Article(id=1322164855226876541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734624000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158266120, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158266120, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158266120, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158266120, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164858859143806, articleId=1322164855226876541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Gobi Sand-Tailings Synergistic Cemented Filling Body in a Mine and Optimization of Neural Network Prediction Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of high filling cost and poor process stability caused by insufficient tailings production in a mine, the mechanical and rheological properties of Gobi sand-tailings synergistic filling body were studied. The effects of slurry mass concentration (74%, 76%, 78%), cement-sand ratio (1∶6, 1∶8, 1∶10, 1∶12), Gobi sand content (0, 10%, 20%, 30%) and curing age (3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d) on the compressive strength of filling body and the transport resistance of filling slurry were discussed. Based on the MATLAB platform, the Random Forest (RF) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were constructed to predict the compressive strength of the filling body. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of filling body increases with the increase of slurry mass concentration, curing age and cement-sand ratio, and increases first and then tends to be stable with the increase of Gobi sand content. The transport resistance of filling slurry increases with the increase of slurry mass concentration, and decreases first and then increases with the increase of Gobi sand content. According to the uniaxial compressive strength of the filling body and the slurry transport resistance, the optimal content of Gobi sand is 20%. In the neural network model, the prediction accuracy of the CNN model is better than that of the RF model, determination coefficient R2=0.970 34, the average absolute error MAE=0.101 81, and the error between the predicted value and the experimental value is 0-10.53%. The research results can provide reference for the collaborative utilization of low-grade aggregate and the reduction of filling cost in the same type of mines.

, authors=Jie FAN1, 2, Ke JIANG1, 2, 3, Shuo LIU3, Lei HE4, Liang PENG1, 2, Weiqing MA4, Weipeng LYU1, 2, Wei LIU1, 2, authorsList=Jie FAN, Ke JIANG, Shuo LIU, Lei HE, Liang PENG, Weiqing MA, Weipeng LYU, Wei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164861740630669, articleId=1322164855226876541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某矿戈壁砂–尾砂协同胶结充填体力学与流变性能研究及神经网络预测模型优化, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对某矿尾砂产量不足导致充填成本高、工艺稳定性差的问题,研究了戈壁砂–尾砂协同充填体的力学与流变性能,探讨了料浆质量浓度(74%、76%、78%)、灰砂比(1∶6、1∶8、1∶10、1∶12)、戈壁砂掺量(0、10%、20%、30%)及养护龄期(3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d)对充填体抗压强度及充填料浆输送阻力的影响。基于MATLAB平台构建了的随机森林(RF)与卷积神经网络(CNN)模型,预测了充填体抗压强度。结果表明:充填体单轴抗压强度随着料浆质量浓度、养护龄期和灰砂比的增大而提高,随着戈壁砂掺量的增大先逐渐提高后趋于稳定;充填料浆输送阻力随着料浆质量浓度的提高而增大,随着戈壁砂掺量的增大呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势;综合充填体单轴抗压强度和料浆输送阻力可知,戈壁砂的最优掺量为20%。在神经网络模型中,CNN模型预测精度优于RF模型,其决定系数R2=0.970 34,平均绝对误差MAE=0.101 81,预测值与试验值之间的误差为0~10.53%。研究结果可为同类型矿山低品位骨料的协同利用与充填成本的降低提供参考。

, authors=凡杰1, 2, 江科1, 2, 3, 刘硕3, 何磊4, 彭亮1, 2, 马维清4, 吕伟鹏1, 2, 刘伟1, 2, authorsList=凡杰, 江科, 刘硕, 何磊, 彭亮, 马维清, 吕伟鹏, 刘伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=江科, authorNote=

凡杰(1989—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全管理工作。E-mail:

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江科(1992—),男,湖北天门人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全管理工作。E-mail:
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The Journal of Engineering, 2019 (13): 19-23., articleTitle=Visual prediction of gas diffusion concentration based on regression analysis and BP neural network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322164871047791338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, awardId=2024GZKJ04, language=CN, fundingSource=中国五矿集团有限公司全国重点实验室专项资金项目(2024GZKJ04), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322164862000677518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164862009066127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, companyId=1322164862000677518, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164862017454736, 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test results of basic physical properties of filling aggregate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填骨料真密度/(t/m3)堆积密度/(t/m3)松散孔隙率/%密实孔隙率/%
尾砂3.101.7562.1543.55
戈壁砂2.631.9440.8431.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322164868690592481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

充填骨料基本物理性质测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填骨料真密度/(t/m3)堆积密度/(t/m3)松散孔隙率/%密实孔隙率/%
尾砂3.101.7562.1543.55
戈壁砂2.631.9440.8431.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322164868770284258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Partiole size distribution of Gobi aggregate after crushing and screening

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粒径/mm体积占比/%累计体积占比/%
5~827.55100.00
2.5~522.9272.45
1.0~2.521.2149.53
0.5~1.06.6228.32
0.16~0.57.4721.70
0.025~0.166.6514.23
-0.0257.587.58
), ArticleFig(id=1322164868845781731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

破碎筛分后戈壁集料粒级分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/mm体积占比/%累计体积占比/%
5~827.55100.00
2.5~522.9272.45
1.0~2.521.2149.53
0.5~1.06.6228.32
0.16~0.57.4721.70
0.025~0.166.6514.23
-0.0257.587.58
), ArticleFig(id=1322164868925473508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of L tube rheological tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
戈壁砂掺量/%灰砂比料浆质量浓度/%料浆输送阻力/(MPa/km)屈服应力/Pa黏性系数η/(Pa•s)
30740.938 914.546 90.188 6
1∶6760.885 123.542 50.021 5
781.419 635.203 20.075 1
740.925 512.655 50.212 7
1∶12761.007 424.951 20.053 8
781.988 547.933 50.040 2
20740.494 38.470 60.086 4
1∶6760.688 319.018 10.005 4
781.794 236.799 50.304 2
740.376 28.241 30.037 2
1∶12760.757 215.089 10.098 7
781.163 332.232 40.007 7
10740.382 69.125 90.026 0
1∶6760.591 516.542 50.001 5
780.765 821.367 10.002 7
740.929 713.295 90.204 4
1∶12760.639 916.242 60.027 9
781.114 331.227 50.001 8
0740.393 65.368 30.090 7
1∶6760.357 79.281 10.012 4
781.094 929.253 70.024 5
740.298 35.345 30.048 4
1∶12760.607 18.874 70.130 4
780.800 011.834 90.169 6
), ArticleFig(id=1322164869013553893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

L管流变试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
戈壁砂掺量/%灰砂比料浆质量浓度/%料浆输送阻力/(MPa/km)屈服应力/Pa黏性系数η/(Pa•s)
30740.938 914.546 90.188 6
1∶6760.885 123.542 50.021 5
781.419 635.203 20.075 1
740.925 512.655 50.212 7
1∶12761.007 424.951 20.053 8
781.988 547.933 50.040 2
20740.494 38.470 60.086 4
1∶6760.688 319.018 10.005 4
781.794 236.799 50.304 2
740.376 28.241 30.037 2
1∶12760.757 215.089 10.098 7
781.163 332.232 40.007 7
10740.382 69.125 90.026 0
1∶6760.591 516.542 50.001 5
780.765 821.367 10.002 7
740.929 713.295 90.204 4
1∶12760.639 916.242 60.027 9
781.114 331.227 50.001 8
0740.393 65.368 30.090 7
1∶6760.357 79.281 10.012 4
781.094 929.253 70.024 5
740.298 35.345 30.048 4
1∶12760.607 18.874 70.130 4
780.800 011.834 90.169 6
), ArticleFig(id=1322164869084857062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of uniaxial compressive strength tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号戈壁砂掺量/%灰砂比料浆质量浓度/%试块各龄期强度/MPa
3 d7 d14 d28 d
1301∶6781.472.473.795.09
21∶6761.251.932.863.72
31∶6741.241.862.412.87
41∶8781.291.512.232.98
51∶8760.931.392.032.43
61∶8740.861.221.862.02
71∶10780.781.281.772.92
81∶10760.611.041.562.71
91∶10740.320.771.652.51
101∶12780.671.181.411.67
111∶12760.420.511.121.35
121∶12740.170.471.071.20
13201∶6781.872.663.765.20
141∶6761.562.273.043.89
151∶6741.391.962.843.22
161∶8781.491.752.473.18
171∶8760.871.361.902.48
181∶8740.801.221.652.26
191∶10780.941.672.412.98
201∶10760.761.351.952.34
211∶10740.550.831.271.72
221∶12780.761.331.521.88
231∶12760.480.651.171.79
241∶12740.370.591.231.61
25101∶6781.431.802.182.77
261∶6761.101.301.442.30
271∶6740.720.861.211.57
281∶8780.811.331.802.67
291∶8760.651.201.482.20
301∶8740.570.840.911.24
311∶10780.581.732.102.67
321∶10760.420.951.131.53
331∶10740.310.861.011.17
341∶12780.530.881.171.68
351∶12760.340.720.971.23
361∶12740.280.560.781.01
3701∶6780.591.151.451.89
381∶6760.570.971.201.70
391∶6740.420.620.801.10
401∶8780.510.680.731.03
411∶8760.380.470.660.89
421∶8740.330.410.570.82
431∶10780.340.420.560.83
441∶10760.230.330.420.73
451∶10740.280.220.310.58
461∶12780.220.450.480.84
471∶12760.150.230.360.52
481∶12740.120.160.250.51
), ArticleFig(id=1322164869164548839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单轴抗压强度试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号戈壁砂掺量/%灰砂比料浆质量浓度/%试块各龄期强度/MPa
3 d7 d14 d28 d
1301∶6781.472.473.795.09
21∶6761.251.932.863.72
31∶6741.241.862.412.87
41∶8781.291.512.232.98
51∶8760.931.392.032.43
61∶8740.861.221.862.02
71∶10780.781.281.772.92
81∶10760.611.041.562.71
91∶10740.320.771.652.51
101∶12780.671.181.411.67
111∶12760.420.511.121.35
121∶12740.170.471.071.20
13201∶6781.872.663.765.20
141∶6761.562.273.043.89
151∶6741.391.962.843.22
161∶8781.491.752.473.18
171∶8760.871.361.902.48
181∶8740.801.221.652.26
191∶10780.941.672.412.98
201∶10760.761.351.952.34
211∶10740.550.831.271.72
221∶12780.761.331.521.88
231∶12760.480.651.171.79
241∶12740.370.591.231.61
25101∶6781.431.802.182.77
261∶6761.101.301.442.30
271∶6740.720.861.211.57
281∶8780.811.331.802.67
291∶8760.651.201.482.20
301∶8740.570.840.911.24
311∶10780.581.732.102.67
321∶10760.420.951.131.53
331∶10740.310.861.011.17
341∶12780.530.881.171.68
351∶12760.340.720.971.23
361∶12740.280.560.781.01
3701∶6780.591.151.451.89
381∶6760.570.971.201.70
391∶6740.420.620.801.10
401∶8780.510.680.731.03
411∶8760.380.470.660.89
421∶8740.330.410.570.82
431∶10780.340.420.560.83
441∶10760.230.330.420.73
451∶10740.280.220.310.58
461∶12780.220.450.480.84
471∶12760.150.230.360.52
481∶12740.120.160.250.51
), ArticleFig(id=1322164869240046312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of predicted sample data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比质量浓度/%戈壁砂掺量/%养护龄期/d试验值/MPaCNN模型RF模型
预测值/MPa误差/%预测值/MPa误差/%
1∶10781030.580.555.170.5210.34
1∶676030.570.6310.530.6412.28
1∶10763071.040.967.691.1611.54
1∶12743030.170.165.880.185.88
1∶12741030.280.280.000.273.57
1∶1074030.280.293.570.307.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322164869319738089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164855226876541, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

预测样本数据结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比质量浓度/%戈壁砂掺量/%养护龄期/d试验值/MPaCNN模型RF模型
预测值/MPa误差/%预测值/MPa误差/%
1∶10781030.580.555.170.5210.34
1∶676030.570.6310.530.6412.28
1∶10763071.040.967.691.1611.54
1∶12743030.170.165.880.185.88
1∶12741030.280.280.000.273.57
1∶1074030.280.293.570.307.14
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某矿戈壁砂–尾砂协同胶结充填体力学与流变性能研究及神经网络预测模型优化
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凡杰 1, 2 , 江科 1, 2, 3 , 刘硕 3 , 何磊 4 , 彭亮 1, 2 , 马维清 4 , 吕伟鹏 1, 2 , 刘伟 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 83-90
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 83 -90
某矿戈壁砂–尾砂协同胶结充填体力学与流变性能研究及神经网络预测模型优化
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凡杰1, 2 , 江科1, 2, 3 , 刘硕3, 何磊4, 彭亮1, 2, 马维清4, 吕伟鹏1, 2, 刘伟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 4.中国华冶科工集团有限公司,北京 100176
通讯作者:
江科(1992—),男,湖北天门人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全管理工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

凡杰(1989—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全管理工作。E-mail:

Study on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Gobi Sand-Tailings Synergistic Cemented Filling Body in a Mine and Optimization of Neural Network Prediction Model
Jie FAN1, 2 , Ke JIANG1, 2, 3 , Shuo LIU3, Lei HE4, Liang PENG1, 2, Weiqing MA4, Weipeng LYU1, 2, Wei LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Safety Technology for Metal Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 4.China Huaye Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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针对某矿尾砂产量不足导致充填成本高、工艺稳定性差的问题,研究了戈壁砂–尾砂协同充填体的力学与流变性能,探讨了料浆质量浓度(74%、76%、78%)、灰砂比(1∶6、1∶8、1∶10、1∶12)、戈壁砂掺量(0、10%、20%、30%)及养护龄期(3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d)对充填体抗压强度及充填料浆输送阻力的影响。基于MATLAB平台构建了的随机森林(RF)与卷积神经网络(CNN)模型,预测了充填体抗压强度。结果表明:充填体单轴抗压强度随着料浆质量浓度、养护龄期和灰砂比的增大而提高,随着戈壁砂掺量的增大先逐渐提高后趋于稳定;充填料浆输送阻力随着料浆质量浓度的提高而增大,随着戈壁砂掺量的增大呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势;综合充填体单轴抗压强度和料浆输送阻力可知,戈壁砂的最优掺量为20%。在神经网络模型中,CNN模型预测精度优于RF模型,其决定系数R2=0.970 34,平均绝对误差MAE=0.101 81,预测值与试验值之间的误差为0~10.53%。研究结果可为同类型矿山低品位骨料的协同利用与充填成本的降低提供参考。

戈壁砂–尾砂协同胶结充填体  /  力学特性  /  输送阻力  /  神经网络  /  预测分析

Aiming at the problem of high filling cost and poor process stability caused by insufficient tailings production in a mine, the mechanical and rheological properties of Gobi sand-tailings synergistic filling body were studied. The effects of slurry mass concentration (74%, 76%, 78%), cement-sand ratio (1∶6, 1∶8, 1∶10, 1∶12), Gobi sand content (0, 10%, 20%, 30%) and curing age (3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d) on the compressive strength of filling body and the transport resistance of filling slurry were discussed. Based on the MATLAB platform, the Random Forest (RF) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were constructed to predict the compressive strength of the filling body. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of filling body increases with the increase of slurry mass concentration, curing age and cement-sand ratio, and increases first and then tends to be stable with the increase of Gobi sand content. The transport resistance of filling slurry increases with the increase of slurry mass concentration, and decreases first and then increases with the increase of Gobi sand content. According to the uniaxial compressive strength of the filling body and the slurry transport resistance, the optimal content of Gobi sand is 20%. In the neural network model, the prediction accuracy of the CNN model is better than that of the RF model, determination coefficient R2=0.970 34, the average absolute error MAE=0.101 81, and the error between the predicted value and the experimental value is 0-10.53%. The research results can provide reference for the collaborative utilization of low-grade aggregate and the reduction of filling cost in the same type of mines.

Gobi sand-tailings synergistic cemented filling body  /  Mechanical property  /  Transport resistance  /  Neural network  /  Predictive analysis
凡杰, 江科, 刘硕, 何磊, 彭亮, 马维清, 吕伟鹏, 刘伟. 某矿戈壁砂–尾砂协同胶结充填体力学与流变性能研究及神经网络预测模型优化. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 83 -90 .
Jie FAN, Ke JIANG, Shuo LIU, Lei HE, Liang PENG, Weiqing MA, Weipeng LYU, Wei LIU. Study on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Gobi Sand-Tailings Synergistic Cemented Filling Body in a Mine and Optimization of Neural Network Prediction Model[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 83 -90 .
充填采矿法是将矿山开采过程中产生的固体废料(主要是尾砂)回填至采空区的一种采矿方法[1-2]。近年来,该方法在金属矿山行业中得到了广泛应用,且在减少地表沉降和控制采场地压方面发挥了重要作用。充填料浆的可输送性[3-6]和充填体的强度及稳定性是该技术的关键,既要能将充填料顺利输送到井下空区,又要能支撑围岩和控制地压,以便为后续回采作业提供稳定的顶板或工作平台。
目前,学者们针对充填料浆流动特性开展了众多试验研究,包括流变仪、L管试验、环管试验、工业试验以及数值模拟等,并取得了丰富的成果[7-8]。传统的充填体强度测试方法多依赖于单轴抗压强度试验,随着试验手段的不断进步,国内外学者引入了三轴压缩试验、直剪试验以及扫描电镜(SEM)等微观结构分析方法,能够更全面地评估充填体的强度特性和失效机理[9-11]。这些方法提供了更加精确的力学性能数据,有助于揭示充填体在不同环境条件下的力学特性,但在实际应用中,仍主要以充填体单轴抗压强度来表征其力学性能。
充填体强度和流变性的室内试验通常耗费大量的人力物力资源。为此,学者们提出了多种预测方法。刘恒亮等[12]、徐淼斐等[13]、董越等[14]、何荣军等[15]基于神经网络模型开展了充填体强度预测研究并取得了一定的优化效果,特别是在充填料浆配比优化方面。然而,这些研究大多采用了单目标优化策略,缺乏对多目标优化问题的深入探讨。此外,还有许多模型未能系统整合单因素与多因素的拟合分析及充分的相关性检验[16-18],导致预测误差较大,限制了模型的可行性和实际应用价值。
某矿山受矿石品位低和选矿工艺限制,尾砂产量难以满足充填需求,导致充填作业面临原料短缺的难题。若单独使用尾砂,不仅无法满足需求,还会增加胶凝材料消耗和充填成本。为降低充填成本并保证工艺稳定性,该矿引入加工后的戈壁集料作为补充骨料,以缓解尾砂短缺问题。同时,通过优化料浆配比,以提高料浆的输送性能及充填体强度和稳定性。
本文以该矿采用的戈壁砂–尾砂混合物为研究对象,开展了戈壁砂–尾砂协同胶结充填体的力学特性与流变性研究,并结合神经网络模型进行了充填体性能的预测分析。通过单因素控制试验和相关性检验,揭示了各因素对充填料浆流变性和充填体强度的影响规律,基于此构建并验证的MATLAB神经网络模型能够在多种条件下高精度预测充填体抗压强度,为后续工程中快速确定充填体强度影响因素提供量化手段,同时为类似矿山建立充填体强度预测模型提供了新思路。
试验所用充填骨料包括尾砂和戈壁砂,其中尾砂全部取自该矿原生矿开采产生的废渣,经自然晒至气干状态后混合均匀,装袋备用,粗骨料为矿山周边戈壁砂,经破碎处理后粒径控制在5 mm以内。胶凝材料采用矿山现行使用的P•O 42.5水泥,试验用水采用该矿生产用水。参照《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 50123—2019)相关要求,对尾砂及戈壁砂的基本物理性质进行测定,结果见表1。
尾砂粒级分布曲线如图1所示。由图1可知,尾砂样品粒径在211.044 μm以下,粒径小于74 μm(-200目)颗粒占比为96%左右,尾砂粒径小于7.637 μm的颗粒占比约为50%,中间粒径占比较多,两端粒径占比较小,级配良好。破碎后戈壁集料的粒径组成见表2。由表2可知,2.5~5 mm粒径的戈壁集料占22.92%,1.0~2.5 mm粒径的戈壁集料占21.21%,0.5~1.0 mm粒径的戈壁集料占6.62%,0.5 mm以下粒径的戈壁集料占21.70%。
加工后戈壁集料的粒径分布属于间断级配的充填骨料,为实现膏体充填,需要膏体料浆在管道中呈现结构流,在低流速或零流速时,不产生离析沉降,破碎后戈壁集料不适合单独使用,需要添加尾砂混合,以确保充填料中有足够多的细颗粒含量,一般要求-20 μm细颗粒含量大于15%。
试验中使用的主要设备包括:HM-5030压力试验机,用于测试充填体单轴抗压和抗拉强度;Mastersizer 3000激光粒度分析仪,用于分析尾砂和水泥的粒径分布;精度不低于0.01 g的电子秤;JBY-40B型标准养护箱,用于试块的养护;NRJ-411A型水泥胶砂搅拌机,用于料浆的均匀混合。
参照《全尾砂膏体充填技术规范》(GB/T 39489—2020),确定充填料浆质量浓度分别为78%、76%、74%,以1∶6、1∶8、1∶10和1∶12的灰砂比,以及0、10%、20%和30%的戈壁砂添加比进行配比试验。按照设计配制分别称取一定质量的尾砂、戈壁砂、水泥和水,加入搅拌桶内进行充分搅拌,制备成充填料浆,然后浇入规格为7.07 cm×7.07 cm×7.07 cm的三联试模中,并将标准三联试模放置在标准养护箱内养护。参照《水泥胶砂强度检验方法(ISO法)》(GB/T 17671—2021)进行试块制备及养护,待试块凝固后脱模,继续置于标准养护箱内养护,养护条件设为:温度(20±2)℃,湿度90%。养护龄期达到3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d后,分别进行单轴抗压强度测试,每组取3个试块,以其平均值作为最终强度。
为了更清晰地反映料浆流变性与充填体强度之间的耦合关系[19],减少不必要的试验工作量,在进行L管流变试验时,灰砂比只选择1∶6和1∶12,结合料浆实际输送需要,选定管道内径为150 mm、流量为100 m3/h进行阻力计算。同步制作不同质量浓度、不同戈壁砂掺量的戈壁砂–尾砂充填料浆及对应试块。以灰砂比、戈壁集料掺量、料浆质量浓度为变量,通过L型管道自流输送试验,测定充填料浆的屈服应力τ0和黏性系数μ,从而得到料浆输送阻力,试验结果见表3。待试块养护至规定龄期后,按照充填体强度试验测试方法进行单轴抗压强度测试,试验结果见表4。
根据L管自流输送试验数据,绘制料浆输送阻力分析图(见图2)。由图2可知,随着料浆质量浓度的增加,投影点的高度逐渐升高,表明料浆输送阻力随料浆质量浓度的提高而增大。分析认为,料浆质量浓度越高,料浆中固体颗粒的含量越大,输送阻力也随之增大。
此外,在戈壁砂掺量为0~30%范围内,随着戈壁砂掺量的增加,料浆输送阻力呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。其原因在于少量戈壁砂的加入减少了尾砂细颗粒之间的摩擦力,从而降低料浆整体输送阻力。但随着戈壁砂掺量的进一步增加,戈壁砂颗粒逐渐占据更多体积,大颗粒戈壁集料与细颗粒尾砂之间的相互作用增强,导致料浆黏度大幅升高,从而使料浆输送阻力反向增大[20]。此外,较高的灰砂比和水泥掺量也会导致料浆黏度增大,最终表现为输送阻力增加。
对戈壁砂掺量为0~30%,灰砂比为1∶6、1∶12,料浆质量浓度为74%、76%、78%的充填体试样的单轴抗压强度进行分析,结果如图3所示。
从图3可以看出,养护龄期对充填体单轴抗压强度有显著影响,在相同试验条件下,充填体的抗压强度随养护龄期增加而增大,主要原因是胶凝材料水化反应逐渐深入,形成了高强度的C-S-H凝胶。
随着戈壁砂掺量增加,充填体单轴抗压强度先增加后趋于稳定。分析认为,戈壁砂的添加改善了充填体结构稳定性和骨架作用,显著增强了充填体抗压强度;但当戈壁砂掺量过多时,颗粒间的相互作用失效,孔隙率增加,导致充填体抗压强度趋于平缓甚至下降。
随着料浆质量浓度降低,充填体单轴抗压强度显著减小。这是因为料浆质量浓度较低时,骨料掺量较少,充填体内部结构疏松、孔隙率增大,其整体强度削弱,易发生破裂或塑性变形。此外,料浆质量浓度较低时,充填体中的水分和未反应成分也影响充填体强度稳定性,导致其抗压强度波动。
综上所述,戈壁砂的加入在一定程度上降低了料浆的黏结强度和流动性,表现为输送阻力先减小后增大。因此,适量的戈壁砂掺量可优化料浆流动性能。
对比表3与表4可知,料浆输送阻力与充填体抗压强度间存在显著耦合效应,料浆质量浓度与戈壁砂掺量在调控充填体强度的同时,也对其流变行为产生显著影响。分析认为,料浆质量浓度升高会使料浆屈服应力与黏度显著增大,导致输送阻力升高;而固相含量增加可促进水化生成更多C-S-H凝胶,提升充填体结构的致密度,最终使充填体抗压强度同步提高。
从戈壁砂掺量来看,当掺量处于10%~20%区间时,料浆体系中的颗粒级配最优,粗细颗粒形成良好的骨架支撑结构,孔隙率降低,既能保障料浆具备良好流动性,又能使充填体实现较高抗压强度,达成“流动–强度”平衡。而当戈壁砂掺量超过20%时,粗颗粒占比过高会破坏“孔隙–水泥浆”体系的连续性,且细颗粒不足以填充粗颗粒间隙,不仅导致料浆流变性降低,还会使充填体强度明显下降。因此,戈壁砂的最优掺量为20%。
本研究选择灰砂比(X1)、料浆质量浓度(X2)、戈壁砂掺量(X3)和养护龄期(X4)作为4个输入变量参数,以平均单轴抗压强度(Y)为输出参数。为优化神经网络的训练过程,随机抽取30组数据作为测试集,其余数据作为训练集。使用MATLAB软件构建了随机森林(Random Forest,RF)和卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)两种神经网络模型[21-23],并进行性能对比分析。通过模型训练与学习,结合试验数据对比模型预测结果与实际试验结果的偏差,同时选取决定系数R2和平均绝对误差(MAE)作为评价指标,验证两种模型的预测准确性。
RF模型是一种基于决策树的集成学习方法,属于有监督的机器学习算法。其基本流程包括随机采样、构建决策树、集成决策树、进行预测以及评估模型性能。RF模型通过从原始训练集中随机有放回地抽取多个子集(即Bootstrap抽样),构建多个子数据集,并利用这些子数据集分别训练决策树。通过对大量决策树的预测结果进行分类和回归分析,来提高模型的预测精度。该方法通过集成多个决策树的预测结果,可有效避免单一决策树易过拟合的问题,提升了模型的泛化能力。
图4为RF模型的影响因素重要性排序。由图4可知,灰砂比对充填体强度的影响最大,其次是戈壁砂掺量,料浆质量浓度对充填体强度的影响最小。测试集数据的决定系数R2=0.901 27,平均绝对误差MAE=0.147 95。图5为RF模型误差曲线,可以直观地反映预测结果和实际结果之间的误差。由图5可知,预测误差随着决策数目的增加而降低,最后稳定在0.008左右,预测精度得到显著提升。需注意的是,尽管预测结果与实际值整体较为接近,但仍存在一定误差,部分数据区间出现了与真实值不符的凹凸点。这表明RF模型在某些情况下未能完全捕捉到数据的复杂性,推测是由于模型的拟合能力在特定数据场景下存在局限性。因此,需进一步优化模型结构或采用其他方法来改善预测精度。
CNN模型由输入层、卷积层、池化层、全连接层和输出层组成。CNN模型训练流程如图6所示,卷积层通过卷积操作自动提取输入数据的特征,池化层则对提取的特征进行下采样,以减少数据的维度和计算量,全连接层将提取到的特征映射到输出空间,随即生成预测结果,最后经过回归后输出预测值。在此过程中,数据平铺操作将卷积层的多维输出转换为一维向量,以便将其输入到全连接层,卷积层是CNN模型的核心部分,负责特征提取。模型包含4个自变量,卷积核大小设定为3×3。为提高模型训练准确性,在每次训练前都会随机打乱数据集,初始学习率设置为0.01,训练次数为2 400次,每经过600次训练后,学习率下降50%。
经过CNN模型训练后,测试集数据的决定系数R2=0.970 34,平均绝对误差MAE=0.101 81。真实值与CNN模型得到的预测值曲线如图7所示。由图7可知,预测值与真实值之间的误差较小,未出现明显的偏差或异常波动,表明CNN模型的预测能力较好。
选取表4中的6组试验所得单轴抗压强度,与CNN模型及RF模型得出的预测值进行对比分析,计算试验值与预测值之间的误差并取绝对值,结果见表5。从表5可以看出,在不同配比条件下,CNN模型预测值与试验值之间的最小误差为0,最大误差为10.53%;而RF模型预测值与试验值之间的最小误差为3.57%,最大误差为12.28%。因此,CNN模型的误差率更小,其预测准确性明显高于RF模型。
(1)本文研究分析了灰砂比、戈壁砂掺量、料浆质量浓度和养护龄期对充填体单轴抗压强度的影响。结果表明,充填体单轴抗压强度随着料浆质量浓度、养护龄期和灰砂比的增大而提高,随着戈壁砂掺量的增加先逐渐增大后趋于稳定。
(2)充填料浆输送阻力随着料浆质量浓度的提高而增大,随着戈壁砂掺量的增大呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。综合充填体单轴抗压强度和料浆输送阻力研究结果可知,戈壁砂的最优掺量为20%。
(3)神经网络预测模拟结果表明,CNN模型的决定系数R2 =0.970 34,平均绝对误差MAE=0.101 81;RF模型的决定系数R2=0.901 27,MAE=0.147 95。CNN模型得到的预测值与真实值之间的误差较小,预测能力较好,该模型能够为矿山充填配比的优化提供有效指导,从而在降低充填成本的同时,确保充填料浆输送过程的稳定性。
(4)通过对比分析单轴抗压强度试验结果与CNN模型和RF模型得到的预测值,得出CNN模型预测值与试验值之间的误差为0~10.53%,RF模型预测值与试验值之间的误差为3.57%~12.28%,进一步验证了CNN模型的预测准确性更高。
  • 中国五矿集团有限公司全国重点实验室专项资金项目(2024GZKJ04)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
基金
中国五矿集团有限公司全国重点实验室专项资金项目(2024GZKJ04)
作者信息
    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    4.中国华冶科工集团有限公司,北京 100176

通讯作者:

江科(1992—),男,湖北天门人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全管理工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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