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Article(id=1322164876529746708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745769600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158271200, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158271200, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158271200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158271200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=218, endPage=225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164876835930901, articleId=1322164876529746708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Triaxial Mechanical Evolution Characteristics of Bedded Carbonaceous Slate Under Chemical Corrosion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reveal the influences of bedding angle and chemical corrosion under acidic environment on the mechanical behavior of carbonaceous slate, triaxial compression tests under chemical acidic environment corrosion were performed on bedding carbonaceous slate specimens collected from the side walls of large-deformation roadways. A continuous-discontinuous coupled numerical model based on the combined discrete element method (DEM) was developed, and numerical analysis under extended working conditions was conducted using the improved flexible membrane radial loading method, with results validated against physical test data. The results are concluded as follows. Under triaxial compression, the rock specimens develop inclined and penetrating fractures, accompanied by shear slip failure along the direction of the bedding angle. The corrosion of the chemical solution accelerates interlayer slip, leading to the gradual emergence and concentration of fractures. The peak strength of carbonaceous slate firstly decreases and then increases with the increase of bedding angle, reaching the minimum value especially when the bedding angle ranges from 15° to 45°. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the wing crack propagation caused by shear slip and local stress concentration at this angle range. The chemical acidic environment significantly accelerates the structural deterioration of the slate. After 90 days of corrosion, the peak strength of the samples decreases by 36％ to 44％, and there is a negative correlation between the peak strength and the duration of acidic chemical corrosion. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the stability evaluation and support design of deep roadways.

, authors=Xuguang LUO, authorsList=Xuguang LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164880430449442, articleId=1322164876529746708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=化学侵蚀作用下层理炭质板岩三轴力学演化特征, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示炭质板岩力学行为受层理倾角分布与化学酸性环境侵蚀的影响规律，对大变形巷道侧墙的层理炭质板岩试样开展了化学酸性环境侵蚀条件下的三轴压缩试验，建立了基于离散元法的连续－非连续耦合数值模型，通过改进的柔性膜径向加载方法，开展了基于物理试验结果的扩展工况下数值分析。结果表明：三轴压缩作用下，岩石试样产生倾斜贯穿的裂缝，同时还伴有沿层理倾角方向发生的剪切滑移破坏，化学溶液的侵蚀加速了层间滑移，导致裂隙逐渐显现和集中；炭质板岩的峰值强度随层理倾角增大呈现先降后增趋势，尤其在层理倾角为15°~45°时达到最低值，主要归因于该角度下剪切滑移和局部应力集中导致的翼形裂纹扩展；化学酸性环境显著加速了板岩的结构劣化，侵蚀90 d后试样峰值强度降幅达36％~44％，峰值强度与酸性化学侵蚀时长呈负相关关系。研究结果为深部巷道稳定性评价及支护设计提供了理论依据。

, authors=罗旭光, authorsList=罗旭光, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

罗旭光（1979—），男，浙江长兴人，高级工程师，研究方向为桥梁与地下空间工程。E-mail：

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罗旭光（1979—），男，浙江长兴人，高级工程师，研究方向为桥梁与地下空间工程。E-mail：

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罗旭光（1979—），男，浙江长兴人，高级工程师，研究方向为桥梁与地下空间工程。E-mail：

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figureFileBig=2/u2hKiGd/5mE1IqKB48YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164884784137025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164876529746708, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mesoscopic contact parameters in DEM models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒系统颗粒柔性膜
孔隙率P/％摩擦因数μ弹性模量E/Pa刚度比κ抗扭系数μr密度ρ/（kg•m－3）阻尼f杨氏模量E′/Pa密度ρ′/（kg•m－3）厚度d/mm
层内颗粒0.060.57.5×1081.00.52 7000.31.1×1069900.5
层间颗粒0.070.35.0×1081.00.32 7000.21.1×1069900.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322164884868023106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164876529746708, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DEM模型细观接触参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒系统颗粒柔性膜
孔隙率P/％摩擦因数μ弹性模量E/Pa刚度比κ抗扭系数μr密度ρ/（kg•m－3）阻尼f杨氏模量E′/Pa密度ρ′/（kg•m－3）厚度d/mm
层内颗粒0.060.57.5×1081.00.52 7000.31.1×1069900.5
层间颗粒0.070.35.0×1081.00.32 7000.21.1×1069900.5
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化学侵蚀作用下层理炭质板岩三轴力学演化特征
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罗旭光
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(12): 218-225
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (12) : 218 -225
化学侵蚀作用下层理炭质板岩三轴力学演化特征
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罗旭光（1979—），男，浙江长兴人，高级工程师，研究方向为桥梁与地下空间工程。E-mail：

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罗旭光（1979—），男，浙江长兴人，高级工程师，研究方向为桥梁与地下空间工程。E-mail：

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罗旭光
作者信息
  • 中铁十六局集团第三工程有限公司，浙江 湖州市　313000
作者简介:

罗旭光（1979—），男，浙江长兴人，高级工程师，研究方向为桥梁与地下空间工程。E-mail：

Triaxial Mechanical Evolution Characteristics of Bedded Carbonaceous Slate Under Chemical Corrosion
Xuguang LUO
Affiliations
  • China Railway 16th Bureau Group Third Engineering Co., Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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摘要
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为揭示炭质板岩力学行为受层理倾角分布与化学酸性环境侵蚀的影响规律，对大变形巷道侧墙的层理炭质板岩试样开展了化学酸性环境侵蚀条件下的三轴压缩试验，建立了基于离散元法的连续－非连续耦合数值模型，通过改进的柔性膜径向加载方法，开展了基于物理试验结果的扩展工况下数值分析。结果表明：三轴压缩作用下，岩石试样产生倾斜贯穿的裂缝，同时还伴有沿层理倾角方向发生的剪切滑移破坏，化学溶液的侵蚀加速了层间滑移，导致裂隙逐渐显现和集中；炭质板岩的峰值强度随层理倾角增大呈现先降后增趋势，尤其在层理倾角为15°~45°时达到最低值，主要归因于该角度下剪切滑移和局部应力集中导致的翼形裂纹扩展；化学酸性环境显著加速了板岩的结构劣化，侵蚀90 d后试样峰值强度降幅达36％~44％，峰值强度与酸性化学侵蚀时长呈负相关关系。研究结果为深部巷道稳定性评价及支护设计提供了理论依据。

炭质板岩  /  三轴压缩  /  层理倾角  /  化学侵蚀  /  离散元法

To reveal the influences of bedding angle and chemical corrosion under acidic environment on the mechanical behavior of carbonaceous slate, triaxial compression tests under chemical acidic environment corrosion were performed on bedding carbonaceous slate specimens collected from the side walls of large-deformation roadways. A continuous-discontinuous coupled numerical model based on the combined discrete element method (DEM) was developed, and numerical analysis under extended working conditions was conducted using the improved flexible membrane radial loading method, with results validated against physical test data. The results are concluded as follows. Under triaxial compression, the rock specimens develop inclined and penetrating fractures, accompanied by shear slip failure along the direction of the bedding angle. The corrosion of the chemical solution accelerates interlayer slip, leading to the gradual emergence and concentration of fractures. The peak strength of carbonaceous slate firstly decreases and then increases with the increase of bedding angle, reaching the minimum value especially when the bedding angle ranges from 15° to 45°. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the wing crack propagation caused by shear slip and local stress concentration at this angle range. The chemical acidic environment significantly accelerates the structural deterioration of the slate. After 90 days of corrosion, the peak strength of the samples decreases by 36％ to 44％, and there is a negative correlation between the peak strength and the duration of acidic chemical corrosion. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the stability evaluation and support design of deep roadways.

Carbonaceous slate  /  Triaxial compression  /  Bedding angle  /  Chemical corrosion  /  Discrete element method
罗旭光. 化学侵蚀作用下层理炭质板岩三轴力学演化特征. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 218 -225 .
Xuguang LUO. Triaxial Mechanical Evolution Characteristics of Bedded Carbonaceous Slate Under Chemical Corrosion[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 218 -225 .
正文
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0　引言
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近年来，随着我国矿业资源的深度开发与利用，矿业隧道工程的建设规模和技术需求日益增长。特别是在西部地区及青藏高原等地质复杂的矿区，矿井深部隧道面临着高地应力[1-4]、化学侵蚀[5-6]等严峻挑战。矿业隧道围岩在复杂应力作用下常出现大变形和支护结构破坏等问题，不仅严重影响施工安全，也限制了矿业资源的高效开发和矿山的长期稳定运营[7-8]。
炭质板岩等层状岩作为典型围岩广泛分布于我国西部地区，具有易软化、抗剪强度低及明显层理结构等特性[9-11]。该类岩石长期暴露于酸性地下水环境中，形成了化学－力学耦合作用的特殊损伤演化过程，极大地影响了岩体的强度和稳定性[12-13]。因此，解析化学侵蚀条件下炭质板岩层理倾角对强度衰减的影响机制，是保障深部矿山隧道安全和稳定运营的关键科学问题。
针对层状岩体的力学特性，学者们通过室内试验以及数值模拟的方法，已经取得了许多成果。CHEN Ziquan等[14]对不同层理倾角的炭质板岩进行单轴压缩试验及声发射监测，系统分析了其力学性能、能量/损伤演化和破坏模式的各向异性特征；李二强等[15]通过炭质板岩巴西劈裂试验，揭示了层理倾角对抗拉强度的控制规律，建立了考虑层理滑移的拉剪混合破坏判据；谢云鹏等[16-17]通过深部高地应力环境下炭质板岩分级加载蠕变试验，构建了考虑硬化损伤的非线性蠕变模型；龚爽等[18]采用分形理论与高速摄像技术，揭示了层理倾角对煤岩动态裂纹扩展路径分形维数的影响规律；杨圣奇等[19]采用离散元颗粒流方法模拟不同层理倾角页岩的常规三轴压缩过程，揭示了层理倾角与围压对页岩强度、黏聚力、微裂纹演化及脆性特征的各向异性影响规律；LI Huayun等[20]通过不同层理倾角和围压下的常规三轴试验获取材料参数，建立了炭质板岩横向各向同性弹塑性本构模型；胡涛涛等[21]建立了炭质板岩层理倾角相关蠕变损伤本构模型，提出损伤参数c与倾角的二次函数关系式；范浩等[22]通过三轴卸荷试验，揭示了层理煤体峰值强度随倾角呈V形变化规律，建立了临界卸荷比与层理倾角的量化关系模型；柏耀宗等[23]基于能量耗散理论，推导了不同层理倾角煤岩的弹塑性应变与损伤变量表达式，建立了考虑层理倾角的能量耗散损伤本构模型。
针对岩体在化学腐蚀下的破坏机理，宋勇军等[24]通过干燥与饱水状态下炭质板岩的分级加卸载蠕变试验，发现水环境显著增大黏弹性应变，验证了Burgers模型对炭质板岩流变特性的适用性；NI Jing等[25]开展了不同化学溶液浸泡90 d、不同冻融循环次数条件下的花岗岩单轴压缩试验，量化了单轴抗压强度、波速、孔隙率等参数的劣化规律，并提出基于孔隙率的损伤变量表征方法；LI Hao等[26]通过核磁共振技术量化了化学侵蚀后石灰岩孔隙率变化，揭示了孔隙率作为损伤变量与力学性能退化的关联性，并将化学三轴耦合下微裂纹扩展划分为4个阶段；苗子臻等[27]进行了不同pH盐酸及蒸馏水腐蚀砂岩的长期加速试验，并基于CT扫描裂隙演化特征构建化学荷载双损伤统计本构模型，揭示了酸性侵蚀诱导砂岩柔性化的定量演化机制；刘奇等[28]通过不同pH酸性溶液侵蚀下多层理砂岩的单轴压缩声发射联合试验，构建“酸蚀层理”双控强度模型，揭示H+侵蚀耦合层理滑移导致各向异性指数提升的宏细观机制；陈秋南等[29]构建了高地应力－化学侵蚀耦合蠕变模型，发现侵蚀90 d的炭质板岩的轴向蠕变为自然状态的2.02倍，揭示了Cl－与H+协同作用下矿物水解的时效损伤特性；伊正男等[30]通过试验探究了酸性溶液侵蚀软岩的损伤机理，发现化学损伤是软岩破坏的主要因素，而应力和渗流作用会加剧其损伤劣化过程。
综上所述，炭质板岩的层理特性使其在水蚀作用下显现出强烈的各向异性和力学性能退化，尤其是长期处于酸性地下水侵蚀的环境中，层理面容易发生软化和断裂，导致岩体的抗剪强度显著下降。此外，化学腐蚀引起的矿物成分变化，也进一步加剧了岩体的脆性和失稳风险。虽然已有研究深入探讨了岩体层理特性和化学腐蚀对岩土稳定性的影响，但对于二者共同作用下岩体力学特性演化的研究仍较为薄弱。因此，本文将结合三轴试验和数值模拟，深入研究炭质板岩在酸性地下水环境中的强度劣化机制。三轴压缩试验将用于探讨不同层理倾角与化学腐蚀条件下岩体的力学响应，揭示其在实际工程中的稳定性变化。而数值模拟则能够模拟多种不同的层理倾角条件，进一步揭示不同层理倾角下岩体的力学行为和退化过程，探索层理效应与化学腐蚀耦合作用对岩体强度和稳定性的综合影响。结合试验与模拟，本研究能够为隧道围岩的力学性能评估与支护设计提供更加全面、精准的理论依据。
1　试验方法与设计
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1.1　试验方法
试验中所采用的炭质板岩岩样取自云南西北部某大变形巷道，该区域地处青藏高原东南边缘，构造复杂，地质作用强烈，地下水呈弱酸性。所得炭质板岩岩样呈灰黑色，具有板状构造，岩性致密，水平层理发育明显。为探究层理结构与化学场对炭质板岩力学性质的影响，研究过程中选取具有代表性且层理发育清晰完整的岩石样本。为了满足试样制备过程中对尺寸的具体要求，并兼顾钻探工具的长度及测试设备的技术规范，所选取的炭质板岩原岩均为类矩形块状结构，且无明显的宏观裂隙，以确保后续试验的可行性与数据的准确性。岩样的典型尺寸范围为：长度45~50 cm，宽度25~30 cm，高度12~15 cm。根据国际岩石力学学会（ISRM）试验规程，加工成直径50 mm、高100 mm的标准圆柱试件。根据巷道侧壁层理倾角的分布特征，合理设计岩芯钻取方向，在实验室根据层理面与试件轴线的夹角，将层理倾角分别设置为30°、60°和90°，确保试样能够较真实地反映不同层理倾角条件下的岩石力学特性。
采用非金属声波测试仪测试并称重，筛选出波速相近、质量相近的岩样，充分保证测试试样的一致性。通过X射线衍射（XRD）试验测定了岩样的矿物组成，XRD衍射图谱如图1所示。主要矿物组成为石英、白云母、钠长石和石墨，其中方解石和钠钾长石易与H+发生化学反应，影响炭质板岩试样结构的稳定性。将制备完成的试样放入105 ℃烘箱中进行高温干燥，冷却至室温后称重，并重复干燥过程，直至质量变化低于0.01％。
三轴压缩试验采用DSZ-1000型应力－应变控制三轴剪切渗透试验机完成。该系统最大轴向载荷可达1 000 kN，测力范围为10~1 000 kN，最大行程为50 mm。主油缸位移加载速率调节范围为0.1~100 mm/min，主机刚度达到5 GN/m。
1.2　地下水侵蚀试验设计
在实际工程环境中，地下水是一种富含多种离子的复杂化学溶液，其离子组成及pH因地区差异而有所不同[31]。地下水中的离子种类繁多，除了常见的简单离子外，还可能存在络合阴离子和离子对等多种形态。含Cl－和H+的渗流水对巷道支护结构造成强侵蚀作用，对岩体的长期稳定性具有重要影响。结合西南地区地下水的实际化学特征，本文聚焦于Cl－与H+对炭质板岩产生化学侵蚀作用的影响机制。为构建模拟地下水对岩石长期侵蚀的试验环境，采用了特定浓度（单位为mol•L－1）的CaCl2溶液与稀盐酸作为腐蚀介质，以实现对自然腐蚀过程的有效再现。
将干燥后的试样分别浸入pH＝4.8的盐酸溶液和蒸馏水中，以蒸馏水作为对照，在真空饱和器内强制饱和24 h，在酸性环境中分别侵蚀0 d（未侵蚀，对照组）、30 d、60 d、90 d，并定期补充盐酸溶液，以模拟酸性介质对岩石的持续侵蚀作用。
2　试验结果与分析
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2.1　变形破坏特征
在三轴压缩加载过程中，岩石试样通常发生的破坏形式为倾斜贯穿的裂缝，同时还伴有沿层理倾角方向发生的剪滑破裂特征，如图2所示。
具体而言，对于层理倾角为30°的岩样，裂隙沿层理方向斜向贯通，并可见X形次生裂隙。在化学溶液持续侵蚀的过程中，裂隙逐步向层理界面聚集。对于层理倾角为60°的岩样，裂隙多沿层理方向扩展，形成片状剥离特征。随着腐蚀作用的加深，原本分散分布的裂缝趋于集中，原有的多条穿透性裂隙逐渐连接、演变为数量较少但更明显的层间裂缝结构。层理为90°倾角的岩样在未侵蚀及侵蚀30 d时，主要表现为X形共轭斜面剪切破坏，试样较为破碎；随着侵蚀时间的增加，60 d和90 d的岩样出现了斜向贯通和水平裂隙，裂隙逐步集中。总体来看，裂隙发育明显受层理倾角的影响，化学溶液的侵蚀加速了层间滑移的作用，导致裂隙逐渐显现和集中。
2.2　应力-应变曲线特征
化学溶液的侵蚀显著破坏了炭质板岩的层间结构与内部组织，降低了颗粒间的胶结强度，导致岩石内部逐渐松散，进而引起试样物理力学性能的明显劣化（见图3）。在相同层理倾角的条件下，随着侵蚀时间的延长，岩样的力学性能表现出如下变化：由脆性转为延性；峰值偏应力逐渐降低；轴向应变和径向应变明显增大。经过90 d的化学侵蚀，30°、60°和90°层理倾角试样的峰值偏应力分别降至未侵蚀状态下的66.32％、69.52％和62.40％，表明化学侵蚀使岩样软化并导致强度下降。进一步分析发现，在相同的侵蚀条件下，90°层理倾角的试样峰值偏应力最大，其次是60°层理倾角的试样，而30°层理倾角试样的峰值偏应力最低。具体来看，90°层理倾角试样的承载能力在自然状态和侵蚀90 d后，分别是30°层理倾角试样的182.48％和174.72％，这表明在高围压环境下，90°层理倾角试样具有最强的承载能力。此外，60°层理倾角试样的轴向和径向应变变化表现出不同的规律，其应变值明显大于30°和90°层理倾角的试样。结合宏观破裂特征，沿层理剥落的片状岩样是导致60°层理倾角试样轴向和径向应变较大的主要原因。
3　拓展工况条件数值模拟分析
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3.1　数值模型构建
在常规三轴物理压缩试验中，试样通常被薄橡皮膜包裹，并置于充满液体的圆柱形容器内。通过调节容器内液体的压力，可对试样施加围压。然而，在离散元法（DEM）的三轴压缩模拟试验中，常采用刚性结构（如wall-facet）作为轴向和径向的加载边界。这种刚性结构在计算过程中被视为刚体，与颗粒间接触为刚性接触，自身不可形变或破坏，忽略了膜体自身的力学响应及其与试样之间可能出现的滑移、鼓胀、局部分离等实际物理现象，导致边界应力传递路径失真，进而影响整体应力－应变响应的数值预测精度，与物理实际不符。
采用传统刚性wall作为径向加载边界存在显著局限性。刚性wall无法变形，其约束导致试样无法表现出物理试验中柔性膜所引起的径向弹塑性应变行为，从而使模拟结果与实际情况存在较大偏差。此外，刚性wall的径向约束会限制试样的径向变形，无法再现物理试验中常见的鼓胀变形及局部径向非均匀应变，影响对试样真实力学行为的准确模拟。
为克服这些问题，部分学者尝试通过将颗粒连接成线（2D），即采用颗粒间的柔性连接代替刚性wall。尽管这一方法在一定程度上改善了柔性加载效果，但仍难以有效模拟柔性膜的厚度、密度及杨氏模量等真实物理特性，从而影响模拟的准确性。
相比之下，基于连续－非连续耦合数值模拟方法，采用改进后的柔性shell作为径向加载边界（见图4），可更精确地再现柔性膜的关键物理特性，如厚度t、密度ρ和弹性模量E，使数值模拟结果更接近实际情况。
柔性shell允许试样在径向加载下发生变形和应变，能够更真实地反映径向弹塑性应变行为，从而提供更准确的力学响应。Shell结构替代wall-facet的过程中，在相同应力加载条件下，shell结构应能承受与原wall-facet结构相同的法向和切向反力总和。因此，采用柔性shell作为径向加载边界能够克服传统刚性wall的局限性，提高数值模拟的精度和适用性，更适用于工程软岩三轴压缩模拟试验。
3.2　接触参数校核
将图2中60°层理倾角试样不同侵蚀时长下的物理试验结果与数值试验结果（见图5）进行对比，通过试错法不断调整DEM接触参数（见表1）中层内岩石颗粒以及层间岩石颗粒的参数取值，当试样三轴压缩最终形态与峰值抗压力学强度均与物理试验结果一致时，认为该接触参数适配性较好，满足标定需求。
表1中颗粒间真实物理参数（密度、孔隙率等）基于物理试验结果测试获得，颗粒间细观参数基于常规DEM模拟工程经验及物理与数值试验结果对比获得。核心理念是通过DEM数值建模及试错法参数标定，建立颗粒体系宏观力学行为与微观接触参数之间有效对应关系的过程。
3.3　力学属性演化规律
由于物理试验中岩石试样的非均质性和离散性，可满足试验标准的有效完整试样数量有限。因此，基于上述已开展的部分工况下三轴物理压缩试验，扩展开展更多层理倾角条件下的三轴数值试验，层理倾角分别设计为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°，化学侵蚀时间分别设计为0 d、30 d、60 d、90 d，扩展工况下试样峰值强度变化规律如图6所示。通过细化层理倾角的三轴压缩试验结果，可进一步明确受层理倾角影响下炭质板岩的力学响应特性变化趋势。
在三轴压缩条件下，炭质板岩的层理倾角显著影响岩石的力学特性，呈现出先降后增的变化趋势，层理倾角为15°~45°时，岩石峰值强度最低。这一现象的根本原因在于层理结构对应力分布、裂纹扩展及破坏模式起主导作用。从岩石力学和固体力学角度来看，层理结构的存在改变了岩石的均质性，使其在不同倾角下表现出各异的力学行为。尤其在层理倾角为15°~45°时，最大剪应力方向与层理面取向接近，导致剪切滑移成为主要破坏模式，同时局部应力集中诱导复杂的裂纹扩展，使试样承载能力显著下降。
在化学酸性侵蚀方面，层理炭质板岩的损伤软化机理主要表现为化学－力学耦合作用下矿物溶解与结构弱化。酸性溶液中的H+与炭质板岩内白云母发生水解反应，导致矿物晶格破坏及胶结物溶蚀。该过程引发微裂隙发育与层理面黏聚力降低，形成化学损伤。酸性离子优先沿层理渗透，加速裂隙扩展和矿物分解，化学侵蚀呈现局部集中特征。化学损伤导致岩石内部摩擦角下降、黏聚力损失及弹性模量劣化，最终使峰值强度随侵蚀时间延长呈现出指数型衰减趋势，且层理倾角越大，强度劣化速率越高。
在相同化学侵蚀条件下，受层理倾角影响，试样峰值强度最大值与最小值相差1.73~2.22倍。而在相同层理倾角条件下，受化学侵蚀影响，试样的峰值强度特征表现为非线性损失变化趋势，峰值强度较侵蚀前降低了36％~44％，最大损失量为侵蚀前的59％~66％。由此认为，层理倾角与化学侵蚀对炭质板岩试样的三轴压缩力学行为均存在较强的影响，且层理倾角较化学侵蚀环境对试样峰值强度的影响更为显著。在工程实践中，首先应关注层理倾角对炭质板岩等工程软岩的影响，其次应重视受化学侵蚀影响下的峰值抗压强度损失效应。
在应力分布与破坏机制方面，层理倾角的变化影响岩石内部应力重分布及主应力方向与层理面之间的作用关系。加载过程中主应力沿层理面发生分解，形成法向应力σn和剪切应力τ。当倾角为30°~45°时，层理面上的法向应力降低，使得剪切强度下降，而剪切应力达到极值，促使沿层理面滑移破坏。剪切作用导致层理端部应力集中，形成局部拉应力区，诱导翼形裂纹萌生，并在加载方向扩展。同时，层理面内的局部滑移产生剪切裂纹，进一步削弱岩石结构。此外，在局部应力释放过程中，还可能形成张拉裂纹，加速整体失稳破坏。这些裂纹模式的协同作用，使30°~45°倾角下岩石表现出最低峰值强度。
在三轴力学特性及峰值强度的变化规律上，层理倾角控制了岩石的破坏模式。当层理倾角为0°~15°时，岩石主要表现为层间分层与局部压溃，强度较高；当层理倾角为30°~45°时，剪切滑移破坏占主导地位，试件峰值强度最低，破坏模式由翼形裂纹、剪切裂纹和张拉裂纹共同决定；当层理倾角为60°~90°时，破坏模式向张拉劈裂转变，强度有所恢复。这一规律揭示了层理结构在控制岩石力学性能中的关键作用，即当剪切滑移成为主导破坏模式时，岩石的承载能力达到最低。模拟结果表明，当炭质板岩的层理倾角在15°~45°范围时，峰值应力表现出明显的降低趋势。在工程应用中，当巷道边墙区域炭质板沿层理面与最大主应力方向夹角为15°~45°时，易表现出更为明显的结构控制破坏特征，显著削弱了围岩的整体稳定性。由此，需要在上述条件下重点关注层理炭质板岩应力－应变变形特征，适当加强或加密支护结构强度，做好大变形灾害防控措施，可为工程建设中稳定性分析提供理论依据。
4　结论
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本文对受化学侵蚀条件下不同层理倾角的炭质板岩岩样开展了三轴压缩力学特性物理试验与数值模拟试验，分析了其破坏形态、应力－应变特征及峰值强度变化规律，得到以下主要结论。
（1）层理结构对炭质板岩三轴压缩破坏特征和峰值强度等力学行为具有显著影响。随着层理倾角逐渐增大，层理炭质板岩试样的峰值强度呈现出先降后增的变化趋势。在15°~45°倾角时，由于层理端部应力集中，形成局部拉应力区，翼形裂纹萌生，形成峰值强度低谷。因此在巷道开挖过程中，需重点关注层理面与最大主应力方向夹角呈15°~45°的炭质板岩边墙，加强巷道支护。
（2）化学场酸性环境对层状炭质板岩三轴压缩力学行为具有加速损伤作用，酸性环境导致层状炭质板岩强度弱化，试样三轴峰值强度与酸性化学侵蚀时长呈负相关关系。尤其是在90 d长期化学场侵蚀作用下，化学侵蚀后试件峰值强度较侵蚀前降低了36％~44％。
（3）建立了DEM连续－非连续界面耦合计算模型，改进了三轴试验数值模型中柔性膜的真实参数，开展了不同层状倾角的炭质板岩三轴压缩试验。为层状炭质板岩试样三轴数值试验提供了一种有益的数值模型探索。
基金
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  • 湖南省交通运输科技进步与创新计划项目(202308)
文献
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间：2025-04-28
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-28
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湖南省交通运输科技进步与创新计划项目(202308)
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    中铁十六局集团第三工程有限公司，浙江 湖州市　313000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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