Article(id=1322164831386452465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734796800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158260437, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158260437, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158260437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158260437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=33, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164831579390450, articleId=1322164831386452465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Influence of Endwall Roughness and Ore grading Condition on the Ore Drawing Effect of Non-Pillar Sublevel Caving Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influences of endwall roughness and ore grading condition on the ore drawing effect of non-pillar sublevel caving method, based on a single segment and single access ore drawing model, the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of rock structure surface was introduced to quantify the endwall roughness. Physical experiments were conducted under five types of endwall roughness and two types of ore grading conditions, and the changes in recovery rate, dilution rate, and release amount of ore, as well as the development characteristics of the release body morphology, were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the endwall roughness and the ore grading conditions have a significant impact on the flowability of the ore, thereby determining the variation characteristics of the recovery rate and dilution rate. As the proportion of fine particles in the ore grading and the endwall roughness decrease, the ore recovery rate shows an upward trend. The dilution rate shows a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again as both factors increase. When the content of fine particles is low and the JRC value is 0, the ore flowability is the optimal, the recovery rate is the highest at 75.15%, and the dilution rate is the lowest at 32.09%. In addition, reducing the proportion of fine particles in the ore grading and decreasing the endwall roughness can promote the development of the transverse axis length and suppress its height development of the ore release body, thereby increasing the ore recovery rate and optimizing the overall ore drawing indicators.

, authors=Zhitong HONG1, Zhiqiang ZHANG1, 2, Liang WANG1, Xuxiao MA1, Lu GAO1, Xinrong WANG1, 2, authorsList=Zhitong HONG, Zhiqiang ZHANG, Liang WANG, Xuxiao MA, Lu GAO, Xinrong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164837812126217, articleId=1322164831386452465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对无底柱分段崩落法放矿效果的影响, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对无底柱分段崩落法放矿效果的影响,基于单分段单进路放矿模型,引入岩体结构面粗糙度系数(Joint Roughness Coefficient,JRC)对端壁粗糙度进行量化,开展了5种端壁粗糙度与2种矿石级配条件下的物理试验,系统分析了矿石回采率、贫化率、矿岩放出量的变化规律与放出体形态发育特征。结果表明,端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对矿石流动性具有显著影响,进而决定了回采率与贫化率的变化特征。随着矿石级配中细小颗粒占比降低和端壁粗糙度的减小,矿石回采率呈上升趋势;贫化率则随二者增大呈现先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势。当细小颗粒含量较低且JRC值为0时,矿石流动性最佳,回采率最高,为75.15%,贫化率最低,为32.09%。此外,降低矿石级配中细小颗粒占比和减小端壁粗糙度,可促进放出体横向轴长发育,抑制其高度发育,进而提升矿石回采量,优化整体放矿指标。

, authors=洪芷彤1, 张治强1, 2, 王亮1, 马绪骁1, 高禄1, 王薪荣1, 2, authorsList=洪芷彤, 张治强, 王亮, 马绪骁, 高禄, 王薪荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张治强, authorNote=

洪芷彤(1999—),女,辽宁铁岭人,硕士研究生,主要从事金属矿床地下开采研究。E-mail:

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张治强(1971—),男,河南安阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事金属矿产资源开发教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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洪芷彤(1999—),女,辽宁铁岭人,硕士研究生,主要从事金属矿床地下开采研究。E-mail:

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洪芷彤(1999—),女,辽宁铁岭人,硕士研究生,主要从事金属矿床地下开采研究。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation curves of released amount of ore under different widths of release body, figureFileSmall=xI6WBZSEyyXQb4Dd/JXWKQ==, figureFileBig=rvqI/7gnHqmCRgV2L0Dygg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164845710000715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164831386452465, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同放出体宽度下的矿岩放出量变化曲线, figureFileSmall=xI6WBZSEyyXQb4Dd/JXWKQ==, figureFileBig=rvqI/7gnHqmCRgV2L0Dygg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164845785498188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164831386452465, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation curves of released amount of ore under the longitudinal axis length of 4.5 m, figureFileSmall=nBd49oKtWjHQ/2EfjD6OBQ==, figureFileBig=Wwqyu7RQ8+KDOOT5GjnJvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164845856801357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164831386452465, language=CN, label=图10, caption=4.5 m纵向轴长下的矿岩放出量变化曲线, figureFileSmall=nBd49oKtWjHQ/2EfjD6OBQ==, figureFileBig=Wwqyu7RQ8+KDOOT5GjnJvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164845944881742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164831386452465, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Schematic of morphological changes of release body, figureFileSmall=Sg3R6JnE28xqCyY6EVZ8ew==, figureFileBig=mEVfU19utrksZ7vfA4cdkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164845999407695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164831386452465, language=CN, label=图11, caption=放出体形态变化示意, figureFileSmall=Sg3R6JnE28xqCyY6EVZ8ew==, figureFileBig=mEVfU19utrksZ7vfA4cdkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164846062322256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164831386452465, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Grading composition of mineral rock partides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对应现场粒径/m试验粒径/mmA组矿石比例/%B组矿石比例/%废石比例/%
0~0.250~5105—
0.25~0.45~81510—
0.4~0.658~12506030
0.65~0.812~16152060
0.8~116~2010510
), ArticleFig(id=1322164846142014033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164831386452465, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿岩颗粒级配组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对应现场粒径/m试验粒径/mmA组矿石比例/%B组矿石比例/%废石比例/%
0~0.250~5105—
0.25~0.45~81510—
0.4~0.658~12506030
0.65~0.812~16152060
0.8~116~2010510
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端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对无底柱分段崩落法放矿效果的影响
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洪芷彤 1 , 张治强 1, 2 , 王亮 1 , 马绪骁 1 , 高禄 1 , 王薪荣 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 33-40
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 33 -40
端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对无底柱分段崩落法放矿效果的影响
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洪芷彤1 , 张治强1, 2 , 王亮1, 马绪骁1, 高禄1, 王薪荣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,辽宁 鞍山市 114051
  • 2.辽宁省金属矿产资源绿色开采工程研究中心,辽宁 鞍山市 114051
通讯作者:
张治强(1971—),男,河南安阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事金属矿产资源开发教学与研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

洪芷彤(1999—),女,辽宁铁岭人,硕士研究生,主要从事金属矿床地下开采研究。E-mail:

Influence of Endwall Roughness and Ore grading Condition on the Ore Drawing Effect of Non-Pillar Sublevel Caving Method
Zhitong HONG1 , Zhiqiang ZHANG1, 2 , Liang WANG1, Xuxiao MA1, Lu GAO1, Xinrong WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ming Engineering, University of Science and Technology-Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
  • 2.Engineering Research Center of Green Mining of Mental Mineral Resources Liaoning Province, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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为探究端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对无底柱分段崩落法放矿效果的影响,基于单分段单进路放矿模型,引入岩体结构面粗糙度系数(Joint Roughness Coefficient,JRC)对端壁粗糙度进行量化,开展了5种端壁粗糙度与2种矿石级配条件下的物理试验,系统分析了矿石回采率、贫化率、矿岩放出量的变化规律与放出体形态发育特征。结果表明,端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对矿石流动性具有显著影响,进而决定了回采率与贫化率的变化特征。随着矿石级配中细小颗粒占比降低和端壁粗糙度的减小,矿石回采率呈上升趋势;贫化率则随二者增大呈现先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势。当细小颗粒含量较低且JRC值为0时,矿石流动性最佳,回采率最高,为75.15%,贫化率最低,为32.09%。此外,降低矿石级配中细小颗粒占比和减小端壁粗糙度,可促进放出体横向轴长发育,抑制其高度发育,进而提升矿石回采量,优化整体放矿指标。

无底柱分段崩落法  /  端壁粗糙度  /  矿石级配条件  /  放矿效果  /  回采率

To investigate the influences of endwall roughness and ore grading condition on the ore drawing effect of non-pillar sublevel caving method, based on a single segment and single access ore drawing model, the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of rock structure surface was introduced to quantify the endwall roughness. Physical experiments were conducted under five types of endwall roughness and two types of ore grading conditions, and the changes in recovery rate, dilution rate, and release amount of ore, as well as the development characteristics of the release body morphology, were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the endwall roughness and the ore grading conditions have a significant impact on the flowability of the ore, thereby determining the variation characteristics of the recovery rate and dilution rate. As the proportion of fine particles in the ore grading and the endwall roughness decrease, the ore recovery rate shows an upward trend. The dilution rate shows a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again as both factors increase. When the content of fine particles is low and the JRC value is 0, the ore flowability is the optimal, the recovery rate is the highest at 75.15%, and the dilution rate is the lowest at 32.09%. In addition, reducing the proportion of fine particles in the ore grading and decreasing the endwall roughness can promote the development of the transverse axis length and suppress its height development of the ore release body, thereby increasing the ore recovery rate and optimizing the overall ore drawing indicators.

Non-pillar sublevel caving method  /  Endwall roughness  /  Ore grading condition  /  Ore drawing effect  /  Recovery rate
洪芷彤, 张治强, 王亮, 马绪骁, 高禄, 王薪荣. 端壁粗糙度与矿石级配条件对无底柱分段崩落法放矿效果的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 33 -40 .
Zhitong HONG, Zhiqiang ZHANG, Liang WANG, Xuxiao MA, Lu GAO, Xinrong WANG. Influence of Endwall Roughness and Ore grading Condition on the Ore Drawing Effect of Non-Pillar Sublevel Caving Method[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 33 -40 .
无底柱分段崩落法因其采场结构简单、开采效率高、对矿体适应性强等特点,在金属矿床开采中得到了广泛应用。据统计,我国通过无底柱分段崩落法开采出的铁矿石量约占国内地下铁矿开采总量的80%[1-4],但该方法实际应用中存在矿石损失贫化较大的问题。为了提高无底柱分段崩落法矿石回采率并降低损失贫化,乔登攀等[5]通过研究端部放矿条件下散体流动速度的分布规律,揭示了放矿口沿进路方向散体流动的有效作用范围,指出通过增加铲运机的铲入深度,有助于降低矿石在开采过程中的损失贫化指标;惠安社等[6]通过研究无底柱分段崩落法采场结构参数、放矿方式对矿石损失贫化的影响,提出了进一步提高无底柱分段崩落法生产效率的研究方向和措施;陶干强等[7]、王少林等[8]通过研究无底柱分段崩落法的采场结构参数对放矿效果的影响,确定了最优的结构参数组合;吴爱祥等[9]依据大间距结构参数的理论基础,采用了多分段立体放矿模型进行研究,确定了合理的采场结构参数,优化了放矿效果;张淦等[10]通过相似物理试验探究了不同放矿口尺寸对矿石损失贫化的影响,发现增加放矿口的宽度,可以显著延缓放矿的过早贫化现象;宋洪勇等[11]通过分析影响矿石损失贫化的因素,发现由于矿石受到端壁的摩擦阻力,会出现矿石损失,产生出矿贫化;刘娜等[12]通过研究矿石损失贫化的发生过程及细部控制方法等,分析了其对无底柱分段崩落法损失贫化的影响;林洪叶[13]通过研究不同矿石级配条件下矿岩松散性对放矿效果的影响,得出了矿石回采率最高时的松散系数。上述研究成果对无底柱分段崩落法的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
在放矿过程中,端壁与相邻矿石的接触状态决定了矿石的流动性,并影响放出体形态和放矿效果,合理的端壁粗糙度对矿山安全生产和经济效益的提升具有重要意义。然而,目前关于端壁粗糙度及矿石级配对矿岩流动性的研究相对较少,不能较好地指导实践。本文将岩体结构面粗糙度系数(Joint Roughness Coefficient,JRC)作为量化端壁粗糙度的标准,通过相似物理试验,深入探究端壁粗糙度和矿石级配对放矿效果的影响,为矿山实际生产提供有益参考。
设计单分段单进路物理放矿模型,按照几何相似比为1∶50模拟采场结构,采用厚度为6 mm的透明亚克力板进行制作。模型尺寸为400 mm × 1 000 mm,对应实际分段高度、进路间距尺寸为20 m×50 m;放矿口尺寸为60 mm×70 mm,对应实际进路尺寸为3 m×3.5 m。为确保模型沿进路方向长度满足试验需求,模型宽度设计为200 mm,放矿试验模型如图1所示。本试验采用在亚克力板内侧粘贴透明胶粒的方法模拟不同粗糙度的端壁。设置5个不同的端壁粗糙度与2种矿石级配条件,共设计了10组物理试验。
为便于观察试验现象,矿石选用磁铁矿,废石选用白色石英岩。参考某矿山矿岩粒径配比,对矿石和废石进行破碎和筛分处理,并调配出粒径组合,见表1。
端壁粗糙度指在采用无底柱分段崩落法进行矿山开采时,由于爆破作用造成端壁表面的不平整,这种不平整度可以通过观察表面的起伏、裂缝、凹凸等特征来进行定性评估。BARTON[14]首次提出了岩体结构面粗糙度系数(JRC)用于定量描述结构面的粗糙度。该系数形式简单,易于在实验室中进行试验[15-16]。后续学者们还提出了基于视觉对比评估的JRC估算方法[17-18],并设计了10条标准JRC轮廓曲线。元宙昊等[19]为了提升数据处理的精确性和效率,采用灰度图像处理的方法对10条标准轮廓曲线进行了精细的数字化处理,重构的结果如图2所示。
为了评估不同粗糙度对放矿效果的影响,采用在端壁板上粘贴透明胶粒的方法模拟JRC曲线的振幅以实现端壁面粗糙度的定义。经试验测定,当透明胶粒直径为11 mm,高度分别为0 mm(无底柱的光滑表面)、1.5 mm、3 mm、4 mm、5 mm时,端壁粗糙度分别为JRC1=0,JRC2=2.8,JRC3=5.6,JRC4=8.4,JRC5=11.2,满足试验需要。粘贴胶粒的JRC曲线拟合如图3所示。
将透明胶粒按照试验测定的距离及大小均匀粘贴在透明亚克力板上,形成不同粗糙度的端壁模型。按表1中所列出的粒径配比装填矿石与废石,使用亚克力挡板将矿石与废石分成两个区域。矿石层装填厚度为60 mm,高度为400 mm。按照试验设计,在沿垂直方向每100 mm放置一层标志颗粒,颗粒间水平间隔为30 mm,共放置5层。完成矿岩装填后的模型及标志颗粒的摆放情况如图4所示。
根据试验相似比及放矿口的大小确定放矿铲的尺寸[20],设定每6铲为一次计量单元,当连续5铲中出现3次废石混入率超过70%时终止放矿。出矿时在进路口左右交替均匀出矿,并使用精度为0.01 g的电子秤对铲出的矿石和废石进行称量记录。
构建不同端壁粗糙度和矿石级配条件下的矿石回采率变化曲线,如图5所示。
由图5可知,矿石级配条件和端壁粗糙度对矿石回采率具有显著影响。当矿石级配一定时,矿石回采率随着粗糙度的增加而减小。在A组矿石级配条件下,当粗糙度分别为0,2.8及5.6时,端壁粗糙度每增加2.8,矿石回采率下降约2%;当粗糙度增加至8.4时,矿石回采率下降幅度最小,为1.03个百分点;粗糙度继续增加至11.2时,矿石回采率的下降幅度最大,为3.51个百分点。在B组矿石级配条件下,矿石回采率随粗糙度的变化趋势更为明显,粗糙度从0增加至2.8时,矿石回采率下降幅度最小,为1.48个百分点;粗糙度从8.4增加至11.2时,矿石回采率下降幅度最大,达到4.37个百分点。
当端壁粗糙度一定时,B组矿石级配条件下矿石回采率均高于A组。粗糙度为2.8时,B组矿石回采率较A组高6.68个百分点;随着粗糙度的进一步增加,B组与A组间矿石回采率的差距逐渐减小,但仍具有较大优势。
总体来看,在两组矿石级配条件下,矿石回采率均随着端壁粗糙度的增加而显著降低。当端壁粗糙度为0,在B组矿石级配条件下时,矿石回采率最高,为75.15%;当端壁粗糙度为11.2,在A组矿石级配条件下时,矿石回采率最低。
不同端壁粗糙度和矿石级配条件下矿石贫化率的变化曲线,如图6所示。
由图6可知,当矿石级配条件一定时,随着端壁粗糙度的增大,矿石贫化率总体呈上升趋势。其原因是位于流轴对称位置的矿石颗粒重力势能较小,流动性较弱,与端壁相邻的矿石更易受到摩擦阻碍的作用,导致顶部废石侵入增多,贫化率增大,并且端壁粗糙度越大该特征越明显。在A组矿石级配条件下,当端壁粗糙度为11.2时,矿石贫化率最大,为38.66%,相较于粗糙度为8.4时增加3.43个百分点;粗糙度从5.6增加至8.4时,矿石贫化率的变化幅度最小,仅增加0.75个百分点。在B组矿石级配条件下,当端壁粗糙度为11.2时,矿石贫化率达到最大,为38.17%;粗糙度从5.6增加至8.4时,矿石贫化率的变化幅度最大,上升了4.94个百分点;粗糙度从2.8增加至5.6时,贫化率变化幅度最小,降低了0.46个百分点。
在不同端壁粗糙度条件下,矿石级配条件对贫化率的影响表现出不同的特征。当粗糙度一定时,A组矿石的贫化率普遍高于B组;但当粗糙度为8.4时,B组矿石贫化率比A组高了2.42个百分点。相较于B组,A组矿石细小颗粒的含量较高,更易受到端壁粗糙度的影响,在具有较高粗糙度的端壁表面上会发生附着和堵塞的情况,从而导致贫化率上升。相反,在粗粒级含量较高的矿石级配中,端壁粗糙度对矿石贫化率的影响较小,这是由于粗粒级颗粒质量大且具有较高的稳定性,在流动过程中不易受到端壁表面结构变化的影响,可在放矿过程中维持较低的矿石贫化率。
不同端壁粗糙度和矿石级配条件下,到达截止品位时所对应的矿岩放出量变化曲线如图7所示。
由图7可知,矿石级配与端壁粗糙度对累计矿岩放出量具有显著影响。在两种矿石级配条件下,累计矿岩放出量均随着粗糙度的增加而呈现下降的趋势。A组矿石级配条件下,粗糙度从0增加至2.8,以及从5.6增加至11.2时,矿岩放出量下降较缓慢,端壁粗糙度每增加2.8,矿岩放出量分别减少了71.6 g、49.5 g、12.2 g;而当粗糙度从2.8增加至5.6时,矿岩放出量的下降幅度显著增大,达到了547.2 g。B组矿石级配条件下出现同样的现象,端壁粗糙度从2.8增加至5.6时,矿岩放出量下降幅度最大,共下降576.2 g;其他粗糙度条件下矿岩放出量下降趋势较缓慢。这表明粗糙度从2.8增加至5.6时,端壁粗糙度对矿石的流动性产生了显著影响。
当端壁粗糙度一定时,B组矿石的矿岩放出量高于A组,且两组矿石之间的差异在不同粗糙度条件下保持相对稳定,平均为648.74 g。这一趋势反映了端壁粗糙度对两组矿石级配放出量的影响具有一致性。
本研究采用文献[21]中的方法,探究矿石级配条件与端壁粗糙度对放出体形态的影响。
为了精准监测废石侵入的起始位置,在模型装填时设置了标志颗粒,在矿石层与上覆废石层相接的区域设置了第四层标志颗粒,此位置的选择对于识别废石的初始侵入具有指示性作用。一旦这些标志颗粒被释放,即表明废石的侵入开始,从而为研究提供了一个明确的时间点。以顶部废石开始侵入为节点,此时放出体的高度是一定的。图8展示了矿岩放出量随端壁粗糙度和矿石级配条件的变化情况。
在固定的放出体高度条件下,较大的矿岩放出量反映出放出体在垂直方向上的增长速度相对较慢,反之则较快。由图8可知,改变矿石级配条件和端壁粗糙度会对放出体在高度方向上的速度发育产生显著影响。不同矿石级配条件下,矿岩放出量随着端壁粗糙度的增加而逐步减小,端壁粗糙度从0增加至11.2,A组、B组矿岩放出量分别减少了662.1 g、688.5 g。当端壁粗糙度一定时,A组矿石的矿岩放出量明显少于B组,不同粗糙度条件下二者差异平均为643.46 g。上述现象说明,矿石级配中细小颗粒越少、粗糙度越小,放出体高度上的发育速度越慢,且矿石级配条件对放出体高度的影响小于端壁粗糙度。
当放出体宽度为4.5 m、7.5 m、10.5 m时,矿岩放出量与端壁粗糙度和矿石级配条件的关系如图9所示。
由图9可知,当放出体宽度分别为4.5 m、7.5 m和10.5 m,端壁粗糙度由0增加至11.2时,A组矿石矿岩放出量分别增加了297 g、354.1 g和449.1 g;B组矿石矿岩放出量分别增加了1 321.3 g、1 114.8 g和772.8 g。当端壁粗糙度一定时,A组矿石矿岩放出量比B组平均多925.83 g。由椭球体理论可知,放出体横轴固定时,短轴发育速度越慢,矿岩放出量越多。综上所述,端壁粗糙度和矿石级配条件均会对放出体横向短轴的发育速度产生影响,矿石级配中细小颗粒占比越多、端壁粗糙度越大时,放出体短轴发育速度越慢,且矿石级配条件对放出体横轴发育速度的影响小于端壁粗糙度。
当放出体形态纵向轴长为4.5 m时,不同矿石级配条件和端壁粗糙度下,矿岩放出量变化曲线如图10所示。
由图10可知,放出体纵向轴长为4.5 m时,矿石级配条件与端壁粗糙度的改变对矿岩放出量并未产生显著影响,矿岩放出量在8 300 g左右浮动,这表明矿石级配条件与端壁粗糙度对放出体纵向轴长发育的影响较小。
采用文献[22]中对放出体形态的研究方法,分析矿石级配条件与端壁粗糙度对放出体形态的影响发现:减少矿石级配中细小颗粒的占比或增大端壁粗糙度,能够促进放出体在横向上的发育速度,同时抑制其在垂直方向上的发育速度。通过观察放出体高度的变化特征,可以了解矿石级配条件和端壁粗糙度对矿石回采效率及顶部废石侵入的影响。放出体形态变化示意如图11所示。
在无底柱分段崩落法的结构参数下,调整矿石级配条件和端壁粗糙度会显著改变放出体形态,进而影响回收指标。由图11可知,减少矿石级配中的细小颗粒的占比或减小端壁粗糙度,在相同矿岩放出量条件下,放出体横向轴长增大,高度降低,如图11中曲线Ⅰ所示。这是由于细小颗粒更易产生横向迁移,导致矿石在横向集聚,而废石则更多地在垂直方向沉积。这种形态降低了废石混入矿石的概率,从而提高了矿石回采率。然而,在放出体发育过程中,横向轴长的快速增长也意味着单次出矿中矿石占比的显著提升,从而会延长达到截止品位所需的时间,使得总出矿量增加的同时,积累的废石总量也相应增多。
同理,增加矿石级配中的细小颗粒的占比或增大端壁粗糙度,放出体形态如图11中曲线Ⅱ所示,顶部废石的体积较大而矿石体积较小,导致达到预定的最低品位要求的时间缩短,加剧了矿石回采率的下降。
(1)矿石级配条件和端壁粗糙度对无底柱分段崩落法的矿石回采率和贫化率具有显著影响。随着矿石级配中细小颗粒占比的降低以及端壁粗糙度的减小,矿石回采率呈现上升趋势;随着矿石级配中细小颗粒占比的增加和端壁粗糙度的增大,矿石贫化率呈现先增加后减小再增加的变化趋势。通过适度减少矿石级配中细小颗粒的含量及降低端壁粗糙度,能够有效延缓到达截止品位的时间,从而增加矿岩的总放出量,减少贫化率。在B组矿石级配下,端壁粗糙度为0时,矿石回采率最高,为75.15%;贫化率最低,为32.09%。
(2)不同矿石级配条件下,矿岩放出量均随着端壁粗糙度的增加而呈下降的趋势,当端壁粗糙度从2.8增加至5.6时,A组、B组矿岩放出量分别下降了547.2 g、576.2 g。不同端壁粗糙度条件下,B组矿岩放出量高于A组且差异较稳定,平均为648.74 g。
(3)矿石级配条件和端壁粗糙度对放出体形态发育具有显著的调控作用。降低矿石级配中细小颗粒或减小端壁粗糙度,放出体横向轴长的发育速度加快,高度发育速度则相应减缓。这种横向发育优势能够延缓到达截止品位的时间,进而提高矿石回采量,优化整体放矿指标。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52304087)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52304087)
作者信息
    1.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,辽宁 鞍山市 114051
    2.辽宁省金属矿产资源绿色开采工程研究中心,辽宁 鞍山市 114051

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张治强(1971—),男,河南安阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事金属矿产资源开发教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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