Article(id=1322164917457764391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733328000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158280957, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158280957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158280957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158280957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=73, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164917654896680, articleId=1322164917457764391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Optimization of Pumping Filling Paste in Datun Tin Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of short pumping distance and easy plugging of gravel filling slurry in Datun Tin Mine, it was proposed to add copper slag tailings fine material to the gravel to improve the aggregate gradation, and the gravel-copper slag tailings mixture ratio test was carried out. It was concluded that when the proportion of gravel mass reached 60%, the packing density of mixed aggregate reached the maximum value. Further, through the strength test of backfill, rheological test, high concentration and high flow state test, the mix ratio of gravel-copper slag tailings paste was determined, which meets the strength requirement of filling body, no segregation of paste and self-leveling. Based on the actual filling situation of 32# stope in Datun Tin Mine, the numerical simulation method was used to analyze the change law of pipeline resistance of gravel-copper slag tailings paste. The results show that the optimal mix ratio of gravel-copper slag tailings paste is gravel∶ copper slag tailings = 6∶4, and the cement dosage are 270 kg/m3 (mass concentration 82%-83%), 240 kg/m3 (mass concentration 83%-84%), 210 kg/m3 (mass concentration 83%-84%), 180 kg/m3 (mass concentration 83%-85%), respectively. The resistance loss of gravel-copper slag tailings paste along the horizontal pipeline is 6 105.76-6 525.11 Pa/m, and the limit pumping horizontal distance is 2 298.81-2 456.70 m. The paste was used for industrial filling with a mix proportion of gravel∶ copper slag tailings = 6∶4, a cement dosage of 240 kg/m3, and a mass concentration of 83%. Compared with the original filling process with multi-stage pumping, the paste with this mix ratio can meet the filling demand only under the condition of single pump, and the single pump conveying distance (2 052 m) is less than the limit pumping horizontal distance, allowing for surplus power at the outlet, which verifies the effectiveness of the optimal mix ratio.

, authors=Sichao SU, Jun WANG, Tianyu YANG, authorsList=Sichao SU, Jun WANG, Tianyu YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164922444791877, articleId=1322164917457764391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=大屯锡矿泵送充填膏体优化研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对大屯锡矿碎石充填料浆泵送距离短、易堵管的问题,提出在碎石中添加铜渣尾砂细料,以改善骨料级配,并开展了碎石–铜渣尾砂配合比试验,得出碎石质量占比达到60%时,混合骨料的堆积密实度达到最大值。进一步通过充填体强度试验、流变试验、高浓度与高流态试验,确定了满足充填体强度要求、膏体不离析、可自流平的碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体配合比。基于大屯锡矿32#采场实际充填情况,采用数值模拟方法分析碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体管输阻力变化规律。结果表明:碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体的最优配合比为碎石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4,水泥用量分别为270 kg/m3(质量浓度为82%~83%)、240 kg/m3(质量浓度为83%~84%)、210 kg/m3(质量浓度为83%~84%)、180 kg/m3(质量浓度为83%~85%);碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体沿水平管道的阻力损失为6 105.76~6 525.11 Pa/m,极限泵送水平距离为2 298.81~2 456.70 m。采用碎石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4、水泥用量为240 kg/m3、质量浓度为83%的膏体进行工业充填,相较于采用多级泵送的原充填工艺,该配合比膏体仅需在单泵条件下即可满足充填需求,且单泵输送距离(2 052 m)小于极限泵送水平距离,可在出口处留有富余动力,验证了该最优配合比的有效性。

, authors=苏思超, 王俊, 杨天雨, authorsList=苏思超, 王俊, 杨天雨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王俊, authorNote=

苏思超(1999—),男,山西晋城人,硕士研究生,研究方向为现代充填理论及工艺。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王俊(1990—),男,云南昭通人,博士,副教授,研究方向为现代充填理论及工艺。E-mail:
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苏思超(1999—),男,山西晋城人,硕士研究生,研究方向为现代充填理论及工艺。E-mail:

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苏思超(1999—),男,山西晋城人,硕士研究生,研究方向为现代充填理论及工艺。E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图3, caption=碎石质量占比与密实度的关系, figureFileSmall=wftMi0DLSZukyY6GO70e3Q==, figureFileBig=lxBZMMEHLJUu4I3bTRTYFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164927008194664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Test results of strength of backfill, figureFileSmall=RjIrY2AZNCKJLxhGcUEmjA==, figureFileBig=ETb3DIU5jDItEZQYUdEfSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164927083692137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=CN, label=图4, caption=充填体强度测试结果, figureFileSmall=RjIrY2AZNCKJLxhGcUEmjA==, figureFileBig=ETb3DIU5jDItEZQYUdEfSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164927163383914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Multi-factor influence relationship of backfill strength, figureFileSmall=5PfJUkDyQ6DBw3sope/+lw==, 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Basic physical parameters of crushed stone and copper slag tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验材料密度/(kg•m-3)松散密度/(kg•m-3)孔隙率堆积密实度
碎石2 7541 6520.3980.602
铜渣尾砂3 7451 8490.5060.494
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930107785337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

碎石与铜渣尾砂基本物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验材料密度/(kg•m-3)松散密度/(kg•m-3)孔隙率堆积密实度
碎石2 7541 6520.3980.602
铜渣尾砂3 7451 8490.5060.494
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930179088506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Strength test schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石渣比水泥用量/(kg•m-3)质量浓度/%强度指标/MPa
6:4150,180,210,240,27081,82,83,84,85,86R3,R7,R28
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930279751803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

强度试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石渣比水泥用量/(kg•m-3)质量浓度/%强度指标/MPa
6:4150,180,210,240,27081,82,83,84,85,86R3,R7,R28
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930338472060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test results of flow pattern of gravel-copper slag tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量浓度/%水泥用量/(kg•m-3)坍落度/mm扩展度/mm
81180轻度离析,少量泌水,表面泌水高度小于3 mm
81210
81240
81270
82180
82210
82240
82270275760
83150283830
83180279820
83210276760
83240276660
83270270630
84150276670
84180273670
84210270650
84240270620
84270250500
85150270610
85180265600
85210260540
85240260500
85270240360
86150255480
86180250440
86210245380
86240245360
86270220300
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930413969533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

碎石–铜渣尾砂流态试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量浓度/%水泥用量/(kg•m-3)坍落度/mm扩展度/mm
81180轻度离析,少量泌水,表面泌水高度小于3 mm
81210
81240
81270
82180
82210
82240
82270275760
83150283830
83180279820
83210276760
83240276660
83270270630
84150276670
84180273670
84210270650
84240270620
84270250500
85150270610
85180265600
85210260540
85240260500
85270240360
86150255480
86180250440
86210245380
86240245360
86270220300
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930502049918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mixture ratio of gravel-copper slag tailings with high concentration and high flow state

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石渣比水泥用量/(kg•m-3)质量浓度/%
6∶427082~83
24083~84
21083~84
18083~85
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930573353087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

碎石–铜渣尾砂高浓度、高流态配合比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石渣比水泥用量/(kg•m-3)质量浓度/%
6∶427082~83
24083~84
21083~84
18083~85
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930682404992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Simulation schemes of pipeline transportation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号质量浓度/%水泥用量/(kg/m3)管径/mm流速/(m/s)屈服应力/Pa黏度/(Pa•s)
A1822701000.7132.960.135
A2832701000.7135.660.143
A3832401000.7134.150.128
A4842401000.7149.850.179
A5832101000.7133.630.121
A6842101000.7145.120.144
A7831801000.7132.000.066
A8841801000.7138.150.100
A9851801000.7148.700.144
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930770485377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

管输模拟方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号质量浓度/%水泥用量/(kg/m3)管径/mm流速/(m/s)屈服应力/Pa黏度/(Pa•s)
A1822701000.7132.960.135
A2832701000.7135.660.143
A3832401000.7134.150.128
A4842401000.7149.850.179
A5832101000.7133.630.121
A6842101000.7145.120.144
A7831801000.7132.000.066
A8841801000.7138.150.100
A9851801000.7148.700.144
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930908897410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Resistance loss and limit pumping distance of gravel-copper slag tailings paste along horizontal pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号质量浓度/%水泥用量/(kg/m3)流速/(m/s)屈服应力/Pa黏度/(Pa•s)沿程阻损失/(Pa/m)极限泵送水平距离/m
A1822700.7132.960.1356 237.622 404.76
A2832700.7135.660.1436 263.262 394.92
A3832400.7134.150.1286 255.722 397.81
A4842400.7149.850.1796 525.112 298.81
A5832100.7133.630.1216 230.542 407.49
A6842100.7145.120.1446 443.932 327.77
A7831800.7132.000.0666 105.762 456.70
A8841800.7138.150.1006 324.052 371.90
A9851800.7148.700.1446 510.082 304.12
), ArticleFig(id=1322164930976006275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164917457764391, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体沿水平管道的阻力损失及极限泵送距离

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号质量浓度/%水泥用量/(kg/m3)流速/(m/s)屈服应力/Pa黏度/(Pa•s)沿程阻损失/(Pa/m)极限泵送水平距离/m
A1822700.7132.960.1356 237.622 404.76
A2832700.7135.660.1436 263.262 394.92
A3832400.7134.150.1286 255.722 397.81
A4842400.7149.850.1796 525.112 298.81
A5832100.7133.630.1216 230.542 407.49
A6842100.7145.120.1446 443.932 327.77
A7831800.7132.000.0666 105.762 456.70
A8841800.7138.150.1006 324.052 371.90
A9851800.7148.700.1446 510.082 304.12
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大屯锡矿泵送充填膏体优化研究
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苏思超 , 王俊 , 杨天雨
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 73-82
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 73 -82
大屯锡矿泵送充填膏体优化研究
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苏思超 , 王俊 , 杨天雨
作者信息
  • 昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
通讯作者:
王俊(1990—),男,云南昭通人,博士,副教授,研究方向为现代充填理论及工艺。E-mail:
作者简介:

苏思超(1999—),男,山西晋城人,硕士研究生,研究方向为现代充填理论及工艺。E-mail:

Study on Optimization of Pumping Filling Paste in Datun Tin Mine
Sichao SU , Jun WANG , Tianyu YANG
Affiliations
  • Faculty of land and Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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针对大屯锡矿碎石充填料浆泵送距离短、易堵管的问题,提出在碎石中添加铜渣尾砂细料,以改善骨料级配,并开展了碎石–铜渣尾砂配合比试验,得出碎石质量占比达到60%时,混合骨料的堆积密实度达到最大值。进一步通过充填体强度试验、流变试验、高浓度与高流态试验,确定了满足充填体强度要求、膏体不离析、可自流平的碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体配合比。基于大屯锡矿32#采场实际充填情况,采用数值模拟方法分析碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体管输阻力变化规律。结果表明:碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体的最优配合比为碎石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4,水泥用量分别为270 kg/m3(质量浓度为82%~83%)、240 kg/m3(质量浓度为83%~84%)、210 kg/m3(质量浓度为83%~84%)、180 kg/m3(质量浓度为83%~85%);碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体沿水平管道的阻力损失为6 105.76~6 525.11 Pa/m,极限泵送水平距离为2 298.81~2 456.70 m。采用碎石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4、水泥用量为240 kg/m3、质量浓度为83%的膏体进行工业充填,相较于采用多级泵送的原充填工艺,该配合比膏体仅需在单泵条件下即可满足充填需求,且单泵输送距离(2 052 m)小于极限泵送水平距离,可在出口处留有富余动力,验证了该最优配合比的有效性。

膏体充填  /  碎石  /  铜渣尾砂  /  配合比  /  管输阻力

Aiming at the problems of short pumping distance and easy plugging of gravel filling slurry in Datun Tin Mine, it was proposed to add copper slag tailings fine material to the gravel to improve the aggregate gradation, and the gravel-copper slag tailings mixture ratio test was carried out. It was concluded that when the proportion of gravel mass reached 60%, the packing density of mixed aggregate reached the maximum value. Further, through the strength test of backfill, rheological test, high concentration and high flow state test, the mix ratio of gravel-copper slag tailings paste was determined, which meets the strength requirement of filling body, no segregation of paste and self-leveling. Based on the actual filling situation of 32# stope in Datun Tin Mine, the numerical simulation method was used to analyze the change law of pipeline resistance of gravel-copper slag tailings paste. The results show that the optimal mix ratio of gravel-copper slag tailings paste is gravel∶ copper slag tailings = 6∶4, and the cement dosage are 270 kg/m3 (mass concentration 82%-83%), 240 kg/m3 (mass concentration 83%-84%), 210 kg/m3 (mass concentration 83%-84%), 180 kg/m3 (mass concentration 83%-85%), respectively. The resistance loss of gravel-copper slag tailings paste along the horizontal pipeline is 6 105.76-6 525.11 Pa/m, and the limit pumping horizontal distance is 2 298.81-2 456.70 m. The paste was used for industrial filling with a mix proportion of gravel∶ copper slag tailings = 6∶4, a cement dosage of 240 kg/m3, and a mass concentration of 83%. Compared with the original filling process with multi-stage pumping, the paste with this mix ratio can meet the filling demand only under the condition of single pump, and the single pump conveying distance (2 052 m) is less than the limit pumping horizontal distance, allowing for surplus power at the outlet, which verifies the effectiveness of the optimal mix ratio.

Paste filling  /  Gravel  /  Copper slag tailings  /  Mix ratio  /  Pipeline resistance
苏思超, 王俊, 杨天雨. 大屯锡矿泵送充填膏体优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 73 -82 .
Sichao SU, Jun WANG, Tianyu YANG. Study on Optimization of Pumping Filling Paste in Datun Tin Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 73 -82 .
近年来,随着矿产资源的大规模开采与利用,环境破坏、资源枯竭等问题愈发严重,资源环境的约束日益加剧。践行绿色发展理念,推动矿业向资源集约、环境友好、高效利用、矿区和谐的方向发展任重道远[1-2]。充填采矿法是当前矿业领域践行环境保护和可持续发展的核心开采技术,其不仅搭建起了矿产资源开发与生态环境保护之间和谐共生的桥梁,还在实践中实现了矿产资源的高效利用与固废的循环资源化利用[3-5]。大屯锡矿年产锡矿石量达100万t以上,矿权范围内矿体赋存条件复杂,形态、倾角及厚度变化大,矿石围岩松散破碎,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,分枝复合、尖灭再现现象明显。目前,该矿山开采深度已超过1 000 m,面临着高井深、高应力、高水患等开采难题。基于以上开采难题,提出了“分层式、单步骤连续化、小开挖、快速充填”的技术思路[6-7],在井下进行试验,并成功应用了下向矩形进路式充填采矿法,进路宽度与高度均为4 m,设计充填体28 d强度为5 MPa。为满足充填需求,矿山在井下建设了充填制备站,利用井下掘进废石制备充填料。但在生产实践中面临以下问题:管道输送阻力大,单台混凝土泵(工作压力为15 MPa)极限输送距离仅为1 km,管输能力低、堵管频发;料浆流动性差,分段建设挡墙进行分段充填以及堵管事件导致充填成本高,推广应用受到严重限制。经分析可知,管输阻力过大是引发大屯锡矿充填问题的根本原因,这一问题的核心在于对充填物料的基本特性、配合比及料浆流变特性认识不足,导致骨料中细料不足、骨料配比不合理。
许宏图等[8]研究了煤矸石膏体的性能,发现细矸石含量是影响膏体性能的关键性因素,细矸率的提高优化了颗粒配级,在细矸率为40%时膏体综合指标最佳。张佳等[9]采用水泥矿渣赤泥复合胶凝材料对充填膏体进行改良,并进行了强度、流动性和工业试验,结果表明,采场内流动性良好,后续开采期间未出现破碎断裂情况。张涛等[10]研究镍渣与全尾砂的性质,利用骨料堆积密实度理论确定了料浆的配比优化范围,并基于料浆的流动性及充填体强度,确定了最佳配合比。陈亮[11]研究了尾砂粉磨时间对充填料浆流变及充填体强度的影响,发现粉磨时间直接影响尾砂的细度,当粉磨时间一定时,粗细颗粒比例适中,细颗粒可填充于粗颗粒缝隙中,从而提高密实度,充填体强度增大;当粉磨时间过长时,细颗粒过多不利于料浆的流动性,同时起骨架支撑作用的粗颗粒减少,导致颗粒松散,影响充填体强度。杨柳华等[12]研究了粗骨料对膏体硬化性能的影响,发现加入适量粗骨料后,粗骨料间相互接触形成支撑骨料,有助于提高充填体强度和料浆流动性,降低充填成本。但过多的粗颗粒会导致大量颗粒聚集,造成管道底部淤积,引发堵管事故[13]。毕颖等[14]在充填材料中添加磷石膏,制备出的新型膏体其流动性显著提升,实现了自流充填,有效降低了开采成本。
综上可知,骨料级配是影响料浆流变、管输阻力、流动性与充填体强度的关键因素[15]。基于此,本文研究通过在碎石中加入适量细料以改善物料级配的可行性。首先,开展两种骨料配合比试验,以最大堆积密实度为目标确定最佳配比;其次,测试不同水泥用量下的充填体抗压强度,从而筛选出符合采场强度要求的配合比;再次,以高流态为目标开展流变试验与流态试验,确定满足充填体强度设计要求、高浓度和高流态条件的膏体配合比;最后,选择符合所有技术要求的配比进行管道输送阻力的数值模拟分析,并进一步进行工业试验进行验证。
根据大屯锡矿充填存在的问题,结合对矿山周边的物料调查,初步确定了选用铜渣尾砂(冶炼铜渣再磨再选的尾砂)作为细料。通过化学元素分析可知,铜渣尾砂的主要成分为硅铁,其含量达39.21%,属于惰性材料,可作为充填骨料。依据《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法———水平振荡法》(HJ 557—2010)[17]和《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法———硫酸硝酸法》(HJ/T 299—2007)[18]对铜渣尾砂进行毒物浸出试验,按《危险废物鉴别标准———浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007)[19]进行鉴别,最终确定其符合井下充填的环保与安全标准。浸出毒性试验结果如图1所示。
碎石、铜渣尾砂经烘干后,按照《土工试验规程》(YS/T 5225—2016)测定了其基本物理参数,见表1。
物料级配测定结果如图2所示。
由图2可知,碎石总体级配较好,但孔隙率较大,密实度较小。若单独使用碎石进行充填,虽可获得满意的强度,但管输阻力大,且料浆在采场内的流动性能差。铜渣尾砂过于细小,级配不尽合理。若单独用铜渣尾砂进行充填,将面临脱水和胶结困难,导致充填体脆性大,容易开裂。因此,将两种骨料混合使用,可有效解决各自单独使用时面临的问题。
文献[20]在充分考虑粗骨料堆集效应与细骨料填隙效应的条件下,构建了粗骨料形成骨架结构条件下的混合骨料最大堆积密实度模型。两种骨料混合的理想状态为:粗骨料颗粒形成骨架,细骨料可以充填到粗骨料的孔隙中,增加混合骨料的堆积密实度,以便于提高充填体的强度[8,21]。依据混合骨料堆集密实度模型,测定不同混合比例条件下骨料的堆积密实度,最终确定两种骨料的最优混合比例。
式中:ρ为混合骨料密度,kg/m3;ρ1为碎石密度,kg/m3;ρ2为铜渣尾砂密度,kg/m3;Ф为混合骨料堆积密实度;Ф1为碎石堆积密实度;Ф2为铜渣尾砂堆积密实度;x为碎石在混合骨料中的质量占比,%。
两种骨料不同混合比例条件下堆积密实度计算与试验结果如图3所示。由图3可知,单位体积内混合骨料堆积密实度随碎石质量占比的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。碎石质量占比从0增大至60%时,混合骨料堆积密实度逐渐增大,该范围内碎石占比较小,碎石颗粒相互脱离并被尾砂颗粒包裹。碎石质量占比从60%增大至100%时,混合骨料堆积密实度逐渐减小,该范围内碎石占比较大,碎石颗粒虽然形成了骨架结构,但铜渣尾砂无法完全填满碎石间隙。因此,最优碎石质量占比为60%,此时碎石颗粒形成骨架结构,铜渣尾砂充分填充于碎石孔隙中,堆积密实度达到最大值。
基于混合骨料最大堆积密实度分析结果,开展碎石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4、水泥用量为150~270 kg/m3、质量浓度为81%~86%的充填体强度测试试验,以确定满足大屯锡矿下向进路充填体强度需求的配合比。试验方案见表2。
充填体抗压强度试验严格按照《普通混凝土力学性能试验方法标准》(GB/T 50081—2002)[22]相关规定。测定结果如图4所示。
图5展示了碎石–铜渣尾砂充填体强度的多因素影响关系。
影响充填体强度的因素较多,其中骨料、水泥和水三者密不可分,且其交互作用极为复杂。由图5可知,在相同水泥用量的条件下,充填体强度随着水灰比和灰砂比的减小而增大,均呈负相关关系。水灰比减小意味着用水量减少,为保持单位体积不变,骨料用量相应增加,灰砂比随之减小。从水化反应的需水量及排水量来看,在水泥用量不变的条件下,水泥水化反应所需的用水量不变,膏体内部的排水量随水灰比的降低而减少,排水过程中形成的微观孔隙通道也随之减少,充填体强度提升。
根据《有色金属采矿设计规范》(GB 50771—2012),分层巷道和回采进路的充填要连续进行,严格按设计施工并接顶;充填体设计强度不得低于5 MPa。结合设计规范与矿山要求,充填体3 d强度R3≥1.5 MPa,7 d强度R7≥2.5 MPa,28 d强度R28≥5.0 MPa,均符合筛选要求,即质量浓度83%、水泥用量180 kg/m3以上可满足工程设计需求。
采用流变仪测定充填料浆剪切应力与剪切速率之间的响应关系,是研究流变力学特性的基础[14,23-24]。针对表2中的试验方案,采用Brookfield(DV-Ⅱ+Pro)型流变仪进行流变试验,并绘制剪切应力和剪切速率之间的流变曲线。以废石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4、水泥用量为240 kg/m3、质量浓度为81%~86%的膏体为例,流变曲线如图6所示。
根据流变曲线变化规律,对比参照非牛顿流体的流变模型,确定选用Bingham流变模型对流变曲线进行拟合分析,并确定流变参数。
式中:τ为剪切应力,Pa;τ0为初始屈服应力,Pa;η为黏度,Pa•s;du/dy为剪切速率,s-1。
不同配合比膏体屈服应力及黏度分析结果如图7所示。由图7可知,在相同水泥用量条件下,膏体屈服应力和黏度随着质量浓度的提高而增大;在相同质量浓度条件下,膏体屈服应力和黏度随着水泥用量的增大而增大。质量浓度提高意味着骨料颗粒数量增加,膏体中水量减少,形成的絮凝结构增多,膏体内部摩擦力增大,黏度也随之增加。质量浓度从81%提高到86%时,屈服应力与黏度的平均增长率分别为27%和35.24%;水泥用量由150 kg/m3增加到270 kg/m3时,膏体屈服应力与黏度的平均增长率分别为8.96%和27.32%,可以看出质量浓度对膏体流变性质的影响更为显著,这与粗骨料膏体的相关研究结果一致[25]。
为确保充填体质量,对表2中的所有配合比料浆进行泌水观察,根据高浓度条件对达到不离析、不分层的料浆进行筛选。高浓度料浆中的颗粒没有自由沉降只有压缩过程,具有间隙减小和体积收缩的特点,膏体表面无水泥浆层,泌水量极少[26]。同时,膏体在长距离进路内要实现流平与接顶,则必须满足高流态条件。高流态条件表明膏体应具有满意的流动行为,在无约束面的斜坡上应能自发转向水平,结合文献[27]与试验结果(见表3)可知,当平均坍落度≥260 mm,扩展度≥600 mm时,可实现充填膏体自流平。结合碎石–铜渣尾砂充填膏体流变试验,高流态条件与膏体流变参数是对应的,即最大屈服应力≤50 Pa,黏度≤1 Pa•s。
根据大屯锡矿下向进路充填体强度设计要求、高浓度和高流态条件,结合充填体强度及流态测试结果,同时满足上述条件的膏体配合比见表4。
目前,针对管输阻力的分析方法主要有理论分析、室内试验(包括环管试验与L管试验)和数值模拟3种[28-31]。然而,理论分析方法与室内试验方法因无法真实反映矿山管道的实际情况,如弯管、上坡、下坡及变径等因素,导致其分析结果难以直接应用于矿山生产实践。因此,以大屯锡矿32#矿体的实际情况为基础,采用Fluent数值模拟软件,对表4中的碎石–铜渣尾砂高浓度、高流态膏体管道输送阻力进行模拟分析,旨在为优化大屯锡矿膏体泵送充填技术提供研究基础。
大屯锡矿32#矿体设计采用下向水平分层进路式充填采矿法回采,充填站至采场充填管线的总长为2 052 m,共有25个弯管。原设计采用碎石充填工艺,需要两台混凝土泵(工作压力为15 MPa,管径为100 mm)接力输送。管线几何模型如图8所示,为了观察管道各处的压力,共设置8个监测面。并对管线进行网格划分,得到管道边界层网络和管道面网格,如图9和图10所示。
在管道模型中设置入口边界条件为速度入口,管道壁定义为管壁边界,为使料浆流出时具有一定的动能,出口边界条件设置为压力出口,在竖直方向附加重力加速度(-9.8 m/s2)。模拟方案见表5。
对各模拟方案的计算结果进行对比分析,发现各方案的变化规律基本一致,仅在数值上有所差别。因此,以A4方案为例进行分析,该方案下管道各处速度及压力云图如图11所示。
由图11可知,料浆在管道输送过程中的总压力随着管输距离的增大而逐步减小,但变化并不剧烈,这是因为充填料浆管输速度相对较低,导致动压较小,使静压在总压中占据主导地位。因此,料浆管输的总压呈现出稳定且逐步减小的趋势。结合速度云图可知,料浆进入弯管后流动状态变化显著,流出弯管后,料浆并非立即恢复稳定流动,而是经过一段距离后,其速度与压力才逐渐趋于稳定,表现出明显的速度梯度。在水平管道中,料浆与管壁接触处的速度趋近于零,越往管道中心,速度越大,呈现出了明显的速度梯度。
对管道入口、出口及各监测面的压力值进行统计分析,得到碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体沿水平管道的阻力损失,并计算得出单台混凝土泵(工作压力15 MPa)的极限输送距离,结果见表6。
由表6可知,碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体管输阻力损失在6 105.76~6 525.11 Pa/m之间,整体上随着屈服应力及黏度的增加而增大。根据能量守恒定律,以泵压15 MPa计算出了不同配比碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体极限泵送水平距离为2 298.81~2 456.70 m,即极限泵送水平距离随着沿程阻力损失的增加而减小。
考虑强度、高浓度、高流态、管输及成本条件,推荐采用碎石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4、水泥用量为240 kg/m3、质量浓度为83%的膏体进行充填。相较于矿山原有的多级泵送充填工艺,推荐的配合比膏体仅需在单泵条件下即可满足充填需求,现场应用结果表明,单泵输送距离(2 052 m)小于极限泵送水平距离,管道出口的膏体仍具备富余动能,进一步验证了充填料配比参数的可行性。
(1)针对大屯锡矿碎石集料泵送充填工艺因骨料级配不合理而导致的管输阻力过大的问题,提出在碎石中添加适量的细料来改善骨料级配。通过对矿山周边物料进行详细调查,并开展化学元素及浸出毒性试验,确定了选用铜渣尾砂的可行性。
(2)根据骨料堆积密实度分析结果,结合充填体强度、流态及流变试验结果,确定了既满足充填体强度设计要求,又确保充填膏体不离析且在采场内能实现自流平的碎石–铜渣尾砂配合比。具体配比为:碎石∶铜渣尾砂=6∶4,水泥用量为270 kg/m3,质量浓度为82%~83%;水泥用量为240 kg/m3,质量浓度为83%~84%;水泥用量为210 kg/m3,质量浓度为83%~84%;水泥用量为180 kg/m3,质量浓度为83%~85%。
(3)管输数值模拟结果表明,在碎石中添加适量的铜渣尾砂可有效降低膏体管输阻力,提高膏体极限输送距离,碎石–铜渣尾砂膏体在单泵条件下的极限输送距离为2 298.81~2 456.7 m。在工业试验中,充填站至采场的充填管线总长为2 052 m,远小于膏体的极限输送距离,料浆在出口处仍有富余动能,验证了本文提出的充填料配合比的有效性。
  • 云南省科学技术厅基础研究专项项目(202301AU070185)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-05
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云南省科学技术厅基础研究专项项目(202301AU070185)
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    昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093

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王俊(1990—),男,云南昭通人,博士,副教授,研究方向为现代充填理论及工艺。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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