及生产实践,采用有限差分仿真软件FLAC3D建立矿区整体开采模型,对比分析深部双中段开采盘区不同地压调控技术方案下盘区最大不平衡力、应力及位移场分布情况,并进行地压调控技术方案优化及工程应用。得到以下主要结论。
(1)深部双中段开采盘区地压调控数值模拟分析结果表明,方案Ⅴ(即盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一技术方案)盘区地压调控效果最优。采用方案Ⅴ时,深部盘区采场模型的最大不平衡力极值与均值处于较低水平,盘区顶部充填体最大主应力为负值,未显现拉应力;相对方案Ⅰ,方案Ⅴ盘区回采过程拉应力极值降低了33.09%,拉应力均值降低了29.53%,最小主应力平均极值增幅为0.11%,而压应力极值的增幅为1.56%;方案Ⅴ采场回采盘区顶部充填体的倾斜率呈偏斜漏斗形态分布,变形最小。
(2)针对盘区上下盘超前卸荷与梯形进路隔二采一技术方案,研发了深部双中段开采“正阶梯型+凹型”和“正阶梯型+凸型”2种区域地压调控技术优化方案,并在金川镍矿二矿区998 m水平13行、1 000 m水平上盘分段巷道进行验证。结果表明,“正阶梯型+凹型”技术方案应力波动和位移均较小,区域地压调控效果更优。
(3)工程应用及微震监测结果表明,采用“正阶梯型+凹型”区域地压调控技术方案后,矿区年出矿量可满足矿区400万t/a生产能力要求;微震事件频数变化增幅较缓,微震事件发生较均匀,没有突然聚集发生的情况;1 150 m中段巷道破坏系数整体呈先增长后减弱趋势,1 000 m中段巷道破坏频次系数整体呈逐年减弱趋势,验证了“正阶梯型+凹型”区域地压调整技术方案合理,有利于矿区回采安全和整体稳定性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
  • 湖南理工职业技术学院自然科学研究项目(2023HNVITZK001)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2025-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-30
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
湖南理工职业技术学院自然科学研究项目(2023HNVITZK001)
作者信息
    1.湖南理工职业技术学院,湖南 湘潭市 411104
    2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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