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The difficulty of controlling the blasting effect of fan-shaped blasting holes in the non-pillar sublevel caving method significantly affects the mining efficiency in the mining area. Research was conducted on the issues of high large block rate and poor ore recovery index as well as poor safety of mining operations in the 1 580 m sublevel caving stope under the condition of broken ore-body in the west No.2 mining area in Longshou Mine. The analysis shows that the main reason of the high block rate is that the side holes in upper sublevel edge are buried by the blasting pile and not fully blasted, and the serious blockage of the blasting row holes in this section results in insufficient charging. Analysis shows that a high block rate can have adverse effects on the mining indicators, operational safety, mining efficiency, and mining costs of the mining area. In order to reduce the large block rate in the mining area, a series of technical and management measures were proposed, including optimizing the form and size of the mining drift, improving the parameters of fan-shaped blast holes, introducing through hole equipment suitable for the working environment, testing pre-charge technology, and strengthening blasting quality management. The large block rate in the mining area has been successfully reduced from 16% to 5%, the ore recovery index in the mining area has been increased from 68% to 82%, and the safety of the mining area has been significantly improved.

, authors=Zhen GONG1, Lin ZUO2, Dengfeng SU2, Baohui TAN2, authorsList=Zhen GONG, Lin ZUO, Dengfeng SU, Baohui TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin ZUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164942959132881, articleId=1322164939616272575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=破碎矿体扇形孔爆破大块产生原因及处理措施研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

无底柱分段崩落法扇形炮孔的爆破效果控制难度较大且显著影响着采场回采效率。针对龙首矿西二采区破碎矿体条件下,无底柱分段崩落法采场1 580 m分段扇形炮孔爆破后大块率高导致的采场矿石回采指标差以及采矿作业安全性差等问题开展研究,经分析得出导致大块率高的主要原因是上分段边孔被爆堆掩埋未能充分爆破,以及本分段炮排堵孔严重致使装药不到位。分析表明,大块率过高会对采场回采指标、作业安全性、采矿效率及采矿成本等造成不利影响。为降低采场大块率,提出优化进路断面形式及尺寸、改进扇形孔爆破参数、引进适应作业环境的透孔设备、试验预装药技术及加强爆破质量管理等一系列技术与管理措施,成功将采场大块率由16%降低至5%,采场矿石回采率由68%提升至82%,采场安全性也得到显著改善。

, authors=龚臻1, 左琳2, 粟登峰2, 谭宝会2, authorsList=龚臻, 左琳, 粟登峰, 谭宝会, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=左琳, authorNote=

龚臻(1984—),男,湖南永州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山技术及管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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左琳(2000—),男,四川德阳人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工艺研究。E-mail:
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龚臻(1984—),男,湖南永州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山技术及管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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龚臻(1984—),男,湖南永州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山技术及管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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破碎矿体扇形孔爆破大块产生原因及处理措施研究
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龚臻 1 , 左琳 2 , 粟登峰 2 , 谭宝会 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 57-63
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 57 -63
破碎矿体扇形孔爆破大块产生原因及处理措施研究
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龚臻(1984—),男,湖南永州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山技术及管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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龚臻(1984—),男,湖南永州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山技术及管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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龚臻1 , 左琳2 , 粟登峰2, 谭宝会2
作者信息
  • 1.金川集团镍钴股份有限公司龙首矿,甘肃 金昌市 737100
  • 2.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院,四川 绵阳市 621010
通讯作者:
左琳(2000—),男,四川德阳人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工艺研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

龚臻(1984—),男,湖南永州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山技术及管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

Research on the Causes and Treatment Measures of Large Blocks Produced by Fan-Shaped Hole Blasting in Broken Ore-Body
Zhen GONG1 , Lin ZUO2 , Dengfeng SU2, Baohui TAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Longshou Mine, Jinchuan Group Nickel and Cobalt Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China
  • 2.School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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无底柱分段崩落法扇形炮孔的爆破效果控制难度较大且显著影响着采场回采效率。针对龙首矿西二采区破碎矿体条件下,无底柱分段崩落法采场1 580 m分段扇形炮孔爆破后大块率高导致的采场矿石回采指标差以及采矿作业安全性差等问题开展研究,经分析得出导致大块率高的主要原因是上分段边孔被爆堆掩埋未能充分爆破,以及本分段炮排堵孔严重致使装药不到位。分析表明,大块率过高会对采场回采指标、作业安全性、采矿效率及采矿成本等造成不利影响。为降低采场大块率,提出优化进路断面形式及尺寸、改进扇形孔爆破参数、引进适应作业环境的透孔设备、试验预装药技术及加强爆破质量管理等一系列技术与管理措施,成功将采场大块率由16%降低至5%,采场矿石回采率由68%提升至82%,采场安全性也得到显著改善。

无底柱分段崩落法  /  扇形炮孔  /  大块率  /  贫损控制  /  爆破参数

The difficulty of controlling the blasting effect of fan-shaped blasting holes in the non-pillar sublevel caving method significantly affects the mining efficiency in the mining area. Research was conducted on the issues of high large block rate and poor ore recovery index as well as poor safety of mining operations in the 1 580 m sublevel caving stope under the condition of broken ore-body in the west No.2 mining area in Longshou Mine. The analysis shows that the main reason of the high block rate is that the side holes in upper sublevel edge are buried by the blasting pile and not fully blasted, and the serious blockage of the blasting row holes in this section results in insufficient charging. Analysis shows that a high block rate can have adverse effects on the mining indicators, operational safety, mining efficiency, and mining costs of the mining area. In order to reduce the large block rate in the mining area, a series of technical and management measures were proposed, including optimizing the form and size of the mining drift, improving the parameters of fan-shaped blast holes, introducing through hole equipment suitable for the working environment, testing pre-charge technology, and strengthening blasting quality management. The large block rate in the mining area has been successfully reduced from 16% to 5%, the ore recovery index in the mining area has been increased from 68% to 82%, and the safety of the mining area has been significantly improved.

Non-pillar sublevel caving method  /  Fan-shaped blast hole  /  Large block rate  /  Control of dilution and loss  /  Blasting parameter
龚臻, 左琳, 粟登峰, 谭宝会. 破碎矿体扇形孔爆破大块产生原因及处理措施研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 57 -63 .
Zhen GONG, Lin ZUO, Dengfeng SU, Baohui TAN. Research on the Causes and Treatment Measures of Large Blocks Produced by Fan-Shaped Hole Blasting in Broken Ore-Body[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 57 -63 .
无底柱分段崩落法具有机械化程度高、生产效率高、开采成本低以及安全性好等一系列优点,该采矿方法主要应用于矿岩中等稳固以上的急倾斜厚大矿体[1-2]。近年来,由于矿产资源需求量的日益增加,无底柱分段崩落法也逐渐被应用于破碎矿体的开采,但也由此带来一系列采矿工艺问题需要解决,例如在破碎矿体下采用扇形孔爆破时,爆破效果通常难以控制,容易出现爆破块度不均匀、大块率高等问题[3-5]。
对于无底柱分段崩落法,大块率较高会显著影响矿石的损失与贫化指标。在出矿过程中,大块会导致散体流动不均匀,从而使废石过早出现在出矿口。当大块被放至出矿口时,容易发生卡堵使出矿口宽度变窄,进而使放出体的宽度也将变窄并偏离巷道轴线位置,导致放出体与崩落体吻合度变差,造成废石过早被放出,进一步增加了矿石的损失和贫化[6-7]。此外,当爆破后出现较多大块时,需要对大块进行二次破碎,不仅增加了采矿成本、降低了采矿效率,同时也增加了采场的作业安全风险。
关于如何解决无底柱分段崩落法扇形孔爆破大块率高的问题,众多学者和技术人员开展了大量研究工作。王利军等[8]结合杏山铁矿生产实际和地质条件,对扇形孔的布孔方式、填塞长度、起爆方式等因素对大块率的影响进行了分析,研究结果表明,地质条件和矿岩结构对爆破参数的选择非常重要,采用三角形布孔方式、炮孔填塞长度不小于400 mm和采用小抵抗线大孔距的参数等措施能有效降低大块率。赵文奎等[9]分析了玉龙铜矿表层大块率高的原因,包括冻土影响、填塞长度过长、填塞质量较差以及台阶坡面平整度较差等,并通过改善孔距、排距、装药结构等使表层大块率由10.19%降低到2.85%。王平等[10]针对程潮铁矿无底柱分段崩落法扇形孔爆破大块率偏高的问题,分析了大块产生机理,得出大块主要出现在靠近孔底的位置,指出大块率随着排距的降低而减小,并将排距优化为1.8~2.0 m,使大块率由原来的10.4%~12.8%降低到3.6%~8.3%。曹涧泉等[11]对罗河铁矿大块产出率高的问题进行分析,认为是爆破参数设计不合理、炮孔质量不合格引起的,将炸药单耗设置为0.32~0.37 kg/t,孔网参数设置为2.4~3.0 m,使下向孔大块率从13.6%降低到9.1%。朱志彬等[12]分析认为大块率高是由矿岩性质、施工质量以及爆破参数等因素造成的,采用孔底起爆及使用高精度雷管等技术,使采场大块率降低了20%。骆浩浩等[13]为优化扇形中深孔爆破块度分布,通过9次现场试验以及数字处理软件进行分析,结果表明,微差爆破有利于控制大块率,调整中深孔爆破合理孔间延期时间和孔口的装药结构,能够有效控制中深孔爆破块度分布。此外也有学者从优化扇形孔排距、抵抗线、布孔形式以及装药结构参数等多个方面展开了降低大块率的研究[14-17]。
总体而言,由于无底柱分段崩落法扇形孔特殊的布孔形式,炸药能量在排面内分布不均,通常难以对其爆破效果进行理想化的控制,尤其是当矿岩较为破碎时,爆破效果的控制难度更大,也更容易产生爆破块度不均匀、大块率高等问题,从而造成较高的矿石损失与贫化。
金川镍矿是我国最主要的镍矿石开采基地,龙首矿是金川镍矿三大主力矿山之一。龙首矿西二采区地表以下100 m见矿,矿体倾角为60°~80°,矿体平均厚度约为100 m,矿体普氏系数为0.8~7.0,节理裂隙发育,属于典型的破碎厚大急倾斜矿体。西二采区采用下向分层进路式胶结充填法进行开采,布置有1 554 m和1 430 m两个中段同时作业。2016年,由于镍价下行,矿山将上部中段改为采矿成本更低的无底柱分段崩落法,崩落法采场内共布置4个回采分段,分别位于1 595 m、1 580 m、1 565 m和1 546 m水平。
在崩落法采场回采至1 580 m分段时,采场预定出矿量为崩落量的80%,但各进路在出矿至预定崩落矿量的40%~60%时,便不断有直径达到1~2 m甚至更大尺寸的大块卡在出矿口位置。据统计,在2021年2月至3月期间,1 580 m分段爆破大块率(大块表示块度≥0.5 m的块体)达到了16%,不仅严重影响了矿石的顺利放出,而且给出矿、装药及爆破连线等工作带来巨大安全威胁。采场放出的大块情况如图1所示。
为解决该问题,对龙首矿西二采区崩落法采场1 580 m分段扇形孔爆破大块产生位置、大块产生的原因以及防治措施等进行了分析和研究。
从1 580 m分段的放矿情况来看,大块通常出现在步距崩矿量的40%~60%这一阶段。由于当排炮孔崩落的矿量约有30%转换为本分段的脊部残留,而上分段的脊部残留又将在本分段被放出,因此分析认为,在出矿量达到崩落量的40%~60%时所放出大块,主要产生在扇形排面的顶部位置,即位于扇形排面的桃形矿柱部位及上分段所形成的脊部残留部位。
西二矿体裂隙发育,矿石松软破碎,属于易爆岩体。虽然扇形炮孔的爆破能量分布不均,但正常情况下爆破后产生大量大块的概率也较低。因此,1 580 m分段放出大量大块应另有原因。结合大块产生的位置,以及1 595 m分段和1 580 m分段扇形炮孔爆破情况,综合分析认为,导致1 580 m分段大块率高的原因主要有以下两点。
(1)1 595 m分段边孔爆破不充分。
1 595 m分段作为西二采区崩落法采场的首采分段,其主要任务是通过有序的回采作业形成大面积采空区,诱导顶板胶结充填体自然冒落形成覆盖层。1 595 m分段回采进路净尺寸为4.6 m×4.3 m(宽×高),断面形式为直墙半圆拱。中深孔排面为平顶形式的扇形孔,每一排包含11个炮孔,为降低首采分段桃形矿柱高度以利于顶板及时冒落,首采分段扇形炮排的边孔角度为40°。但由于回采进路的高度达到了4.3 m,且为直墙半圆拱形式,因此爆破后爆堆高度较大,再加之首采分段边孔角度较小,导致孔口位置较低,这就使得后续1~2排的边孔被爆堆掩埋,在后续装药过程中很难被清理出来,导致边孔无法正常装药和连线,如图2所示。上述情况使得1 595 m分段部分扇形炮排的两侧1~2个孔没有被有效崩落,而1 580 m分段在凿岩时也并未将炮孔打入1 595 m分段边孔未崩落区域。因此,这些未崩落区域在1 580 m分段回采过程中自然垮塌后将以大块的形式被放出。
(2)1 580 m分段扇形孔装药质量不佳。
1 580 m分段单排扇形孔的设计总长度为141 m,设计装药量为450 kg。但由于西二采区矿体软破,在2.2 m的崩矿步距下,往往前一排炮孔爆破会对后续1~2排扇形孔产生不利影响,使后排孔发生较为严重的变形、错孔及堵孔。
对2021年2月至3月期间1 580 m分段正在生产的4#~9#进路的炮排完好率(指炮排实测总长/设计总长的百分比)进行了统计,共涉及26排炮孔。结果显示,炮排平均完好率为85%,最低完好率仅为43%,最低装药量仅为190 kg,远低于设计装药量450 kg,扇形孔实测情况如图3所示。从现场情况来看,扇形孔的变形和堵塞部位通常发生在炮排的上半部分,当炮孔无法疏通时,将导致扇形炮排上半部分无法顺利装入炸药。在此情况下,当炮排爆破后仅炮排的下半部分被崩落,上半部分在地压作用下断裂垮落成为大块被放出。
在无底柱分段崩落法生产过程中,过量的大块会在多个方面对采场的生产秩序及采场矿石回采指标产生不利影响,主要可归结为以下4点。
(1)降低矿石回采指标。当崩落散体中存在大块时,其在出矿过程中移动速度较慢,无法与其他块度相对均匀的散体协调下移,对其他崩落散体的下移和放出产生阻碍,从而影响到步距崩落散体的正常流动,甚至是卡在出矿口使放出体发生偏移(见图4),导致废石被提前放出,进而增加矿石的损失率与贫化率。
(2)增加采场作业风险。当大块卡在出矿口无法正常放出时,通常需要采用破碎机或凿眼放炮的形式对大块进行二次处理,处理过程中大块随时有滚落伤害设备和人员的可能性。此外,若大块不能被及时处理,还会对后一炮排的装药量和爆破连线等作业产生安全威胁。
(3)降低采矿效率。放出的大块无法直接下放至溜井,而是需要先转运至专门的大块堆放地点再进行转运,显著降低了采场的出矿效率。此外,当有大块卡在出矿口部位时,在下一排炮孔装药前还需要专门打横撑等措施对进行防护,以保障下一排炮孔装药连线作业的安全性,这些操作均会降低采场的作业效率。
(4)增加采矿成本。采场中的大块需要经破碎机集中二次破碎后再采用铲运机转至溜井。大块的二次破碎过程不仅效率低,而且直接增加了采矿成本。此外,大块的二次破碎使井下产生额外的噪声、粉尘等污染,进一步影响作业环境。
由上述分析可知,为提高采矿回采指标、采矿安全性和降低成本,应积极降低采场扇形孔爆破后的大块率。结合龙首矿西二采区崩落法采场实际情况,提出了以下技术措施。
由于原设计的进路高度较高(4.3 m),且断面形式为直墙半圆拱,扇形炮排爆破后矿石散体很容易从拱顶高位流出,将后一排边孔掩埋且难以清理。因此,将回采进路高度降低至3.7 m,同时将断面形式更改为三心拱形式,如图5所示。优化进路断面形式及尺寸不仅有利于防止后排孔的边孔被爆堆掩埋,还可以有效增加放矿口宽度,降低大块卡在放矿口的概率。
为了防止前一排扇形孔爆破后爆堆将后一排炮孔边孔掩埋,将扇形孔的边孔角度由原设计的40°提升至45°,以此抬高边孔孔口位置。在原装药参数中,为了保护眉线结构,通常在扇形炮排中各炮孔孔口6~8 m范围内不装药。经实践证明,在岩性较好的情况下,采用该装药方式极易在孔口部位产生爆破大块,甚至出现“戴眼镜”现象,严重影响矿石的正常放出。因此,将原装药参数优化为孔口“W”形交错装药,不仅消除了孔口部位的爆破大块,也避免了炸药能量在孔口过度集中。此外,为降低前排炮孔爆破产生的冲击振动对后排炮孔的破坏风险,将原排内同段起爆方式改为排内分3段微差爆破。该措施显著减少了单段爆破考量,从而有效控制了爆破振动,避免后排炮孔因振动破坏而无法顺利装药。优化前后扇形孔爆破参数如图6所示。
采用无底柱分段崩落法开采破碎矿体时,受爆破振动与采动地压等因素影响,扇形炮孔易发生变形或堵塞,需频繁进行透孔作业。然而,受爆堆占位影响,中深孔凿岩台车无法贴近爆堆对后排炮孔进行透孔。为此,引进了一种适用于该作业场景的专用透孔设备,可对堵塞和变形炮孔实施有效疏通。该设备操作灵活,能够在临近爆堆的有限空间内开展透孔作业,显著提高了炮孔在装药前的完好率,从而改善了装药质量。应用后,炮排完好率基本稳定在90%以上。
针对矿体异常破碎区域,炮孔变形与堵塞问题更为突出,仅依靠后期透孔难以保证装药质量。为此,研究提出了预装药技术[18],即在前一排扇形孔爆破之前,预先对后续1~2排炮孔完成装药作业,以避免前排爆破破坏后排炮孔导致无法装药。预装药技术方案及应用如图7所示。该技术的提出与应用,有效解决了西二采区在破碎矿体条件下因炮孔变形堵塞而无法正常装药的问题。
为保障装药质量,研究制定了涵盖采场扇形炮排的验孔、透孔及装药等作业环节的写实记录制度,形成了班组长技术员采场分管领导的三级管理制度。严格执行炮排完好率未达90%原则上不爆破的规定,确保每一排炮孔的装药爆破记录均有源可溯。通过严格执行上述爆破管理制度,有效改善了现场爆破装药质量。
随着各项措施在现场逐渐推行,采场扇形孔的装药与爆破质量得到显著改善,大块率也明显下降,如图8所示。在2021年5月至6月期间,对采场出矿情况进行了跟踪统计,结果显示,大块率由原来的16%降低为5%,步距矿石回采率由68%提升至82%,采场安全状况也得到了显著改善。
本文针对龙首矿西二采区软弱破碎矿岩条件下无底柱分段崩落法采场大块率高、回采指标差等问题,分析其原因并提出了一系列现场处理措施,得到以下主要结论。
(1)西二采区崩落法采场1 580 m分段大块主要产生于扇形炮排顶部的桃型矿柱及脊部残留区域。大块产生的主要原因是上分段边孔被爆堆掩埋未能充分爆破,以及本分段炮排堵孔严重致使装药不到位。
(2)大块率过高严重恶化了采场回采指标,同时也对采场的作业安全性、采矿效率以及采矿成本控制造成了不利影响。
(3)研究提出了优化进路断面形式及尺寸、优化爆破参数、引进透孔设备、试验预装药技术以及加强爆破质量管理等一系列技术与管理措施。现场应用效果表明,采场大块率由16%降低至5%,采场矿石回采率由68%提升至82%,采场安全状况也得到了显著改善。
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(2022NSFSC1089)
  • 镍钴资源综合利用国家重点实验室开放课题(GZSYS-KY-2021-022)
  • 西南科技大学博士基金项目(21zx7157)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
基金
四川省自然科学基金项目(2022NSFSC1089)
镍钴资源综合利用国家重点实验室开放课题(GZSYS-KY-2021-022)
西南科技大学博士基金项目(21zx7157)
作者信息
    1.金川集团镍钴股份有限公司龙首矿,甘肃 金昌市 737100
    2.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院,四川 绵阳市 621010

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左琳(2000—),男,四川德阳人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工艺研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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