Article(id=1322164894514922364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158275488, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158275488, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158275488, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158275488, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=14, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164894716248957, articleId=1322164894514922364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on the Efficient Recovery Scheme of the Top and Bottom Pillar Resources Under the Overlying Backfill of Xitieshan Lead-Zinc Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Xitieshan lead-zinc mine has left a large amount of high-grade ore pillar resources after years of mining, and there is an urgent need to recover the top and bottom pillars in a safe and efficient manner. It is found that the strength of underground filling body can't meet the conditions for large-scale exposure in the bottom pillar mining area through on-site sampling and strength testing of the filling body above the bottom pillar, and it is necessary to leave roof protection pillars. Based on the test results, three technically feasible mining schemes were proposed, including the joint mining method of sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling and upward access empty field, mining method of false roof and segment subsequent filling, as well as mining method of pre-controlled roof and downward medium and deep hole segment subsequent filling. A comparative analysis was conducted on the advantages, disadvantages, and technical and economic indicators of the three mining methods. Finally, the the joint mining method of the segmented subsequent filling and upward access was selected. Numerical simulation was used to determine that the medium deep hole mining area adopts the mode of mining one with two intervals, and in a sequence from both sides to the middle, and a backward extraction method was used to extract partially pillars during the mining process of the access. The on-site application results show that this scheme has good safety and adaptability in the mining of top and bottom pillar resources, with a comprehensive recovery rate of 70%, achieving efficient recovery and utilization of top and bottom pillar resources.

, authors=Haiyun ZHANG1, 2, Tianyu GAO3, Zhongchuan ZHANG1, 2, Ning LIAO1, 2, Zeshan CAI3, Zhengming LI3, authorsList=Haiyun ZHANG, Tianyu GAO, Zhongchuan ZHANG, Ning LIAO, Zeshan CAI, Zhengming LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongchuan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164900353393564, articleId=1322164894514922364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=锡铁山铅锌矿上覆充填体下顶底柱资源高效回采方案研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

锡铁山铅锌矿经多年开采遗留了大量高品位矿柱资源,亟需对顶底柱进行安全高效回采。对底柱以上充填体现场取样并进行强度测试发现,井下充填体强度无法满足底柱采场大面积揭露条件,需要留设护顶矿柱,结合试验结果提出三种技术可行的回采方案:分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合开采法、假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法和预控顶+下向中深孔分段空场嗣后充填采矿法。对三种方案回采工艺优缺点和技术经济指标进行对比分析,最终确定采用分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合开采法。通过数值模拟方法确定了中深孔采场采用隔二采一的回采方式且由两边向中间回采,并在进路采场回采过程后退式抽采部分矿柱。现场应用结果表明,该方案在矿山顶底柱资源回采中的安全性与适应性较好,综合回采率达70%,实现了顶底柱资源的高效回收与利用。

, authors=张海云1, 2, 高天宇3, 张忠传1, 2, 廖宁1, 2, 蔡泽山3, 李正明3, authorsList=张海云, 高天宇, 张忠传, 廖宁, 蔡泽山, 李正明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张忠传, authorNote=

张海云(1992—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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张忠传(1994—),男,江西宜春人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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Research on collaborative management of goaf based on old tailings reconcentration and extraction of pillar resource[J]. 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Analysis and research on the stability of filling roof in wide and large stope[J]. 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Research on the influence of additives on the rheological properties of full tailings filling slurry in a certain iron mine in Anhui[J]. 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Investigation on the distribution of ground pressure and stope stability under two-step subsequent filling mining in a copper-nickel mine[J]. 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Research on the stability analysis and reinforcement optimization of false roof in downward slicing drift filling[D]. 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Research on pillar mining scheme during the transition from underground to open-pit mining in Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine[J]. 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Analysis of the influence of stope structure parameters of stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method on the stability of first-step filling body[J]. 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figureFileSmall=l6h5M1td0NtQRjbHUDkrow==, figureFileBig=Ha/kpX4RPoJazz0dQiHE/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164909211763695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The strength of the filling body under different cement-sand ratio conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养护龄期/d不同灰砂比下充填体强度/MPa
1∶41∶61∶81∶12
31.0000.6000.233—
71.7250.7750.450—
284.0003.1502.0501.200
), ArticleFig(id=1322164909283066864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同灰砂比条件下充填体强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养护龄期/d不同灰砂比下充填体强度/MPa
1∶41∶61∶81∶12
31.0000.6000.233—
71.7250.7750.450—
284.0003.1502.0501.200
), ArticleFig(id=1322164909358564337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation results of safety thickness of roof protection pillars under different mining spans

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m护顶矿柱厚度/m
K.B. 鲁别涅依特公式厚跨比法材料力学法荷载传递交汇线法工程类比
62.714.503.735.204~6
84.326.005.746.93
106.287.508.028.67
128.609.0010.5410.40
), ArticleFig(id=1322164909463421938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同采场跨度的护顶矿柱安全厚度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m护顶矿柱厚度/m
K.B. 鲁别涅依特公式厚跨比法材料力学法荷载传递交汇线法工程类比
62.714.503.735.204~6
84.326.005.746.93
106.287.508.028.67
128.609.0010.5410.40
), ArticleFig(id=1322164909534725107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the main advantages and disadvantages of each scheme in terms of mining technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案优点缺点
方案一(1)损失贫化率低;(2)安全性高;(3)回采工艺简单。(1)采场生产能力低;(2)通风条件较差。
方案二(1)损失贫化率低;(2)安全性高。(1)工艺复杂,劳动强度大;(2)充填成本高;(3)通风条件差;(4)采场生产能力低。
方案三(1)生产能力大;(2)通风条件较好;(3)回采工艺简单。(1)爆破振动大,充填体的强度难以保障,安全性低;(2)后期无法抽采,损失率高。
), ArticleFig(id=1322164911216641012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各方案回采工艺主要优缺点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案优点缺点
方案一(1)损失贫化率低;(2)安全性高;(3)回采工艺简单。(1)采场生产能力低;(2)通风条件较差。
方案二(1)损失贫化率低;(2)安全性高。(1)工艺复杂,劳动强度大;(2)充填成本高;(3)通风条件差;(4)采场生产能力低。
方案三(1)生产能力大;(2)通风条件较好;(3)回采工艺简单。(1)爆破振动大,充填体的强度难以保障,安全性低;(2)后期无法抽采,损失率高。
), ArticleFig(id=1322164911287944181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main technical and economic indicators of each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案矿块生产能力/(t/d)采切比/(m3/kt)综合损失率/%综合贫化率/%安全状况通风条件劳动强度工艺复杂程度对矿体适应性
方案一25066.85810一般差差好好
方案二22066.851010好差较差较差好
方案三30045.501210差好好好好
), ArticleFig(id=1322164911371830262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164894514922364, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各方案主要技术经济指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案矿块生产能力/(t/d)采切比/(m3/kt)综合损失率/%综合贫化率/%安全状况通风条件劳动强度工艺复杂程度对矿体适应性
方案一25066.85810一般差差好好
方案二22066.851010好差较差较差好
方案三30045.501210差好好好好
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锡铁山铅锌矿上覆充填体下顶底柱资源高效回采方案研究
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张海云 1, 2 , 高天宇 3 , 张忠传 1, 2 , 廖宁 1, 2 , 蔡泽山 3 , 李正明 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 14-23
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 14 -23
锡铁山铅锌矿上覆充填体下顶底柱资源高效回采方案研究
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张海云(1992—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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张海云(1992—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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张海云1, 2 , 高天宇3, 张忠传1, 2 , 廖宁1, 2, 蔡泽山3, 李正明3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.西部矿业股份有限公司锡铁山分公司,青海 海西州 816203
通讯作者:
张忠传(1994—),男,江西宜春人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张海云(1992—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

Research on the Efficient Recovery Scheme of the Top and Bottom Pillar Resources Under the Overlying Backfill of Xitieshan Lead-Zinc Mine
Haiyun ZHANG1, 2 , Tianyu GAO3, Zhongchuan ZHANG1, 2 , Ning LIAO1, 2, Zeshan CAI3, Zhengming LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.Xitieshan Branch of Western Mining Co., Ltd., Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai 816203, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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锡铁山铅锌矿经多年开采遗留了大量高品位矿柱资源,亟需对顶底柱进行安全高效回采。对底柱以上充填体现场取样并进行强度测试发现,井下充填体强度无法满足底柱采场大面积揭露条件,需要留设护顶矿柱,结合试验结果提出三种技术可行的回采方案:分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合开采法、假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法和预控顶+下向中深孔分段空场嗣后充填采矿法。对三种方案回采工艺优缺点和技术经济指标进行对比分析,最终确定采用分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合开采法。通过数值模拟方法确定了中深孔采场采用隔二采一的回采方式且由两边向中间回采,并在进路采场回采过程后退式抽采部分矿柱。现场应用结果表明,该方案在矿山顶底柱资源回采中的安全性与适应性较好,综合回采率达70%,实现了顶底柱资源的高效回收与利用。

矿柱回采  /  回采方式  /  回采顺序  /  矿柱抽采  /  充填采矿法

The Xitieshan lead-zinc mine has left a large amount of high-grade ore pillar resources after years of mining, and there is an urgent need to recover the top and bottom pillars in a safe and efficient manner. It is found that the strength of underground filling body can't meet the conditions for large-scale exposure in the bottom pillar mining area through on-site sampling and strength testing of the filling body above the bottom pillar, and it is necessary to leave roof protection pillars. Based on the test results, three technically feasible mining schemes were proposed, including the joint mining method of sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling and upward access empty field, mining method of false roof and segment subsequent filling, as well as mining method of pre-controlled roof and downward medium and deep hole segment subsequent filling. A comparative analysis was conducted on the advantages, disadvantages, and technical and economic indicators of the three mining methods. Finally, the the joint mining method of the segmented subsequent filling and upward access was selected. Numerical simulation was used to determine that the medium deep hole mining area adopts the mode of mining one with two intervals, and in a sequence from both sides to the middle, and a backward extraction method was used to extract partially pillars during the mining process of the access. The on-site application results show that this scheme has good safety and adaptability in the mining of top and bottom pillar resources, with a comprehensive recovery rate of 70%, achieving efficient recovery and utilization of top and bottom pillar resources.

Ore pillar recovery  /  Mining mode  /  Mining sequence  /  Pillar extraction  /  Backfill mining method
张海云, 高天宇, 张忠传, 廖宁, 蔡泽山, 李正明. 锡铁山铅锌矿上覆充填体下顶底柱资源高效回采方案研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 14 -23 .
Haiyun ZHANG, Tianyu GAO, Zhongchuan ZHANG, Ning LIAO, Zeshan CAI, Zhengming LI. Research on the Efficient Recovery Scheme of the Top and Bottom Pillar Resources Under the Overlying Backfill of Xitieshan Lead-Zinc Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 14 -23 .
在全球经济持续发展的背景下,各行业对矿产资源的需求持续攀升。然而,由于长期高强度开采,矿产资源逐渐匮乏,易采资源日益枯竭,使得资源的高效回收利用成为推动矿业可持续发展的核心议题[1-4]。在矿山开采过程中,为了保障开采安全和维持井巷稳定,通常会预留顶底柱作为重要的支撑结构,但这也导致大量矿产资源被封存在地下,无法被充分利用。相关数据统计显示,多数矿山顶底柱所占据的矿产资源比例相当可观,若这些资源能得到有效回收,不仅能大幅提升矿产资源的整体回收率,还能在一定程度上缓解资源短缺的压力。
现阶段,针对顶底柱资源回采的研究手段丰富多样。在理论与技术应用方面,数值模拟技术得到了广泛运用,借助FLAC、ANSYS等专业软件,能够对各种回采方案进行模拟分析,提前预测回采过程中可能出现的安全问题,以便及时调整并优化方案[5-6]。朱晨迪等[7]提出采用预留永久顶柱的分段充填采矿法,并通过数值模拟软件对永久矿柱的预留厚度进行了研究;侯国权等[8]针对浅孔留矿法遗留的高品位顶底柱,提出采用多中段并段的方式对矿柱进行回采,并通过数值模拟验证了矿柱回采过程中的安全稳定。现场试验同样是不可或缺的研究手段,通过在实际矿山开展不同回采工艺的现场试验,获取真实可靠的数据,验证理论和模拟结果的准确性,可为技术的推广应用提供实践依据[9-10]。张浩强等[11]提出预留顶柱和两帮支撑矿柱的强制放顶崩落法,并通过现场工业试验,实现了复杂条件下的顶底柱安全回采;张宝等[12]提出采用环形中深孔对高品位顶底柱资源进行回采,现场试验实现了70%以上的矿柱回采率。
顶底柱资源回采研究具有多层面的重要意义。从资源层面来看,成功回采这些被长期搁置的资源,能够显著提高矿产资源的综合利用率,延长矿山的服务年限,保障资源的稳定供应。从经济角度出发,提高回采率意味着矿山企业能够以更低的成本获取更多的矿产品,增加企业经济效益,提升企业在市场中的竞争力。从安全环保角度来看,合理回采顶底柱可以有效消除矿山因长期留设矿柱而存在的安全隐患,以降低因矿柱失稳引发的坍塌事故风险;同时,可减少废弃矿柱对地下空间的占用,有利于矿山后续的生态修复和环境保护,推动矿业的绿色可持续发展。因此,深入研究顶底柱资源回采技术,对于矿业行业的长远发展具有至关重要的现实意义。
本文针对锡铁山铅锌矿顶底柱资源回采难题,提出三种技术可行的回采方案。通过对比各方案的优缺点及经济技术指标,最终确定一种兼具安全性与经济性的方案,并针对该方案的回采方式、回采顺序进行研究,确定顶柱的抽采量及其空间分布。
锡铁山铅锌矿采用分段空场嗣后充填法回采,中段高度为60 m,上下中段之间留有全高为24 m的顶底柱,其中底柱和顶柱高度分别为12 m。本文以采场2 402~2 522 m的03~011线区域为研究对象,经过多年的开采,该矿段一步骤采场基本回采完毕,正在进行二步骤采场的回采作业,后续将对顶底柱进行回采。由于上下中段同时开采,顶底柱回采时底柱上部和顶柱下部均为充填体,若充填体强度不足,将直接影响矿柱的安全回采。因此,在回采顶底柱资源前,需对充填体强度进行相关研究,并基于所确定的充填体强度,进一步优化顶底柱的回采方案。
在顶底柱资源回采过程中,往往根据矿柱上方的充填体强度选择是否留设矿柱以及留设矿柱的量,因此需要对充填体强度进行测试。表1为不同灰砂比下充填体试块的3 d、7 d和28 d单轴抗压强度测试结果[13-14]。结合图2中矿山一步骤、二步骤采场充填体布置情况可知,底柱以上3 m范围内为灰砂比为1∶4的充填体,其28 d强度应达到4 MPa,顶柱以下1 m范围内为灰砂比为1∶6的充填体,其28 d强度应达到3 MPa以上。
由于井下环境不同于标准养护条件,排水等因素对充填体的强度存在较大的影响,导致井下充填体强度通常小于室内充填体强度测试结果。为掌握井下充填体的真实强度,选取2 402 m中段采场底柱上方的充填体进行强度测试。测试结果表明,底柱以上灰砂比为1∶4的充填体在充入井下1 a后,其强度仅有1.5 MPa,无法达到充填体下底柱采场大面积完全揭露的安全要求。因此,在后续顶底柱回采方案中,必须考虑留设护顶矿柱,以保障回采作业安全。
由于2 402 m中段底柱上方的充填体强度较差,需要留设一定厚度的护顶矿柱。护顶矿柱的厚度与采场的跨度、上方充填体对护顶层的压力有关,不同采场跨度的护顶矿柱厚度理论计算结果见表2。基于理论分析结果,建议采场跨度取6 m,同时留设6 m护顶矿柱。
根据锡铁山铅锌矿开采现状、充填体强度情况和护顶矿柱留设情况,提出了3种技术上可行的顶底柱回采方案:
方案一,分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法;
方案二,假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法;
方案三,预控顶+下向中深孔分段空场嗣后充填采矿法。
2 462 m中段顶底柱上部6 m为护顶矿柱,下部18 m为中深孔分段空场嗣后充填法采场,护顶矿柱下部3 m为进路法采场。整体回采顺序为先回采中深孔采场后回采进路法采场。
中深孔采场分两步骤回采,一步骤、二步骤采场跨度均为6 m,实行两分段并行回采,下分段负责出矿。出矿采用平底出矿结构,采用后退式出矿方式,同时由上分段向下施工采场联络巷和脉外巷。中深孔采场回采完毕后,封闭底部分段、中段平巷与采场的联络巷,通过脉外巷施工小硐室或者钻孔进行充填。一步骤采场采用高强度胶结充填,充填体强度不低于2.0 MPa;二步骤采场除底部和顶部采用高强度充填体外,采场中部采用低强度充填体,但充填体强度不低于1.0 MPa。待充填体达到设计强度后,对进路法采场进行回采。进路采场断面尺寸为3 m×3 m,采用隔一采一的回采步骤。护顶矿柱顶部3 m作为永久矿柱不予回采,或者在保障安全的前提下,在进路采场内采用后退式挑顶方式对部分矿体进行抽采。分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法标准方案如图3所示。
2 462 m中段顶底柱顶部3 m留设为永久矿柱,其下方3 m设置为假顶层。顶底柱下部18 m采用中深孔分段空场嗣后充填法进行回采,整体回采顺序为先形成假顶层再回采中深孔采场。
假顶层施工阶段,由分段平巷向下施工采场联络巷与脉外巷,使其与假顶层矿体贯通。矿体沿走向采用进路法回采,采场长度为50 m。回采完成后,在进路采场底部铺设钢筋网,并进行高强度充填,充填体强度需达到4~5 MPa。假顶层形成后,开始中深孔采场分步骤回采作业。一步骤采场跨度为8 m,二步骤采场跨度为10 m。回采时,在矿体上盘位置以切井为自由面形成切割槽,随后以切割槽为爆破自由面和补偿空间,采用后退式上向扇形孔落矿。通过脉外巷施工钻孔对采场进行充填时,一步骤采场采用高强度胶结充填,充填体强度不低于2.0 MPa;二步骤采场采用低强度胶结充填,充填体强度不低于1.0 MPa。假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法标准方案如图4所示。
采场留设4 m厚的永久矿柱,其下方采用中深孔分段空场嗣后充填法进行回采。从中段平巷向上掘进采场联络巷与脉外巷,使其与中深孔凿岩巷贯通。凿岩巷在掘进过程中同步进行锚索支护,锚索支护的排距为3 m,孔底距为1.8~2.0 m,每排4~5根,锚索长度为7 m。
回采时,在凿岩巷内向下施工扇形中深孔,以切割横巷为自由面和补偿空间,采用后退式崩矿方式,崩矿步距2~3排。在矿体底部施工出矿巷,回采前期采用有人驾驶铲运机出矿,后期采用遥控铲运机进行大量出矿,确保人员不进入采空区。
出矿完毕后,封堵底部采场联络巷,通过脉外巷钻凿充填钻孔进行采空区充填。一步骤采场采用高强度胶结充填,充填体强度不低于2.0 MPa;二步骤采场采用低强度胶结充填,充填体强度不低于1.0 MPa。预控顶+下向中深孔分段空场嗣后充填采矿法标准方案如图5所示。
基于对上述三种采矿方案的详细叙述,从回采工艺优缺点和技术经济指标两方面对各方案进行比较分析,结果见表3和表4。
由表3、表4可以看出,各方案在回采工艺方面各有优劣。
方案一(分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法)通风条件欠佳,矿块生产能力较小;但其上下分段分别实施爆破,爆破冲击力较小,安全程度处于中等水平,且矿体损失率低,后期还可根据岩体稳固性对永久矿柱进行抽采。
方案二(假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法)通风条件不理想,假顶构筑工序复杂;优势在于下部中深孔作业安全性较高。
方案三(预控顶+下向中深孔分段空场嗣后充填采矿法)通风条件好,生产能力大;但单次爆破量大,会产生显著的爆破振动。该方案锚索锚入充填体,但由于2 402 m中段底柱上方充填体强度难以保证,整体安全性较差。此外,需留设约4 m厚的顶板,后期无法进行抽采,矿体损失率偏高。
综上所述,为兼顾采场回采安全与资源回收率,推荐采用方案一(分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法)。
当采用分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法对顶底柱进行回采作业时,不同的回采步骤和回采顺序会使采场内部应力状态发生显著变化,进而引发不同类型的岩体破坏模式[15-19]。
在回采方式研究环节,分别对隔一采一、隔二采一回采方案进行分析。为有效削减计算工作量,选定矿体中部采场周边的顶底柱作为研究对象。该区域矿体形变现象最为突出,能够显著地反映出不同回采步骤对矿柱稳定性产生的影响。在回采顺序研究环节,分别对两边向中间以及中间向两边这两种典型回采顺序进行分析,通过对比分析明确两种回采顺序在实际开采作业中的稳固性差异。
将研究区域中段内不同分段平面矿体导入3DMINE软件中进行建模,再将模型导入到MIDAS GTS NX中进行网格划分,最后将模型导入FLAC3D软件中进行模拟分析,矿体模型如图6所示。
为了间接反映顶底柱的应力状态,对矿体2 402 m中段和2 522 m中段采场回采至现状的过程进行了模拟研究,塑性区云图如图7所示。
不同回采方式下采场塑性区云图如图8所示,可以看出,中深孔采场回采过程中,在当前状态下的塑性破坏类型主要为剪切破坏(shear-n)。
采场隔一采一时,矿柱跨度仅有6 m,矿柱内剪切破坏显著且与两侧采空区相互贯通,顶板剪切破坏与上中段充填体贯通,这种贯通性破坏极易引发顶板垮落、矿柱失稳等安全事故,对采矿作业人员的生命安全和矿山的正常生产构成严重威胁。采场隔二采一时,采空区两侧发生剪切破坏,但由于矿柱跨度较厚(12 m),未形成塑性贯通;顶板发生少量破坏,与上方充填体未发生塑性贯通。这表明,隔二采一回采方式下,采场的整体结构相对稳定,能够在一定程度上抵御采动应力的影响,可以保障采场回采时的稳定性,为采矿作业的安全、高效开采提供了有利条件。
不同回采顺序下采场塑性区云图如图9、图10所示。可以看出,无论采用何种回采顺序,采场中部矿体均易产生剪切破坏,两侧矿体出现此类破坏的情况则较为罕见,这表明在回采过程中,中部矿体采空区之间的塑性区相较于其他部位更容易发生剪切塑性区贯通破坏。因此,建议矿山在施工组织过程中,尽量避免相邻采场同时回采,以降低因剪切塑性区贯通破坏而引发的安全风险。
从塑性区云图可以看出,不同回采顺序的采场顶板矿体与上中段充填体均未出现贯通,说明在中深孔采场回采过程中,顶板稳定性较好,发生大规模破坏的可能性较低。
图11为中部采场顶板监测点位移曲线。可以看出,两边向中间回采顺序引起的顶板沉降相对于中间向两边回采更小,因此在现场工程允许的条件下,优先推荐矿山采用两边向中间回采顺序。
基于前文分析可知,在矿体回采过程中,相较于其他部位,矿体的中部区域以及采场面积较大的区域因自身结构特性与地压应力分布特点,在开采扰动下更易于出现垮冒现象[20-24]。鉴于此,为确保开采过程的安全性与稳定性,在顶底柱抽采过程中,应对上述区域少采或者不抽采;而矿体两侧或者是采场中面积相对较小的部位,可以适当增加抽采量,具体分布如图12所示。
对进路法采场抽采量展开模拟分析,模拟设定进路采场采用隔一采一的开采方式,同时考虑不同采场高度对抽采量的影响,设定开采高度分别为3 m和6 m。
图13为不同开采高度下矿体中部塑性区云图。可以看出,当开采高度为3 m和6 m时,2 402 m中段14008-1至14010采场下方的进路采场顶板存在较高的垮冒风险,相邻进路采场间的矿柱也出现剪切破坏。为保障开采安全,回采上述区域对应的下部进路采场时,建议不进行抽采并保留至少6 m厚的顶板;或改用方案二(假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法),同时留设3 m厚的永久矿柱。
图14为不同开采高度下矿体左侧塑性区云图。可以看出,14003-1采场对应的下部进路西侧区域在两种开采高度下,采场间矿柱均易发生剪切破坏,且破坏范围与采空区相互贯通。开采高度为3 m时,顶板剪切破坏较少;开采高度增加至6 m时,顶板更易发生剪切破坏。综合判断,建议该区域将开采高度控制在3 m,并采用隔二采一的回采方式。
此外,通过对矿体其他区域塑性区云图进行分析发现,矿体其他区域的顶板及二步骤采场中,与上部充填体或相邻采空区出现塑性贯通的情况较少,说明这些区域在抽采过程中整体稳定性较好,具备安全回采的条件。
根据上述模拟结果,对顶底柱抽采量分布进行了针对性设计,如图15所示。14008-1至14010采场下方的采场建议采用假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法回采,预先在护顶矿柱下部3 m施工假顶,在假顶形成稳固结构后,采用中深孔工艺回采底部18 m矿体,留设3 m永久矿柱;14003-1至14008-1采场和14010至14013采场采用分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法回采,进路开采高度为6 m,采用中深孔工艺回采底部18 m矿体,采用进路法回采上部3 m矿体,在进路内后退式回采顶部3 m矿体;14003-1以西采用中深孔工艺回采底部18 m矿体,采用进路法回采底部3 m矿体。进路法采场建议采用隔二采一顺序进行回采。
14006采场位于14008-1和14003-1采场之间,该区域可采用分段空场嗣后充填法回采顶底柱下部18 m矿体,采用进路法回采护顶矿柱上部3 m矿体,随后采用后退式挑顶抽采顶部3 m矿体。鉴于采场厚度达40 m,为确保开采过程的稳定性与安全性,在抽采作业中,沿垂直矿体走向方向将采场划分为每段15 m,每采完15 m矿量后立即通过充填钻孔对采场进行充填处理。根据工业试验结果可知,整个抽采过程中未出现大规模的顶板垮塌或充填体垮冒现象,表明该方案对矿山开采具备较高的安全性与适应性。经实际测算,顶底柱的综合回采率可达70%,在保障安全的同时,实现了较为理想的资源回采效率。
(1)根据矿山开采现状,提出了三种技术可行的顶底柱回采方案:分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法(方案一)、假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法(方案二)和预控顶+下向中深孔分段空场嗣后充填采矿法(方案三)。对各方案的回采工艺优缺点和技术经济指标进行对比分析,推荐采用方案一进行顶底柱回采作业。该方案在留设6 m护顶矿柱的基础上,先对下部矿体进行中深孔回采,嗣后充填稳定后,再以进路法回采部分护顶矿柱,最终保留顶部3 m作为永久矿柱不予回采。
(2)对中深孔采场回采方式和回采顺序进行研究,结果表明,采用隔二采一的回采方式且由两边向中间回采时,采场整体结构稳定,顶板位移量较小,能够抵御采动应力的影响,保障采场回采安全。对进路法抽采量分布进行研究,制定了分区回采策略:14003-1至14008-1采场和14010至14013采场采用分段空场嗣充填与上向进路联合采矿法回采,进路采高为3 m,进路内后退式抽采顶部3 m矿体;14003-1以西采用进路法回采底部3 m矿体;部分矿体破碎区域(14008-1至14010采场下部区域)采用假顶+分段空场嗣后充填采矿法回采,最终留设3 m永久矿柱。
(4)现场应用结果表明,分段空场嗣后充填与上向进路联合采矿法在矿山顶底柱资源回采中安全可靠、适应性强。经实际测算,顶底柱的综合回采率达70%,实现了资源的高效回收与安全开采的双重目标。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905102)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905102)
作者信息
    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.西部矿业股份有限公司锡铁山分公司,青海 海西州 816203

通讯作者:

张忠传(1994—),男,江西宜春人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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