Article(id=1322164922503516791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158282161, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158282161, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158282161, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158282161, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=208, endPage=217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164922696454776, articleId=1322164922503516791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on the Influence of Structural Plane Parameters on Rock Failure Characteristics Under True Triaxial Unloading and Dynamic Disturbance, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Through the true triaxial loading-disturbance tests of granite with different structural planes, the acoustic emission system was used to monitor the rock failure process, and the failure characteristics and acoustic emission evolution characteristics of rocks with different structural planes were explored. The relationship between structural surface parameters and rock sample failure outcomes was analyzed, and macroscopic and microscopic differences of the three failure results were compared. The results are concluded as follows. (1) When the length of the structural plane is 20 mm and 30 mm, the rock sample is prone to crack-induced failure. When the length of the structural plane is 50 mm, the rock sample is prone to rockburst. With the increase of the length and dip angle of the structural plane, the failure of the rock sample tends to change from shear failure to internal shear and external splitting. When the length of the structural plane is short, the dip angle has a weak influence on the failure mode of the rock sample. Structural plane grouting will weaken the intensity of rock failure. (2) The proportion of tensile and shear areas in RA-AF density diagram of rock samples with three kinds of failure results is different. (3) With different structural plane parameters, the crack distribution and amplitude exhibit significant differences in the upper, middle, and lower positions of the rock sample's structural plane. (4) Based on the analysis of the variation characteristics of the coefficient of variation CV(r) of b value and r value, it is found that there are significant differences between the formation of shear cracks and tensile cracks in granite with different structural plane parameters under dynamic disturbance. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of mining-induced disasters in deep rock mass with structural planes.

, authors=Zihao HU1, Shibo LI1, Qun LI1, 2, 3, Qiang HAN1, 3, Sihao YANG1, Ziqiong LIU1, authorsList=Zihao HU, Shibo LI, Qun LI, Qiang HAN, Sihao YANG, Ziqiong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164926873981590, articleId=1322164922503516791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=真三轴卸荷–动力扰动下结构面参数对岩石破坏特征的影响研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过开展含不同结构面花岗岩的真三轴加载–扰动试验,利用声发射系统监测岩石破坏过程,探究了不同结构面岩石的破坏特征和声发射演化特性,分析了结构面参数与岩样破坏结果的关系,对比了三种破坏结果的岩石宏观及微观差异。结果表明:(1)当结构面长度为20 mm和30 mm时,岩样发生裂纹衍生破坏,当结构面长度为50 mm时,岩样易发生岩爆;随结构面长度和倾角的增加,岩样破坏呈由剪切破坏向内剪外劈变化的趋势,当结构面长度较小时,倾角对岩样破坏形态影响较弱;结构面注浆会减弱岩样破坏剧烈程度;(2)三种破坏结果岩样RA-AF密度图张拉与剪切区域占比不同;(3)结构面参数不同,岩样结构面上部位置、结构面位置、结构面下部位置裂纹分布与幅值存在明显不同;(4)基于b值与r值变异系数CV(r)变化特征分析得出,动力扰动下不同结构面参数花岗岩内部剪切裂纹与张拉裂纹生成有显著区别。该研究可为深部含结构面岩体采动的灾害防治提供理论指导。

, authors=胡子浩1, 李示波1, 李群1, 2, 3, 韩强1, 3, 杨思浩1, 刘紫琼1, authorsList=胡子浩, 李示波, 李群, 韩强, 杨思浩, 刘紫琼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李群, authorNote=

胡子浩(1997—),男,安徽滁州人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李群(1988—),男,河北唐山人,博士,讲师,主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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胡子浩(1997—),男,安徽滁州人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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胡子浩(1997—),男,安徽滁州人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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label=Fig.10, caption=Change characteristics of CV (r) and b values of three typical damaged rock samples, figureFileSmall=/X0c7GYKxXwVhNtYN9QxJw==, figureFileBig=YyvmvStZZpwwcJeCzipMGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164935958844126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164922503516791, language=CN, label=图10, caption=三种典型破坏岩样的CV(r)值、b值变化特征, figureFileSmall=/X0c7GYKxXwVhNtYN9QxJw==, figureFileBig=YyvmvStZZpwwcJeCzipMGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164936030147295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164922503516791, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test grouping design schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号结构面角度/(°)结构面长度/mm注浆材料
N———
H-0-30030环氧树脂
G-0-50050硅酸盐水泥
H-30-203020环氧树脂
B-30-303030无
B-30-503050无
G-30-503050硅酸盐水泥
G-45-204520硅酸盐水泥
B-45-304530无
H-45-504550环氧树脂
G-60-306030硅酸盐水泥
B-60-206020无
H-60-506050环氧树脂
H-90-209020环氧树脂
G-90-309030硅酸盐水泥
B-90-509050无
), ArticleFig(id=1322164936109839072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164922503516791, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验分组方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号结构面角度/(°)结构面长度/mm注浆材料
N———
H-0-30030环氧树脂
G-0-50050硅酸盐水泥
H-30-203020环氧树脂
B-30-303030无
B-30-503050无
G-30-503050硅酸盐水泥
G-45-204520硅酸盐水泥
B-45-304530无
H-45-504550环氧树脂
G-60-306030硅酸盐水泥
B-60-206020无
H-60-506050环氧树脂
H-90-209020环氧树脂
G-90-309030硅酸盐水泥
B-90-509050无
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真三轴卸荷–动力扰动下结构面参数对岩石破坏特征的影响研究
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胡子浩 1 , 李示波 1 , 李群 1, 2, 3 , 韩强 1, 3 , 杨思浩 1 , 刘紫琼 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(12): 208-217
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (12) : 208 -217
真三轴卸荷–动力扰动下结构面参数对岩石破坏特征的影响研究
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胡子浩1 , 李示波1, 李群1, 2, 3 , 韩强1, 3, 杨思浩1, 刘紫琼1
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 2.华北理工大学 建筑工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 3.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
通讯作者:
李群(1988—),男,河北唐山人,博士,讲师,主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

胡子浩(1997—),男,安徽滁州人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

Research on the Influence of Structural Plane Parameters on Rock Failure Characteristics Under True Triaxial Unloading and Dynamic Disturbance
Zihao HU1 , Shibo LI1, Qun LI1, 2, 3 , Qiang HAN1, 3, Sihao YANG1, Ziqiong LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 3.Mine Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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通过开展含不同结构面花岗岩的真三轴加载–扰动试验,利用声发射系统监测岩石破坏过程,探究了不同结构面岩石的破坏特征和声发射演化特性,分析了结构面参数与岩样破坏结果的关系,对比了三种破坏结果的岩石宏观及微观差异。结果表明:(1)当结构面长度为20 mm和30 mm时,岩样发生裂纹衍生破坏,当结构面长度为50 mm时,岩样易发生岩爆;随结构面长度和倾角的增加,岩样破坏呈由剪切破坏向内剪外劈变化的趋势,当结构面长度较小时,倾角对岩样破坏形态影响较弱;结构面注浆会减弱岩样破坏剧烈程度;(2)三种破坏结果岩样RA-AF密度图张拉与剪切区域占比不同;(3)结构面参数不同,岩样结构面上部位置、结构面位置、结构面下部位置裂纹分布与幅值存在明显不同;(4)基于b值与r值变异系数CV(r)变化特征分析得出,动力扰动下不同结构面参数花岗岩内部剪切裂纹与张拉裂纹生成有显著区别。该研究可为深部含结构面岩体采动的灾害防治提供理论指导。

结构面  /  扰动  /  声发射  /  定位  /  破坏特征

Through the true triaxial loading-disturbance tests of granite with different structural planes, the acoustic emission system was used to monitor the rock failure process, and the failure characteristics and acoustic emission evolution characteristics of rocks with different structural planes were explored. The relationship between structural surface parameters and rock sample failure outcomes was analyzed, and macroscopic and microscopic differences of the three failure results were compared. The results are concluded as follows. (1) When the length of the structural plane is 20 mm and 30 mm, the rock sample is prone to crack-induced failure. When the length of the structural plane is 50 mm, the rock sample is prone to rockburst. With the increase of the length and dip angle of the structural plane, the failure of the rock sample tends to change from shear failure to internal shear and external splitting. When the length of the structural plane is short, the dip angle has a weak influence on the failure mode of the rock sample. Structural plane grouting will weaken the intensity of rock failure. (2) The proportion of tensile and shear areas in RA-AF density diagram of rock samples with three kinds of failure results is different. (3) With different structural plane parameters, the crack distribution and amplitude exhibit significant differences in the upper, middle, and lower positions of the rock sample's structural plane. (4) Based on the analysis of the variation characteristics of the coefficient of variation CV(r) of b value and r value, it is found that there are significant differences between the formation of shear cracks and tensile cracks in granite with different structural plane parameters under dynamic disturbance. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of mining-induced disasters in deep rock mass with structural planes.

Structural plane  /  Disturbance  /  Acoustic emission  /  Localization  /  Failure characteristic
胡子浩, 李示波, 李群, 韩强, 杨思浩, 刘紫琼. 真三轴卸荷–动力扰动下结构面参数对岩石破坏特征的影响研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 208 -217 .
Zihao HU, Shibo LI, Qun LI, Qiang HAN, Sihao YANG, Ziqiong LIU. Research on the Influence of Structural Plane Parameters on Rock Failure Characteristics Under True Triaxial Unloading and Dynamic Disturbance[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 208 -217 .
近年来国家发展所需资源日益增长,而浅部资源逐渐减少,已无法满足国家需求,因此资源开采深度逐步增加。随着深度的增加,岩石所承受的地应力及自身强度也逐渐随之增大,导致在深部开采扰动下岩石应力状态失衡,储存的能量被释放,进而引发岩体变形甚至冲击破坏等灾害。
岩石在长期自然风化与地质运动的作用下,内部易形成尺寸不一、大小各异的裂隙、软弱夹层及节理等隐伏结构面。这些结构面的存在削弱了岩石的完整性、连续性,显著降低了岩体承载能力,影响岩体变形破坏特征。学者们针对含隐伏贯通结构面岩体开展了一系列研究并取得重要进展。刘红岩等[1]通过SHPB冲击试验研究结构面相关参数影响下,试块的破裂形态变化及变形破坏特征,发现结构面贯通度、结构面条数、填充物等参数均能影响试块破坏模式及强度。LI等[2]采用动态冲击试验系统对含倾角结构面红砂岩开展冲击试验,结果表明,结构面倾角改变引起岩石应力传递规律和变形破坏模式的改变。QIU等[3]研究了在动–静冲击联合荷载作用下,不同倾角和层面的层状砂岩相关力学特征及破坏形态,结果表明,含结构面试样冲击破坏瞬间可分为沿结构面劈裂破坏、滑动破坏及压裂张拉破坏。李任杰等[4]研究含隐伏非贯通结构面岩样在剪切流变仪下的蠕变特性,结果表明,通过对应室内试验和建立的物理模型结果,发现二者结果能较好反映蠕变特性。杨砚等[5]利用不同速度的霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统,探讨了结构面倾角对试件动态力学性能的影响,指出随着结构面倾角增大,试件应变率与峰值也随之改变,宏观裂纹拓展和形态均受结构面倾角和冲击次数的影响。WANG等[6]研究了含贯通结构面岩体在单轴试验下的破坏形态,进一步证实结构面倾角对岩体破坏模式影响较大。
上述研究多聚焦于结构面岩体冲击荷载和蠕变试验下的破坏研究,目前针对深部地区隧洞高应力下隐伏贯通结构面岩体开挖扰动的相关成果仍较为匮乏。为此,本文通过对花岗岩预制不同参数的贯通结构面,开展不同参数隐伏贯通结构面真三轴单面临空加载–扰动试验,并利用声发射系统监测试验过程,探究不同参数隐伏结构面岩石的破坏模式和宏微观变形形态,分析隐伏贯通结构面岩石加载–扰动试验下裂纹的演化特征,对比隐伏结构面参数影响下岩石破坏特征之间的差异。研究成果旨在为高应力条件下隧洞开挖诱发的围岩变形破坏机制研究及防控提供参考。
本试验采用华北理工大学自主研发的真三轴伺服岩爆试验系统,联合声发射监测系统组成。真三轴系统主要由真三轴试验主机、主机操作台、加载油泵组成,加载系统轴向静态最大荷载力为3 200 kN,径向静态最大荷载力为2 400 kN,声发射系统采用6通道,频率为10 MHz,放大器门槛设置为40 dB,采用了PCI-2型多通道声发射监测系统监测试验全过程。
花岗岩为地下工程隧洞岩壁中主要岩石类型之一,其物理力学性质及破坏方式在脆性岩石中具有代表性,故本次试验选取的花岗岩作为试验材料。试验选取花岗岩均取自于同一片区域岩壁,以保证材质均匀性,降低因材质差异和材料离散化对试验结果造成的影响。试块加工严格遵从国际岩石力学协会标准,切割打磨成100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm的立方体,垂直度与平行度误差均控制在0.02 mm以内,表面光滑平整。经过密度检测、单轴压缩试验测得试块的平均密度为2 592 kg/m3,单轴抗压强度为170 MPa,平均纵波波速为5 300 m/s。
为探究隧洞岩壁真实开挖扰动下的受力情况,并研究注浆对含隐伏贯通结构面岩体在开挖扰动中行为的影响,本试验设计倾角、长度和注浆材料类型变化的隐伏贯通结构面试件。采用水刀切割出预制结构面,厚度精确控制在2 mm左右。为提升试验效率、减少重复工作,试验采用正交设计方法进行分组,具体设计方案见表1。
隐伏贯通结构面的倾角分别设计为0°、30°、45°、60°和90°。结构面起点为岩样位面中心点;长度20 mm、30 mm、50 mm表示结构面起点至终点长度;试验岩样的结构设计示意图如图1所示。
为模拟深部工程施工时隧洞岩壁真实荷载情况,本研究设计了真三轴单面卸荷、五面加载–扰动试验方案。参照本团队以往相关试验研究[7],确定岩样初始地应力条件为:σ1=50 MPa、σ2=30 MPa、σ3=5 MPa;扰动荷载采用正弦波形式,扰动频率为2 Hz,扰动幅值为40 MPa。
具体试验加载流程如下:
(1)先将Z轴轴压以恒位移加载速率0.3 mm/min加载至50 MPa;
(2)同步以0.3 mm/min的加载速率将Y轴和X轴轴压加载至30 MPa、5 MPa;
(3)卸载X轴一个方向的荷载以形成临空面,保持围压不变,持续恒载300 s;
(4)在σ1方向继续以0.3 mm/min的速率加载至岩样峰值应力的80%;
(5)保持σ1方向加载应力不变,同时设置σ1方向施加持续300 s、频率为2 Hz、幅值为40 MPa的正弦波扰动,扰动结束后停止试验。
真三轴加载–扰动应力路径设置如图2所示。
参照罗丹旎等[8]提出的三种岩爆类型,根据不同参数结构面岩样的加载扰动试验破坏及宏观裂纹出现的结果,将试验后岩样的破坏形态分为三种:Ⅰ裂纹衍生、Ⅱ剪切破裂型破坏、Ⅲ张拉板裂型破坏。
(1)裂纹衍生。图3为出现衍生裂纹破坏的预制结构面岩样破坏图。由图3可以看出,除了H-0-30岩样,其余岩样临空面衍生裂纹都少于或等于结构面显现的裂纹。观察裂纹衍生位置,发现B-30-30、H-0-30岩样衍生裂纹出现的位置靠近结构面一端或两端;B-60-20、G-45-20、H-90-20岩样位于结构面产生的衍生裂纹位置接近岩石顶端,且走向水平;G-60-30岩样结构面的衍生裂纹出现在最小主应力与中间主应力交界处。当结构面角度超过30°,倾角越大,结构面尖端受最大主应力及扰动效果在投影水平方向的影响越小,更难在结构面尖端出现宏观裂纹。
(2)剪切破裂型破坏。出现剪切破裂型破坏的岩样如图4所示,图4中所有岩样临空面都出现了小型破坏坑,这是由于岩样直接受到扰动力作用。B-45-30、H-30-20岩样结构面的板裂剥落位置基本相同,临空面右上方部分都出现小型岩爆坑;B-45-30临空面右下方部分岩块也出现小型破坏坑;B-30-50、G-30-50岩样结构面上部岩块都出现板裂剥落现象;B-30-50岩样结构面下部靠近临空面的岩块出现明显的板裂,两种岩样的临空面下端岩块也都出现水平走向的破坏坑;G-90-30岩样破坏严重程度弱于其他岩样,仅在临空面下部岩块发生破坏。
(3)张拉板裂型破坏。出现张拉板裂型破坏的岩样如图5所示。由图5可以看出,岩样在加载扰动下产生的破坏坑主要分为深窝型、V形及阶梯型。B-90-50、G-0-50岩样破坏坑为深窝型,H-45-50岩样破坏坑为V形,H-60-50岩样破坏坑为阶梯型。B-90-50、G-0-50和H-45-50岩样结构面与临空面相连接岩块部分由于受到高应力和扰动作用的影响,出现较大的剪切、张拉裂纹,且结构面与背离临空面位置交接处也发生板裂剥落破坏,仅有H-60-50岩样除临空面发生岩爆破坏外,结构面部分岩石无明显破坏产生。
分析以上三种破坏形态,发现当结构面长度为20 mm和30 mm时,岩样在高应力加载–扰动下更容易发生裂纹衍生破坏。当结构面长度增至50 mm时,由于应力集中效应容易从结构面两端起裂,进而扩展贯通,在剪切或张拉-剪切作用下发生破裂,致使岩样易发生岩爆破坏。因此,随结构面长度的增加及结构面倾角的增大,岩样破坏形态呈由剪切破坏向内剪外劈变化的趋势。当结构面长度在30 mm以下时,结构面倾角对岩样破坏形态影响较弱,仅出现衍生裂纹的岩样,岩石表面均出现衍生裂纹。但在硅酸盐水泥注浆下,岩石临空面衍生裂纹更少;在环氧树脂注浆下,岩石自由面衍生裂纹更长。发生岩爆的岩样,采用结构面注浆时,岩样破坏程度相较于未注浆岩样减弱,且环氧树脂注浆结构面岩样破坏程度最低。
岩石破坏模式既可以从宏观破坏状态观测分析,也能凭借声发射的相关特征参数来定量分析[9]。RA、AF为声发射重要特征参数之一。RA表示上升时间和对应幅值的比值;AF表示平均频率,由振铃计数比上持续时间求得。何满潮等[10]认为具有低AF、高RA值的声发射信号通常代表剪切裂纹的产生或发育,高AF、低RA值则是张拉裂纹的产生或发育,并提出以斜率K=1来划分RA-AF图中裂纹的分类。本文采用该裂纹划分方法。
计算全部破坏结果岩样的RA、AF值,绘制RA-AF密度图,裂纹衍生、剪切破裂型岩爆破坏、张拉板裂型岩爆破坏分别如图6、图7、图8所示。
由图6可以看出,发生裂纹衍生破坏的岩样,信号在剪切裂纹和张拉裂纹区域均有分布,主体分布在张拉裂纹区域,剪切裂纹区域密度低。B-30-30、G-60-30、H-0-30、H-90-20岩样RA-AF密度图分布区域基本相同,核心密度区域靠近竖轴,且剪切裂纹区域密度较低。B-60-20与G-45-20岩样RA-AF密度图分布区域基本相同,衍生裂纹主要由张拉裂纹构成,含少量剪切裂纹。RA-AF密度图相似的岩样与岩石表面破坏形状相似的岩样一致。
由图7可以看出,发生剪切破裂型岩爆破坏的岩样中,RA-AF密度图信号分布区域基本相同,参照上文破坏图发现其岩石表面破坏剧烈程度也基本相同。剪切破裂型岩爆的岩样RA-AF密度图中,剪切裂纹区域信号与出现裂纹衍生岩样相比,有明显增多,且张性区域变大。
由图8可以看出,发生张拉板裂型破坏的岩样,试验产生的裂纹为张拉剪切复合裂纹,岩样的RA-AF密度图信号分布区域一致,与前两种破坏形式岩样相比,剪切裂纹占比区域更少,张拉裂纹区域分布变密集。
声发射事件定位是研究岩石内部破坏及微观裂纹动态演化过程的首位工作,主要是通过预设位置的传感器拾取P(S)波到达的时间差来反演岩石破裂源位置,应用定位算法来反演声发射事件位置[11]。为了便于分析岩样内部破坏位置,通过使用声发射定位技术对岩样破裂过程中出现的裂隙进行声发射事件的定位,各取一块不同破坏结果典型岩样的声发射定位图,如图9所示。
图9给出了三种不同破坏结果的典型岩石声发射事件定位分布及声发射事件幅值大小颜色映射图(颜色标识见电子版)。由声发射定位结果可以看出:当结构面岩样仅出现衍生裂纹破坏时,位于结构面上部空间褐色区域声发射事件密度较为稀疏,且含少量中幅值声发射事件。与结构面相交的灰色区域声发射事件密度最大,主要由小幅值事件组成,且岩样整体中幅值声发射事件主要集中在此。靠近临空面的紫色区域声发射事件数呈放射状分布,出现少量高幅值声发射事件。
由图9(b)可知,当岩样发生剪切破裂型破坏,结构面上部褐色区域相较于仅出现衍生裂纹的岩样,声发射事件数量增多且分布更分散,但中幅值声发射事件较少。灰色区域声发射事件数明显增多,且出现更多中幅值声发射事件。紫色区域声发射事件数增多,区域中间部分中幅值声发射事件显著增多,边缘位置开始出现小幅值声发射事件。
由图9(c)可知,当岩样发生张拉板裂型破坏,结构面上部褐色区域相较于前两种破坏形态,中幅值声发射事件数明显增多,主要分布在褐色区域下部位置。灰色区域小幅值声发射事件大部分替换为中幅值声发射事件,且事件数增多,分布的相对厚度增大。紫色区域内声发射事件数是三种破坏形态里最密集的,中幅值声发射事件占主要部分。
结果表明,当结构面长度为20 mm和30 mm时,相较于结构面角度和注浆材料,结构面长度对岩石内部裂纹衍生的影响更大,且岩样在受到高应力加载–扰动后,内部以小幅值裂纹的衍生居多;当结构面角度为30°~60°,结构面长度大于30 mm时,岩样内部开始出现大量裂纹衍生及连接,环氧树脂注浆对含结构面岩石的稳固效果弱于硅酸盐水泥;当结构面长度为50 mm,结构面角度在水平方向投影更长或结构面阶段更接近扰动力时,岩样在结构面周围和临空面下方裂纹互相贯通,发生宏观破坏。
声发射b值变化规律是岩石破坏的前兆之一,且b值常用来反映低幅值相对于高幅值事件的比例,b值越小,高幅值所占比例越大[12]。因此,b值被广泛运用于岩石破裂分析。采用修正后的最大似然法计算岩石破裂声发射b值,公式[13]为:
式中:e为自然常数;为平均幅值;Amin为最小幅值。
RA和AF比值被视作判断衍生裂纹类型的依据,所以选用r=RA/AF判断裂纹类型及破坏程度。但是r值瞬间增大不能代表岩石出现宏观破裂,故选取变异系数(CV)作为r值离散程度的判据指标,计算公式[14]为:
式中:CV(r)为r值的变异系数;n为样本容量;ri为i个r值(i ≤n);为n个r值的平均值。
因此,可以选取b值和CV(r)值随时间变化的规律来分析岩样的失稳破坏。图10为三种动力扰动下含结构面岩石典型破坏的b值和CV(r)值变化特征。分析发现含结构面岩石受动力扰动破坏前会存在一个下降趋势,这与RAO等[15]研究发现岩石受压破坏前,b值会出现一个系统性下降的现象一致。图10中发生张拉板裂型破坏岩样的b值平均值高于前两种破坏岩样,即除了在临近岩爆破坏时段,其余时间岩样内部均发生小破裂事件。发生衍生裂纹破坏与剪切破裂岩样b值保持相似趋势,但剪切破裂岩样b值低数值范围更广,表明内部出现更多高幅值事件。
CV(r)值分布范围与变化规律和b值存在一定对称性,当b值增大,CV(r)值基本呈减小趋势,反之b值减小,CV(r)值增大。发生张拉型破坏的含结构面岩样CV(r)值集中在0.5~2之间,范围低于其余两种破坏的0.5~3,表明r值离散程度更弱,即宏观剪切破坏信号更低,意味着其余两种破坏形式宏观剪切破坏占比较高,张拉板裂型破坏则更主要是由剪切力与张拉力联合作用。
本文开展了不同参数结构面花岗岩的真三轴加载–扰动试验,获得的主要结论如下。
(1)当结构面长度为20 mm和30 mm时,岩样容易发生裂纹衍生破坏,当结构面长度为50 mm时,岩样易于发生岩爆破坏。随着结构面长度和倾角的增加,岩样破坏呈由剪切破坏向内剪外劈变化的趋势。当结构面长度较小时,倾角对岩样破坏形态影响较弱,结构面注浆会减弱岩样破坏剧烈程度。
(2)试验岩样的声发射RA-AF密度图仅出现裂纹衍生岩样的声发射信号主要分布在张拉裂纹区域,剪切裂纹区域密度低;发生剪切破裂型破坏的岩样,张拉区域与剪切裂纹区域增多;而发生张拉板裂型破坏的岩样,张拉裂纹区域分布变密集。
(3)在结构面参数影响下,岩样在受到高应力加载–扰动后,内部裂纹的衍生及位置有明显区别。试验后岩样结构面上部位置裂纹分布分散,结构面位置裂纹生成范围呈对角线分布,结构面下部裂纹呈放射性分布。
(4)动力扰动下,含结构面岩石b值在岩样应力峰值前会发生系统性下降。CV(r)值变化特征和b值出现对称性。当结构面长度为50 mm时,岩样受扰动作用影响,剪切破坏占比更低。
该研究成果对理解隐伏结构面参数影响下岩石加载–扰动破坏特性具有重要理论价值,为含隐伏结构面岩石动力灾害防治、利用声发射监测手段预警提供良好的工程应用价值。
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2024209024; D2024209014)
  • 唐山市应用基础研究科技计划项目(24130212C)
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
基金
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2024209024; D2024209014)
唐山市应用基础研究科技计划项目(24130212C)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    2.华北理工大学 建筑工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    3.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210

通讯作者:

李群(1988—),男,河北唐山人,博士,讲师,主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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