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Article(id=1322164903918555633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736092800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158277730, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158277730, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158277730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158277730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=178, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164904086327794, articleId=1322164903918555633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Dynamic Response Characteristics of Rock Mass Containing Pressure Relief Holes Under Impact Loading, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Borehole pressure relief is a widely adopted prevention and control measure to mitigate the risks of high-stress dynamic loads on roadways. An appropriate pressure relief hole diameter is of great significance for the protection of roadways against rock bursts. To investigate the influence of pressure relief hole diameter on the dynamic response characteristics of surrounding rock under dynamic loads, a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system was used to conduct dynamic impact tests on prefabricated borehole specimens containing different hole diameters. The effects of pressure relief hole diameter on the dynamic mechanical properties, failure characteristics, and energy dissipation of the specimens were analyzed. The test results reveal that an increase in hole diameter leads to a reduction in peak stress and peak strain. Specifically, the reduction amplitude of peak stress gradually decreases as the hole diameter increases, while the reduction amplitude of peak strain gradually increases. Under dynamic load, the final failure mode of all specimens containing holes is dominated by X-shaped tensile-shear composite failure. However, the angle between the tensile-shear composite cracks and the loading direction, the development and expansion degree of initial tensile cracks before closure, and the development degree of far-field cracks are affected by the hole diameter. The presence of holes indirectly provides stress conditions for the development of fractures in the specimens. Therefore, the fractal dimension increases with the increase of hole diameter. However, when the hole diameter exceeds a certain threshold value, the specimens have been destroyed before the development of fractures, leading to a decrease in the fractal dimension. The energy dissipation ratio of the specimens is similar to their fragmentation characteristics, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of hole diameter. This phenomenon is mainly related to the delay effect caused by different hole diameters. The research results provide a certain guiding significance for the optimization of pressure relief hole diameter in deep roadways threatened by dynamic loads.

, authors=Xuecun REN1, Mengmeng ZHOU1, Miao CHEN2, Xiangge MENG1, Jia LI1, authorsList=Xuecun REN, Mengmeng ZHOU, Miao CHEN, Xiangge MENG, Jia LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Miao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164909257904665, articleId=1322164903918555633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=冲击荷载下含卸压孔岩体动态响应特征研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

钻孔卸压是受高应力动载威胁巷道的常用防治措施之一，选取合理的卸压孔径对冲击地压巷道防护具有重要意义。为研究动载作用下卸压孔孔径对围岩动态响应特征的影响，采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统对含不同孔径预制钻孔试样开展动载冲击试验，分析卸压孔孔径对试样动态力学性质、破坏特性以及能量耗散的影响。试验结果表明：孔径的增加造成试样峰值应力及峰值应变减小，其中峰值应力降低幅度随孔径增加而逐渐减小，而峰值应变降幅逐渐增大。动载作用下含孔试样的最终破坏模式均以X形拉剪复合破坏为主，但拉剪复合裂纹与加载方向夹角、初始拉伸裂纹闭合前的发育拓宽程度以及远场裂纹发育程度受孔径大小影响。孔洞的存在间接地为试样中裂隙发育提供了应力条件，因此分形维数随着孔径的增大而增大，但当孔径超过一定阈值时，试样在裂隙发育前已发生破坏，分形维数开始减小。试样能量耗散比与破碎特性相似，随孔径增大呈现出先增后减趋势，这主要与不同孔径所产生的延时效果有关。研究成果对于深部动载威胁巷道卸压孔径优化有一定的指导意义。

, authors=任学存1, 周猛猛1, 陈淼2, 孟祥阁1, 李佳1, authorsList=任学存, 周猛猛, 陈淼, 孟祥阁, 李佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈淼, authorNote=

任学存（1975—），男，山东菏泽人，高级工程师，主要从事煤矿方面的技术与管理工作。E-mail：

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈淼（1989—），男，安徽宿州人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为深部岩石力学与围岩控制。E-mail：
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任学存（1975—），男，山东菏泽人，高级工程师，主要从事煤矿方面的技术与管理工作。E-mail：

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任学存（1975—），男，山东菏泽人，高级工程师，主要从事煤矿方面的技术与管理工作。E-mail：

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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164903918555633, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Peak stress and peak strain of specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号峰值应力/MPa应力均值/MPa峰值应变/（×10－2）应变均值/（×10－2）
68.401.30
WK70.1569.901.321.320
71.151.34
54.191.17
DK-455.9955.991.191.197
57.791.23
48.120.93
DK-651.2350.780.950.923
53.000.89
47.320.76
DK-845.4846.770.800.800
47.510.84
), ArticleFig(id=1322164916597936724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164903918555633, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样峰值应力及峰值应变

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号峰值应力/MPa应力均值/MPa峰值应变/（×10－2）应变均值/（×10－2）
68.401.30
WK70.1569.901.321.320
71.151.34
54.191.17
DK-455.9955.991.191.197
57.791.23
48.120.93
DK-651.2350.780.950.923
53.000.89
47.320.76
DK-845.4846.770.800.800
47.510.84
), ArticleFig(id=1322164916665045589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164903918555633, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Average values of reflected, transmitted and dissipated energy ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号反射能量比（WR/WI）/％透射能量比（WT/WI）/％耗散能量比（WD/WI）/％
WK51.2512.9235.83
DK-453.7510.0036.25
DK-653.887.8338.30
DK-856.139.6334.25
), ArticleFig(id=1322164916753125974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164903918555633, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

反射、透射、耗散能量比平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号反射能量比（WR/WI）/％透射能量比（WT/WI）/％耗散能量比（WD/WI）/％
WK51.2512.9235.83
DK-453.7510.0036.25
DK-653.887.8338.30
DK-856.139.6334.25
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冲击荷载下含卸压孔岩体动态响应特征研究
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任学存 1 , 周猛猛 1 , 陈淼 2 , 孟祥阁 1 , 李佳 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(12): 178-185
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (12) : 178 -185
冲击荷载下含卸压孔岩体动态响应特征研究
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任学存1 , 周猛猛1, 陈淼2 , 孟祥阁1, 李佳1
作者信息
  • 1.兖煤菏泽能化有限公司赵楼煤矿，山东 菏泽市　274000
  • 2.山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院，山东 青岛市　266590
通讯作者:
陈淼（1989—），男，安徽宿州人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为深部岩石力学与围岩控制。E-mail：
作者简介:

任学存（1975—），男，山东菏泽人，高级工程师，主要从事煤矿方面的技术与管理工作。E-mail：

Study on Dynamic Response Characteristics of Rock Mass Containing Pressure Relief Holes Under Impact Loading
Xuecun REN1 , Mengmeng ZHOU1, Miao CHEN2 , Xiangge MENG1, Jia LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhaolou Coal Mine, Yanzhou Coal Industry Heze Energy and Chemical Co., Ltd., Heze, Shandong 274000, China
  • 2.College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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摘要
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钻孔卸压是受高应力动载威胁巷道的常用防治措施之一，选取合理的卸压孔径对冲击地压巷道防护具有重要意义。为研究动载作用下卸压孔孔径对围岩动态响应特征的影响，采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统对含不同孔径预制钻孔试样开展动载冲击试验，分析卸压孔孔径对试样动态力学性质、破坏特性以及能量耗散的影响。试验结果表明：孔径的增加造成试样峰值应力及峰值应变减小，其中峰值应力降低幅度随孔径增加而逐渐减小，而峰值应变降幅逐渐增大。动载作用下含孔试样的最终破坏模式均以X形拉剪复合破坏为主，但拉剪复合裂纹与加载方向夹角、初始拉伸裂纹闭合前的发育拓宽程度以及远场裂纹发育程度受孔径大小影响。孔洞的存在间接地为试样中裂隙发育提供了应力条件，因此分形维数随着孔径的增大而增大，但当孔径超过一定阈值时，试样在裂隙发育前已发生破坏，分形维数开始减小。试样能量耗散比与破碎特性相似，随孔径增大呈现出先增后减趋势，这主要与不同孔径所产生的延时效果有关。研究成果对于深部动载威胁巷道卸压孔径优化有一定的指导意义。

冲击地压  /  钻孔卸压  /  破裂模式  /  动态力学特性

Borehole pressure relief is a widely adopted prevention and control measure to mitigate the risks of high-stress dynamic loads on roadways. An appropriate pressure relief hole diameter is of great significance for the protection of roadways against rock bursts. To investigate the influence of pressure relief hole diameter on the dynamic response characteristics of surrounding rock under dynamic loads, a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system was used to conduct dynamic impact tests on prefabricated borehole specimens containing different hole diameters. The effects of pressure relief hole diameter on the dynamic mechanical properties, failure characteristics, and energy dissipation of the specimens were analyzed. The test results reveal that an increase in hole diameter leads to a reduction in peak stress and peak strain. Specifically, the reduction amplitude of peak stress gradually decreases as the hole diameter increases, while the reduction amplitude of peak strain gradually increases. Under dynamic load, the final failure mode of all specimens containing holes is dominated by X-shaped tensile-shear composite failure. However, the angle between the tensile-shear composite cracks and the loading direction, the development and expansion degree of initial tensile cracks before closure, and the development degree of far-field cracks are affected by the hole diameter. The presence of holes indirectly provides stress conditions for the development of fractures in the specimens. Therefore, the fractal dimension increases with the increase of hole diameter. However, when the hole diameter exceeds a certain threshold value, the specimens have been destroyed before the development of fractures, leading to a decrease in the fractal dimension. The energy dissipation ratio of the specimens is similar to their fragmentation characteristics, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of hole diameter. This phenomenon is mainly related to the delay effect caused by different hole diameters. The research results provide a certain guiding significance for the optimization of pressure relief hole diameter in deep roadways threatened by dynamic loads.

Rock burst  /  Borehole pressure relief  /  Failure mode  /  Dynamic mechanical property
任学存, 周猛猛, 陈淼, 孟祥阁, 李佳. 冲击荷载下含卸压孔岩体动态响应特征研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 178 -185 .
Xuecun REN, Mengmeng ZHOU, Miao CHEN, Xiangge MENG, Jia LI. Study on Dynamic Response Characteristics of Rock Mass Containing Pressure Relief Holes Under Impact Loading[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 178 -185 .
正文
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0　引言
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随着我国浅部资源的逐渐枯竭，向深地进发成为我国矿产资源开采的战略方向。然而，由于开采深度和强度不断增加，开采难度也随之增加，主要表现为“三高一扰动”的复杂力学环境[1]。在该力学条件下，深部煤层开采极易诱发冲击地压等动力灾害，威胁正常生产活动与人员安全[2-3]。我国将近90％的冲击地压灾害发生在巷道中，巷道冲击地压由此成为冲击地压机理、监测预警与防治工作的重点。采用合理有效措施维护深部巷道围岩稳定性对维护矿山正常开采活动具有重要意义[4]。
冲击地压巷道治理常采用卸压手段来降低巷道围岩应力集中程度，从而预防和控制冲击地压的发生。目前广泛使用的卸压措施包括深孔爆破卸压、钻孔卸压、切顶卸压等[5]。其中钻孔卸压因其卸压效果好、适用范围广、施工简单等优点，得到了普遍应用。国内外学者们通过室内试验、数值模拟与工业性试验，对深部冲击地压巷道钻孔卸压技术开展了一系列研究[6]，形成了较为成熟的技术体系。贾传洋等[7]基于室内试验、数值模拟以及工程实践，发现卸压孔直径越大，试样破坏强度下降越明显，应力降低区范围越广，卸压效果越明显。王猛等[8]基于数值模拟和工程实际应用，分析了卸压巷道蠕变规律，揭示了深部巷道钻孔卸压弱化变形特征。刘东桥等[9]通过应变岩爆过程模拟试验系统，模拟岩体在施加钻孔措施后的应变岩爆现象，研究了不同钻孔数量对应变岩爆的影响。CHEN等[10]研究了不同钻孔及锚固参数下类岩石试样力学行为及破裂模式的影响，探讨了孔锚组合体间的“卸固”协同机制。上述研究探究了钻孔参数对于围岩稳定性的控制效果，提高了钻孔卸压参数选择的科学性。
以上研究多从静态加载条件出发，探究卸压孔参数对于卸压效果的影响，而实际工程中的巷道往往还会受到冲击荷载作用的威胁。因此，本文通过室内分离式霍普金森压轩（SHPB）试验，从动态力学性质、渐进破坏机制与破碎特性、能量耗散等方面系统地分析动载作用下卸压孔直径对围岩抗冲击能力的影响，研究成果对深部冲击巷道的防护设计具有一定的参考意义。
1　试验设计
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1.1　试样制备
考虑到天然煤体的离散性，本试验采用工程实际中常见的脆性砂岩作为试验材料，以模拟深部巷道围岩单体（见图1）。将试样制备成50 mm×50 mm圆柱体，为保证试样与杆件的接触质量，对试样端面进行了抛光处理，保证平整度符合国际岩石力学学会（ISRM）的基本要求。综合考虑试样尺寸和工程背景，利用钻机分别钻取直径4 mm、6 mm及8 mm的孔模拟不同的卸压孔径，编号分别为DK-4、DK-6、DK-8，另设置一组完整试样作为对照组，编号为WK。同时，在试样表面喷洒随机分布、颗粒均匀的散斑，以便进行数字散斑监测且确保监测结果的精确性。
1.2　试验设备
SHPB动载冲击试验系统如图2所示。试验系统由加载装置、纺锤形冲头、入射杆、透射杆和吸收杆组成，杆径为50 mm，压杆弹性模量为210 GPa，纵波波速为5 190 m/s，密度为7.8 g/cm3。试验冲击气压为0.6 MPa，子弹冲击速度为9.79 m/s。
试验前，在试样两端面涂抹润滑剂，以降低摩擦效应对试验结果的影响。试验中通过超动态应变仪上安装的应变片实时采集电信号，采用高速摄像机监测试样动态破坏过程与最终破坏模式，帧数设置为100 000帧/s。根据二波法计算试样的应力与应变：
式中：εs、、σs（t）分别表示试样应变、应变率和应力；A0为压杆的截面积，m2；C0为波导杆的弹性纵波波速，m/s；E0为波导杆的弹性模量，GPa；εR（t）、εT（t）分别是t时刻反射波、透射波的应变；A1为试样的截面积，m2；l0为试样长度，m。
2　试验结果分析
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2.1　动态应力平衡关系
为保证试验结果的准确性，试样两端面在冲击过程中需达到动态应力平衡，以含8 mm单孔试样为例，验证试样的动态平衡关系。冲击加载试验完成后，对入射杆和透射杆上收集到的电信号数据进行处理，得到试样的动态应力波曲线，如图3所示。
结果表明，透射端应力波曲线与入射端和反射端应力波的叠加曲线基本重合，这表明试样两端应力达到平衡。因此应力均匀性条件得到满足，可以利用二波法获得试样的应力和应变。
2.2　含孔试样的动态力学特性
通过分析试样的动态力学特性，可以掌握不同孔径对试样力学行为的影响规律，以此探究合理的卸压孔孔径大小。
2.2.1　动态应力应变曲线
冲击荷载作用下不同孔径试样的动态应力应变曲线如图4所示。基于类似静载条件下的岩石应力应变曲线划分方法，发现动载冲击下类岩石试样的应力应变曲线可以分为4个阶段[11]，分别代表了岩石不同状态下的变形特性。第一个阶段为初始压密阶段，试样内部孔隙被压实，而含孔试样的应力应变曲线无明显的压密阶段。第二个阶段为弹性阶段，此时应力应变曲线呈线性关系。第三个阶段为塑性阶段，此时应力接近岩石试样的最大承载力，应力应变曲线由线性转变为非线性。同时，试样内部裂隙快速发育，表现出塑性破坏的特征。第四个阶段为峰后破坏阶段，此时试样中储存的弹性应变能快速释放，裂隙迅速发育破坏。与静态荷载的不同之处在于，静态荷载下岩石具有残余强度，而冲击荷载作用下岩石不再具有残余强度。
2.2.2　峰值应力与峰值应变
试样在加载过程中承受的极限应力为峰值应力，代表试样在该冲击条件下的最大承载应力，峰值应力对应的应变为峰值应变，能够反映动载冲击下试样破坏前保持稳定的最大变形能力。表1为试验得到的试样峰值应力与峰值应变。结果表明，不同孔径对试样的动态力学强度有显著影响。随着卸压孔径的增大，试样的峰值应力逐渐降低，最低的是DK-8试样，相较于WK试样降低了大约33％。卸压孔径与试样峰值应力呈反比关系，孔径越大，降低效果越明显。
为进一步探究孔径与试样动态力学性能的关系，对孔径与试样峰值应力和峰值应变进行拟合，拟合曲线如图5所示。
图5（a）通过对试样孔径与峰值应力进行拟合，发现尽管孔洞的存在改变了岩石试样结构，使得岩石试样峰值应力降低，但是随着孔径增大，试样峰值应力降低幅度逐渐降低，这说明孔径对试样动态力学强度的影响程度随孔径增大越来越小。
图5（b）为试样孔径与峰值应变的拟合曲线。随着孔径的增加，试样的峰值应变逐渐降低且降低的幅度逐步增大，即对于含孔试样而言，孔径越大，试样的峰值应变越小，表明试样破坏前的最大变形能力越低，钻孔处理显著降低了试样的变形能力。峰值应变最小的是卸压孔径为8 mm的试样，其峰值应变大约为无孔试样峰值应变的61％。这说明试样孔径过大对于岩体结构变形能力的破坏极大，因此对于强冲击扰动的岩体，选择合适的卸压孔径十分重要。
2.3　含孔试样的渐进破坏模式及应变场演化
通过高速摄像机采集到了试样的动态破坏过程，对含孔试样的裂纹发育进行分析，进而揭露动载作用下含孔试样的破坏机制。图6为不同钻孔直径试样在动载冲击下的高速摄像图及应变场演化过程。
由图6可以看出，三种不同卸压孔径试样在动载冲击下的破坏过程相似，裂纹萌生发育大致可以分为4个阶段。第一阶段为轴向拉伸裂纹萌生阶段，孔洞轴向端点开始产生微小的轴向拉伸裂纹。第二阶段为拉剪裂纹萌生阶段，随着加载继续，轴向拉伸裂纹沿着平行于加载方向不断拓宽发育成宏观拉伸裂纹，同时拉剪裂纹以孔洞径向端点为起点沿对角向试样两端萌生并发育。第三阶段为端部裂纹萌生阶段，此时，孔洞径向顶点短时间内发生剧烈破坏，产生细小破碎的岩屑抛射进入孔洞。宏观拉伸裂纹在压应力作用下闭合，拉剪裂纹不断发育扩展，端部裂纹开始萌生并沿着试样内部扩展。第四阶段为裂纹贯通阶段，随着不断加载，X形对称拉剪复合裂纹急剧发育变宽，同时释放的应变能会使岩石试样的端部裂纹在远端发育扩展并贯通，在岩石远端造成破碎。三种不同直径的含孔试样主体破坏方式相似，最终的破坏模式相似，均以孔洞径向端点起点向试样端面延伸的X形拉剪复合裂隙导致的破坏。值得注意的是，由应力波的衰减方式决定的初始轴向宏观拉伸裂纹更多是从靠近透射杆的孔洞顶点生成；在初始的宏观拉伸裂纹受到压应力挤压闭合前，靠近透射杆端的宏观拉伸裂纹发育程度更高。
以上分析说明孔洞的存在，导致岩石裂纹萌生、发育以及最终的破坏方式发生了变化。虽然本试验中三种孔径试样的破坏方式差别不大，但是仍然存在不同之处：首先，孔径越小，形成的近X形拉剪复合裂纹与动载加载方向的夹角越小，最终的破坏模式更接近于劈裂拉伸破坏；其次，含孔试样孔径越大，其宏观拉伸裂纹发育拓宽程度越低；最后，试样孔径越大，远端裂纹发育程度越高。
结合前文中含孔试样动态力学参数分析，发现含孔试样的峰值应力和峰值应变均随孔径增大而降低，主要原因是孔洞破坏了试样的结构，导致在动载作用下孔洞试样抵御变形能力减弱，孔洞应力集中区积聚弹性应变能的能力减弱。
2.4　含孔试样的颗粒破碎特性
在SHPB试验中，由于试样内部结构的差异性，即使是在相同的加载条件下，其冲击破坏后的碎块尺寸和形状与最终的破碎形态也不尽相同。因此本试验通过试样破碎块度与分形维数分析试样的破碎特性。
收集试验后各试样的碎片，基于相关学者的研究[12-13]，将10 mm以下碎块定义为小尺寸，10~20 mm碎块定义为中等尺寸，20~25 mm碎块定义为大尺寸，得到图7所示的试样破碎块度分布。
由图7可知，相比于完整试样来说，含卸压孔试样的破碎程度有所增加，主要体现在含孔试样小尺寸碎块比重有所增加，大尺寸碎块有所降低，中等尺寸碎块所占比重并没有较大程度的改变。
为了对试验结果进行量化分析，采用分形维数法，对岩石破碎程度进行量化，从而揭露岩石的破裂机制。分形维数D[14]计算公式为：
其中：
式中：α为ML/（M－L）在双对数下的斜值；L为等效边长；ML为等效边长为L时对应的碎屑质量；M为计算尺寸内碎屑的质量；ML/M为粒径小于L的岩石碎片累计百分含量总和的百分比。
试样分形维数计算结果如图8所示。
由图8可以看出，随着孔径增大，试样分形维数先增大后降低，这代表含卸压孔试样的破碎程度先增大后降低。孔径由4 mm增大到6 mm时，分形维数表现出增加的趋势，是因为孔洞破坏了试样的整体性，间接地为试样提供了出现局部应力集中的条件，试样内部裂纹萌生增多，破碎程度随之增加。孔径为8 mm时分形维数较小，分析可能是在试样处于塑性阶段时，由于孔径较大对于试样整体结构造成破坏，裂隙发育较低程度时试样已经破碎，没有足够的能量促进裂隙发育。
2.5　含孔试样的能量耗散特性
在SHPB试验中，试样内部裂隙通过吸收外部冲击载荷传递的能量进行扩展、贯通，最终导致试样失去承载力而破坏。因此从能量转化特征角度可以更好地研究试样的破坏机制。在试验过程中，进入试样中的应力波，一部分经过反射重新回到入射杆，另一部分通过透射进入透射杆中，中间损耗的能量用于试样中裂隙的发育和扩展。基于试验基本原理，假设应力波在传播过程无损耗。试样整个加载过程中的入射波、反射波和透射波的能量公式如下[15-16]：
式中：WI、WR、WT分别为入射波、反射波和透射波携带的能量；εI、εR、εT分别为对应的入射波、反射波和透射波的应变。
由热力学第一定律可知，应力波传播过程中能量满足下式：
式中，WD为SHPB试验中试样耗散的能量。
图9为试样入射能、反射能、透射能的时程特征。由图9可知，所有试样的入射、反射、透射应力波能量随时间的变化趋势大致相同，但随着孔径的变化，各部分能量值的变化趋势有所不同。为确保试验结果不受入射应力波携带能量的影响，采用比值法进行分析，定义WR/WI为反射能量比，WT/WI为透射能量比，WD/WI为耗散能量比。处理后的试验数据见表2。
通过分析反射能量比可以发现，孔洞的存在破坏了试样的整体结构，间接地改变了动载应力波在岩石试样内部的衰减方式。由表2可知，随着试样孔径增大，反射能量比逐渐上升。透射能量比则随孔径增大而呈现先减小后增大的趋势，而耗散能量比表现为先增大后减小。这一变化主要是因为当试样孔径超过某一临界值时，试样的整体吸收能效果下降，受到动载作用时无法充分吸收更多能量，即发生了整体破坏。因此，合理选择孔径可以有效提升卸压效果。
3　结论
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（1）孔径的增加造成试样动态峰值应力及峰值应变降低，其中峰值应力降低幅度随孔径增加而逐渐减小，而峰值应变降幅逐渐增大。
（2）动载作用下，含孔试样的最终破坏模式均以X形拉剪复合破坏为主，但拉剪复合裂纹与加载方向夹角、初始拉伸裂纹闭合前的发育拓宽程度以及远场裂纹发育程度均受孔径大小影响。
（3）孔洞的存在间接地为试样中裂隙发育提供了应力条件，因此分形维数随着孔径的增大而增大，但当孔径超过一定阈值时，试样在裂隙发育前已发生破坏，分形维数开始减小。
（4）随着孔径的增加，试样的吸能效果得到提升，但是这种提升效果在孔径超过一定阈值后会降低。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374128)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2024ME124)
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吴拥政，孙卓越，付玉凯. 三维动静加载下不同长径比煤样力学特性及能量耗散规律[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2022, 41 (5): 877-888.
WU Yongzheng, SUN Zhuoyue, FU Yukai. Mechanical properties and energy dissipation laws of coal samples with different length-to-diameter ratios under 3D coupled static and dynamic loads[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2022, 41 (5): 877-888.
2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间：2025-01-06
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-06
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374128)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2024ME124)
作者信息
    1.兖煤菏泽能化有限公司赵楼煤矿，山东 菏泽市　274000
    2.山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院，山东 青岛市　266590

通讯作者:

陈淼（1989—），男，安徽宿州人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为深部岩石力学与围岩控制。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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