Article(id=1322164818790957468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158257433, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158257433, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158257433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158257433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=41, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164818975506845, articleId=1322164818790957468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Ore Arching Under Multi-Outlet Ore Drawing Based on the Theory of Lateral Pressure of Granular Materials, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Multi-outlet ore drawing method is commonly adopted in underground mine production, and there is often an obvious arching phenomenon during the ore drawing process. To investigate the influence of multi-outlet ore drawing on the arching of granular ores, based on the theory of lateral pressure of granular materials, a lateral pressure testing system for granular material flow was used to conduct physical similarity simulation experiments under single-outlet, double-outlet, and triple-outlet ore drawing conditions. The distribution laws of lateral pressure of granular ores under different ore drawing methods and filling heights were obtained, so as to further analyze the ore arching phenomenon. The research results show that when the filling height is 75 cm, the ore arching phenomenon under triple-outlet ore drawing is relatively obvious, and the arching strength is the highest. The location of arching is less affected by the ore drawing method, and obvious arching phenomena mostly occur at 55 cm above the ore outlet. Under the condition of triple-outlet ore drawing, the filling height further affects the formation of arching and the location of its occurrence. When the filling height is 85 cm, obvious arching phenomena occur at 55 cm and 75 cm above the ore outlet, and the ore in the lower area shows a tendency for arching. When the filling height increases to 95 cm, the area where obvious arching phenomena occur extends downward.

, authors=Shuang SUN, Yanliang WEN, Jiangdong ZHAO, Zhiyong FU, authorsList=Shuang SUN, Yanliang WEN, Jiangdong ZHAO, Zhiyong FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanliang WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164821638889894, articleId=1322164818790957468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于散体侧压力理论的多口放矿下矿石结拱研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在地下矿山生产中常采用多放矿口出矿方式,而且在放矿过程中往往存在明显的结拱现象。为探究多口放矿对散体矿石结拱的影响,基于散体侧压力理论,采用散体颗粒流动侧压力测试系统,在单口、双口及三口放矿条件下开展了物理相似模拟试验,获得不同出矿方式和装填高度下的散体矿石侧压力分布规律,进而分析矿石结拱现象。研究结果表明,装填高度为75 cm时,三口放矿下矿石结拱现象较明显,且结拱强度最高;结拱的位置受放矿方式的影响较小,明显的结拱现象大多发生在距离放矿口上方55 cm处。在三口放矿条件下,装填高度会进一步影响结拱的生成和发生位置。装填高度为85 cm时,明显结拱发生于距离放矿口上方55 cm和75 cm处,且下方区域矿石有结拱趋势;装填高度增加到95 cm时,明显结拱发生区域向下延伸。

, authors=孙爽, 温彦良, 赵江东, 付志勇, authorsList=孙爽, 温彦良, 赵江东, 付志勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=温彦良, authorNote=

孙爽(1998—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事崩落法矿石结拱研究。E-mail:

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温彦良(1975—),男,河北辛集人,硕士,副教授,研究方向为金属矿放矿理论与工艺。E-mail:
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孙爽(1998—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事崩落法矿石结拱研究。E-mail:

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孙爽(1998—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事崩落法矿石结拱研究。E-mail:

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基于散体侧压力理论的多口放矿下矿石结拱研究
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孙爽 , 温彦良 , 赵江东 , 付志勇
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 41-47
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 41 -47
基于散体侧压力理论的多口放矿下矿石结拱研究
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孙爽 , 温彦良 , 赵江东, 付志勇
作者信息
  • 辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,辽宁 鞍山市 114051
通讯作者:
温彦良(1975—),男,河北辛集人,硕士,副教授,研究方向为金属矿放矿理论与工艺。E-mail:
作者简介:

孙爽(1998—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事崩落法矿石结拱研究。E-mail:

Study on Ore Arching Under Multi-Outlet Ore Drawing Based on the Theory of Lateral Pressure of Granular Materials
Shuang SUN , Yanliang WEN , Jiangdong ZHAO, Zhiyong FU
Affiliations
  • School of Mining Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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在地下矿山生产中常采用多放矿口出矿方式,而且在放矿过程中往往存在明显的结拱现象。为探究多口放矿对散体矿石结拱的影响,基于散体侧压力理论,采用散体颗粒流动侧压力测试系统,在单口、双口及三口放矿条件下开展了物理相似模拟试验,获得不同出矿方式和装填高度下的散体矿石侧压力分布规律,进而分析矿石结拱现象。研究结果表明,装填高度为75 cm时,三口放矿下矿石结拱现象较明显,且结拱强度最高;结拱的位置受放矿方式的影响较小,明显的结拱现象大多发生在距离放矿口上方55 cm处。在三口放矿条件下,装填高度会进一步影响结拱的生成和发生位置。装填高度为85 cm时,明显结拱发生于距离放矿口上方55 cm和75 cm处,且下方区域矿石有结拱趋势;装填高度增加到95 cm时,明显结拱发生区域向下延伸。

多口放矿  /  矿石结拱  /  装填高度  /  侧压力  /  相似模拟试验

Multi-outlet ore drawing method is commonly adopted in underground mine production, and there is often an obvious arching phenomenon during the ore drawing process. To investigate the influence of multi-outlet ore drawing on the arching of granular ores, based on the theory of lateral pressure of granular materials, a lateral pressure testing system for granular material flow was used to conduct physical similarity simulation experiments under single-outlet, double-outlet, and triple-outlet ore drawing conditions. The distribution laws of lateral pressure of granular ores under different ore drawing methods and filling heights were obtained, so as to further analyze the ore arching phenomenon. The research results show that when the filling height is 75 cm, the ore arching phenomenon under triple-outlet ore drawing is relatively obvious, and the arching strength is the highest. The location of arching is less affected by the ore drawing method, and obvious arching phenomena mostly occur at 55 cm above the ore outlet. Under the condition of triple-outlet ore drawing, the filling height further affects the formation of arching and the location of its occurrence. When the filling height is 85 cm, obvious arching phenomena occur at 55 cm and 75 cm above the ore outlet, and the ore in the lower area shows a tendency for arching. When the filling height increases to 95 cm, the area where obvious arching phenomena occur extends downward.

Multi-outlet ore drawing  /  Ore arching  /  Filling height  /  Lateral pressure  /  Similarity simulation test
孙爽, 温彦良, 赵江东, 付志勇. 基于散体侧压力理论的多口放矿下矿石结拱研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 41 -47 .
Shuang SUN, Yanliang WEN, Jiangdong ZHAO, Zhiyong FU. Study on Ore Arching Under Multi-Outlet Ore Drawing Based on the Theory of Lateral Pressure of Granular Materials[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 41 -47 .
崩落采矿法因其低成本、高效率和较高的安全性,被广泛应用于国内外地下矿山的开采[1]。对于采用崩落法的深部矿山,采场底部结构所承受的负载明显大于浅部采场,因此需要选择合理的采场结构参数,如采场分段高度、放矿口尺寸和放矿口间距。放矿方式直接影响着崩落矿岩移动规律,从而对采场结构的稳定性和矿石损失与贫化产生重要影响。多口放矿作为崩落矿山常用的一种放矿方式,国内学者通过物理试验和数值模拟手段进行了诸多研究,但关于放矿方式对矿石结拱影响的研究尚不深入。任凤玉[2]基于随机介质理论进行了相似模拟试验,研究结果表明,多漏口同时均匀放矿有利于矿石的放出。孙浩等[3-4]基于刚型块体模型,使用三维放矿平台进行多口放矿数值试验,发现放矿过程中矿石流动存在明显的应力拱现象;利用PFC3D软件建立模型,分别进行单分段和多分段多口放矿试验,得到放出体形态、放出体高度与放矿量的关系。陈庆发等[5]运用数值模拟手段,探究多漏斗放矿时的矿石散体力链特征,如数量、长度、方向等。郭晓强等[6]利用PFC3D建立多放矿口模型,研究多放矿口条件下聚矿槽尺寸对放矿效果的影响。
散体侧压力研究的理论基础主要有朗肯土压力和库伦土压力[7]、Jessen理论[8-9]。目前,散体侧压力理论已经应用于矿山工程中,但尚未应用到多口放矿下散体矿石结拱研究上。刘洋等[10-11]基于临界散体柱理论,采用散体颗粒流动设备进行放矿侧压力试验,研究得出结论:放矿扰动会导致松散体范围内的矿石侧压力迅速下降,矿体倾角会影响上下盘散体侧压力的下降速率。这一结论对预测塌陷范围有参考意义。何荣兴等[12]基于散体侧压力测试系统,通过物理相似模拟试验,研究有回填和无回填两种情况下散体侧压力变化趋势。
在实际矿山崩落矿石过程中,人员无法进入采场观察矿石内部结拱情况。因此,通过放矿物理试验,并借助散体侧压力这一特征进行分析,间接研究不同放矿方式和放矿高度对散体矿石结拱的影响。研究结果具有一定的工程意义,尤其可为采场结构参数设计、放矿控制及矿山安全生产等提供参考依据。
在多口放矿过程中,松散体中的矿石在流动过程中会受到重力、摩擦力和扰动作用的影响,导致不同区域内散体颗粒的流速和方向不均匀。尤其是在多放矿口分布不对称或出矿速率差异较大的情况下,这种不均匀性会更加明显。矿石在流动过程中,由于颗粒之间的相互作用和散体材料的特性,垂直方向的应力会通过颗粒间的接触传递向水平方向。这种应力的转移是一个逐渐累积的过程,与流动速度、颗粒尺寸及外部扰动密切相关。随着垂直应力逐渐向水平方向转移,在松动体的上方区域会形成一种以轴向应力为主的“拱”结构[13-15]。散体拱及应力转移情况如图1所示。
散体拱的形成通常需要满足以下条件:松动体具有足够的自由流动空间;散体颗粒之间的接触力与外部扰动形成一种动态平衡;矿石颗粒形状、尺寸分布及摩擦特性适宜。在放矿或扰动过程中,结拱现象的产生和破裂会导致散体侧压力增大或减小。因此,结拱现象可以通过散体侧压力的变化情况来体现。
本试验采用SKL-16散体颗粒流动侧向压力测试系统进行多口放矿试验和数据采集,该系统由装矿模型和数据采集监测系统组成(见图2)。装矿模型长60 cm、宽30 cm、高150 cm。装置正面最下方一排是均匀分布的5个5 cm×5 cm的放矿口,上方是14块可移动的钢板,每块钢板上各布置一对压力和位移传感器,用于监测和采集数据信号,背面同样布置。监测点CH1、CH2、CH3、CH4和CH5离放矿口的距离分别为15 cm、25 cm、35 cm、55 cm和75 cm,CH9~CH13与之对称。模型左侧底部有一个较大的出矿口,便于清理残余矿石。装置正面斜插了一根螺纹支撑杆,可以通过手摇轮盘控制其倾斜角度,以此可以模拟矿体不同倾斜角度。
试验材料应与实际崩落矿石性质相似,参考弓长岭矿山崩落矿石块度主要为200~300 mm,本试验采用1∶40的相似比,所以选用铁矿石的粒径主要为5~8 mm;试验装填高度为75 cm(模拟矿山实际放矿高度30 m),模型放矿口间距7 cm。试验材料粒径组成为:1~5 mm占20%,5~8 mm占60%,9~14 mm占20%。
装矿模型倾角保持90°,将筛分并按配比混合均匀的铁矿石分层装填到模型中,装填高度达到75 cm后,静置24 h,获得静止状态下各通道散体侧压力;选择2#口出矿,每次放出矿石约200 g,当CH3和CH4通道侧压力都为零时,2#口停止出矿,采集并保存各通道侧压力值。试验结束,将放出的矿石回填至高度为75 cm,静置后再次获得侧压力数据;然后分别选择2#口和3#口同时出矿,1#口、2#口和3#口同时出矿,重复上述步骤,获得3种出矿方式下各通道散体侧压力数据。
在放矿试验中,将通道CH1~CH8所在的一侧定义为下盘,CH9~CH16的一侧定义为上盘。根据单一放矿口(即2#口)、两个放矿口(即1#口和2#口)和3个放矿口(即1#口、2#口和3#口)放矿试验,根据试验结果得到上下盘散体侧压力随放矿量的变化曲线,如图3所示。
由图3(a)可知,2#口开始出矿时,通道CH1散体侧压力迅速下降,CH1的曲线斜率明显高于CH2。这是由于通道CH1离2#放矿口最近,该区域矿石受出矿的强烈扰动,松散性大幅增加,因而侧压力下降速率更大。而此时通道CH3的侧压力略有上升,然后随着放矿的进行较为平缓地下降,未能表现出明显的结拱现象。相比之下,通道CH4的侧压力在放矿初期增长了39.3%,这是因为CH4的位置距离放矿口较远,位于松动体范围之外,该区域矿石因内摩擦影响导致侧压力激增,表现出一定的结拱趋势,但无法判定结拱是否完全形成。
由图3(b)可知,1#口和2#口同时开始出矿时,CH1通道的散体侧压力与单口出矿相比下降幅度差异不大,而CH2通道的侧压力下降幅度显著增大。这表明两个口同时出矿时,松动体范围增大,使CH2所在区域内的矿石受放矿扰动的影响更强,侧压力下降幅度比单口出矿时更大。CH3通道和CH4通道散体侧压力变化趋势与单口放矿时较为相似,但是CH4侧压力峰值比单口出矿时的高。这表明CH4所在区域矿石的结拱现象较为明显,且两口同时放矿时形成的拱强度也要比单口放矿时的高。
由图3(c)可知,当1#口、2#口和3#口同时开始出矿时,通道CHI和CH2散体侧压力急速下降,比单口和两口放矿时下降幅度大。3个放矿口同时出矿,松动体范围进一步扩大,更多矿石受到出矿扰动的影响,通道区域内矿石整体松系数变得更大,所以侧压力会下降更快。相比与单口和两口放矿来说,三口放矿时CH3通道侧压力变化有明显不同。开始放矿时,CH3通道的侧压力上升幅度最大,侧压力整体变化趋势是一条连续上下起伏的折线,可以看作是结拱依次形成与破裂的过程。CH4通道的侧压力在放矿开始时激增了快一倍,而且此时的散体侧压力增幅和最大峰值在3种放出矿方式中是最大的。因此,三口放矿散体矿石结拱现象最明显且强度最高。随着放矿的进行,CH4通道的散体侧压力出现一段线性下降趋势,然后侧压力又激增到120 N,二次结拱强度更高。最后结拱破裂和矿石高度下降,导致侧压力开始急剧下降。
上盘矿石受放矿口影响较小,3种出矿方式下各通道的散体侧压力变化趋势总体相似,都呈不同程度的下降趋势,未能体现出结拱的生成。
综上所述,随着放矿口数量增加,松动体范围扩大,扰动增强,局部区域(如CH4)结拱现象逐渐显现且强度增加,而上盘矿石未表现出显著结拱特征。
为进一步探索多口放矿下装填高度对结拱的影响,选择1#口、2#口和3#口同时出矿,将装填高度增加至85 cm和95 cm,重复上述试验步骤,得到不同装填高度下3个口同时放矿时各通道散体侧压力变化规律,如图4所示。
由图4(a)可知,装填高度分别为85 cm和95 cm时,CH1通道侧压力在放矿开始时小幅上升,这表明,随着装填高度的增加,该区域矿石压实度变大,不易受出矿扰动影响,矿石内摩擦因数增大导致侧压力变大。而后各装填高度矿石受持续出矿扰动,区域矿石变得松散,侧压力迅速下降。装填高度为95 cm时,在后续的放矿过程中CH1通道侧压力先增加再减少,这种趋势说明矿石在该高度附近区域内存在一定的结拱趋势,但未表现出明显的结拱现象。
在图4(b)中,不同装填高度下CH2通道散体侧压力的变化规律存在显著差异。装填高度为75 cm时,CH2通道侧压力在放矿开始阶段迅速下降,而后呈近似水平直线变化趋势,未体现出结拱的生成;装填高度为85 cm时,CH2侧压力先小幅增加,可能是由于结拱的生成造成的,也有可能是因为受矿石颗粒内摩擦影响;装填高度为95 cm时,在开始阶段CH2侧压力略有增加,稍稍下降后继续攀升,说明该区域矿石存在较为明显的拱效应。
从图4(c)可以看出,在放矿初期,装填高度为95 cm时侧压力增长幅度最大,装填高度为75 cm和85 cm时次之,且两者相差不大,说明该区域矿石不在松动体范围内,未发生显著流动,受内摩擦影响,侧压力上升。装填高度为95 cm时,通道区域内矿石受上方矿石更强的压实作用,导致前期侧压力增加幅度大一些。而后随着装填矿石高度下降,侧压力的下降幅度也相对更显著。总体而言,该区域矿石在不同装填高度下均表现出一定的结拱趋势,但只有装填高度为95 cm时结拱现象最为明显。
由图4(d)可知,装填高度为75 cm和85 cm时,CH4通道侧压力变化趋势基本相似,散体侧压力都随着放矿量的变化先上升,小幅下降一段时间后继续回升,达到最高点后持续下降。这说明该区域矿石结拱现象都很明显,装填高度越高,结拱强度越大。装填高度为95 cm时,CH4通道的侧压力在放矿开始后连续的上升和下降,循环往复,说明该区域矿石可能存在多次结拱的生成,且强度不断增加。
由图4(e)可知,装填高度为85 cm时,CH5通道侧压力在放矿开始阶段小幅下降,可能主要是因为受上方矿石高度下降的影响,所以整体侧压力下降;在放出约20 kg矿石后,侧压力开始上升,矿石结拱开始生成;随着放矿的进行,侧压力下降,结拱稳定性开始减弱;放出约40 kg矿石时,侧压力又开始上升,二次结拱形成,但强度要弱于一次结拱;最终,随着放矿量的增加,侧压力迅速下降,表明结拱已完全破裂。
装填高度为95 cm时,CH5通道侧压力变化可以看作是一次完整的结拱发育过程。在放矿初期,侧压力迅速上升,矿石表现出明显的结拱趋势;当侧压力达到第一个峰值时,结拱生成。随后,侧压力略有下降后再次升至最高点,表明二次结拱的生成且强度有所增强。最后,随着放矿的进行,侧压力逐渐下降,结拱强度持续减弱,最终完全破裂。
(1)下盘散体矿石的侧压力受出矿强度和松动体范围的影响显著。三口放矿时松动体范围最大,矿石扰动强度最高,靠近放矿口区域的矿石侧压力下降幅度最大;两口放矿次之,单口放矿最小。而上盘矿石的侧压力变化较小,未表现出明显的结拱现象。
(2)三口放矿下矿石结拱现象最为明显,且结拱强度最高。明显的结拱现象通常发生在距离放矿口上方55 cm处(实际矿山高度约为22 m)。
(3)装填高度对结拱现象的生成和强度具有显著影响。随着装填高度的增加,结拱现象更加明显,而且出现结拱现象的范围不断向下延伸,且结拱强度与稳定性也随之提高。
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
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国家自然科学基金项目(51174110)
作者信息
    辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,辽宁 鞍山市 114051

通讯作者:

温彦良(1975—),男,河北辛集人,硕士,副教授,研究方向为金属矿放矿理论与工艺。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
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属
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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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