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With the increase in the mining depth of mines with high in-situ stress, the problem of low intelligence level of traditional drilling rigs has become a challenge for borehole pressure relief. To this end, an innovative design scheme for an intelligent mine pressure relief drilling rig was proposed. This intelligent drilling rig integrates four key components, including the chassis walking unit, the drilling execution unit, the support lifting unit, and the drill rod magazine unit. Among them, the unique automatic drill rod changing device realizes the flexible displacement of the drill pipe in the precision track system through the cooperation of the horizontal and the vertical pushing mechanism. With the cooperation of the fixing groove and the clamping mechanism, the automatic drill rod changing operation process can be completed efficiently and accurately, significantly improving the automation level and continuity of the operation. At the same time, the advanced in-drill information monitoring and analysis system built into the drilling rig can capture and analyze multi-source data during the drilling process in real time, laying a solid foundation for precisely adjusting the drilling parameters and promptly warning of potential risks. The overall structure of the intelligent drilling rig, as well as the structure of each unit were introduced, subsequently, based on the analysis of a large amount of drilling information, the excellent performance of the intelligent pressure relief drilling rig was comprehensively verified. Compared to the traditional drilling rigs, the operational safety of intelligent drilling rigs has been improved, equipment failure rates have been reduced, the drilling time and auxiliary operation time have been shortened, and its drilling efficiency has been improved.

, authors=Jian HAO1, Xuekun LUAN1, Yining ZHENG2, Shengli TIAN3, Jiankang LIU1, Heqing LIU1, Changqing LI2, authorsList=Jian HAO, Xuekun LUAN, Yining ZHENG, Shengli TIAN, Jiankang LIU, Heqing LIU, Changqing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuekun LUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164808544277360, articleId=1322164804693906268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=矿用钻孔卸压智能钻机的研制与应用, columnId=1226462295946085268, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山机电与矿业智能化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着高地应力矿井开采深度增加,钻孔卸压面临传统钻机智能化程度不高的问题。为此,提出了一种智能化矿用卸压钻机设计方案。该智能钻机整合了底盘行走单元、钻孔执行单元、支撑升降单元以及钻杆库单元4大部分。其中,独特的自动换杆装置通过水平与上下推送机构的配合,实现了钻杆在精密轨道体系内的灵活移位,借助固定槽与加持机构的配合,能高效且精准地完成自动换杆作业,显著提升了作业的自动化水平与连贯性。同时,钻机内置先进的随钻信息监测与分析系统,可实时捕捉并分析钻进过程中的多源数据,从而能实时精准调控钻孔参数,及时预警潜在风险。详细介绍了智能钻机的整体架构以及各单元的结构,对大量钻井数据进行了分析,验证了智能卸压钻机的卓越性能。相较于传统钻机,智能钻机提高了作业安全性,降低了设备故障率,大幅减少了钻孔耗时与辅助作业时长,提高了钻孔效率。

, authors=郝建1, 栾学坤1, 郑义宁2, 田胜利3, 刘建康1, 刘河清1, 李长青2, authorsList=郝建, 栾学坤, 郑义宁, 田胜利, 刘建康, 刘河清, 李长青, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=栾学坤, authorNote=

郝建(1986—),男,山东枣庄人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山岩层控制、无煤柱开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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栾学坤(2000—),男,山东青岛人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山机械等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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郝建(1986—),男,山东枣庄人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山岩层控制、无煤柱开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overall appearance of intelligent drill, figureFileSmall=IhrLN7jIzJjZszmf4foSHA==, figureFileBig=0KHxMmEAJhQiAJrKhd61BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164814298862505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=CN, label=图1, caption=智能钻机总体外形, figureFileSmall=IhrLN7jIzJjZszmf4foSHA==, figureFileBig=0KHxMmEAJhQiAJrKhd61BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164814567297962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chassis walking unit, figureFileSmall=QgsQDHWPtshehqm46U+8cQ==, figureFileBig=rYdfJxqzyYTxVZ1j8/cTPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164814651184043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=CN, label=图2, caption=底部行走单元, 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figureFileBig=0LRdm96WzoVI1lAwm0V4Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164817285206967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variations of feed speed and rotation speed, figureFileSmall=FX0hhYs4j3gDMDVhU1B5zg==, figureFileBig=EhbXglVW4+0bYEh2iODTog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164817369093048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=CN, label=图8, caption=进给速度和旋转速度的变化, figureFileSmall=FX0hhYs4j3gDMDVhU1B5zg==, figureFileBig=EhbXglVW4+0bYEh2iODTog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164817515893689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Performance parameters of intelligent drilling rig

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参数给进装置
额定转矩/(N•m)额定转速/(r/min)油马达排量/(mL/r)钻杆直径/mm主轴倾角/(°)最大给进力/kN给进速度/(m/s)最大起拔力/kN起拔速度/(m/s)给进/起拔行程/mm
4 000~1 00065~30046~16089-25~+25950~0.321500~0.221 200
泵站整机外形尺寸(长×宽×高)/mm
液压系统额定压力/MPa电动机功率/kW电动机电压/V油箱有效容积/L钻孔深度/m终孔直径/mm最大行走速度/(m/min最大爬坡角度/(°)钻杆箱容量/m3
2555660/1 14050045094/1532420244 500×1 150×2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322164817599779770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164804693906268, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

智能钻机的性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参数给进装置
额定转矩/(N•m)额定转速/(r/min)油马达排量/(mL/r)钻杆直径/mm主轴倾角/(°)最大给进力/kN给进速度/(m/s)最大起拔力/kN起拔速度/(m/s)给进/起拔行程/mm
4 000~1 00065~30046~16089-25~+25950~0.321500~0.221 200
泵站整机外形尺寸(长×宽×高)/mm
液压系统额定压力/MPa电动机功率/kW电动机电压/V油箱有效容积/L钻孔深度/m终孔直径/mm最大行走速度/(m/min最大爬坡角度/(°)钻杆箱容量/m3
2555660/1 14050045094/1532420244 500×1 150×2 000
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矿用钻孔卸压智能钻机的研制与应用
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郝建 1 , 栾学坤 1 , 郑义宁 2 , 田胜利 3 , 刘建康 1 , 刘河清 1 , 李长青 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025,45(12): 247-254
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025 , 45 (12) : 247 -254
矿用钻孔卸压智能钻机的研制与应用
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郝建(1986—),男,山东枣庄人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山岩层控制、无煤柱开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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郝建(1986—),男,山东枣庄人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山岩层控制、无煤柱开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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郝建1 , 栾学坤1 , 郑义宁2, 田胜利3, 刘建康1, 刘河清1, 李长青2
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院,山东 青岛市 266590
  • 2.山东能源集团鲁西矿业有限公司,山东 菏泽市 274700
  • 3.山东天河科技股份有限公司,山东 济宁市 273500
通讯作者:
栾学坤(2000—),男,山东青岛人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山机械等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

郝建(1986—),男,山东枣庄人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山岩层控制、无煤柱开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Development and Application of Intelligent Drilling Rig for Borehole Pressure Relief in Mines
Jian HAO1 , Xuekun LUAN1 , Yining ZHENG2, Shengli TIAN3, Jiankang LIU1, Heqing LIU1, Changqing LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
  • 2.Shandong Energy Group Luxi Mining Co., Ltd., Heze, Shandong 274700, China
  • 3.Shandong Tianhe Technology Co., Ltd., Jining, Shandong 273500, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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随着高地应力矿井开采深度增加,钻孔卸压面临传统钻机智能化程度不高的问题。为此,提出了一种智能化矿用卸压钻机设计方案。该智能钻机整合了底盘行走单元、钻孔执行单元、支撑升降单元以及钻杆库单元4大部分。其中,独特的自动换杆装置通过水平与上下推送机构的配合,实现了钻杆在精密轨道体系内的灵活移位,借助固定槽与加持机构的配合,能高效且精准地完成自动换杆作业,显著提升了作业的自动化水平与连贯性。同时,钻机内置先进的随钻信息监测与分析系统,可实时捕捉并分析钻进过程中的多源数据,从而能实时精准调控钻孔参数,及时预警潜在风险。详细介绍了智能钻机的整体架构以及各单元的结构,对大量钻井数据进行了分析,验证了智能卸压钻机的卓越性能。相较于传统钻机,智能钻机提高了作业安全性,降低了设备故障率,大幅减少了钻孔耗时与辅助作业时长,提高了钻孔效率。

冲击地压  /  卸压  /  智能钻机  /  自动换杆  /  随钻感知

With the increase in the mining depth of mines with high in-situ stress, the problem of low intelligence level of traditional drilling rigs has become a challenge for borehole pressure relief. To this end, an innovative design scheme for an intelligent mine pressure relief drilling rig was proposed. This intelligent drilling rig integrates four key components, including the chassis walking unit, the drilling execution unit, the support lifting unit, and the drill rod magazine unit. Among them, the unique automatic drill rod changing device realizes the flexible displacement of the drill pipe in the precision track system through the cooperation of the horizontal and the vertical pushing mechanism. With the cooperation of the fixing groove and the clamping mechanism, the automatic drill rod changing operation process can be completed efficiently and accurately, significantly improving the automation level and continuity of the operation. At the same time, the advanced in-drill information monitoring and analysis system built into the drilling rig can capture and analyze multi-source data during the drilling process in real time, laying a solid foundation for precisely adjusting the drilling parameters and promptly warning of potential risks. The overall structure of the intelligent drilling rig, as well as the structure of each unit were introduced, subsequently, based on the analysis of a large amount of drilling information, the excellent performance of the intelligent pressure relief drilling rig was comprehensively verified. Compared to the traditional drilling rigs, the operational safety of intelligent drilling rigs has been improved, equipment failure rates have been reduced, the drilling time and auxiliary operation time have been shortened, and its drilling efficiency has been improved.

Rock burst  /  Pressure relief  /  Intelligent drilling rig  /  Automatic rod changing  /  Perception while drill
郝建, 栾学坤, 郑义宁, 田胜利, 刘建康, 刘河清, 李长青. 矿用钻孔卸压智能钻机的研制与应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 247 -254 .
Jian HAO, Xuekun LUAN, Yining ZHENG, Shengli TIAN, Jiankang LIU, Heqing LIU, Changqing LI. Development and Application of Intelligent Drilling Rig for Borehole Pressure Relief in Mines[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 247 -254 .
冲击地压作为一种特殊的矿压显现形式,已成为煤炭开采,特别是深部开采矿井的主要灾害[1]。钻孔卸压法作为较为常用的降低煤岩冲击危险性的方法之一,是指在煤层冲击危险区中施工钻孔,降低煤体应力集中程度的一种冲击地压局部防治方法[2-3]。施工卸压钻孔的钻机(钻车)是保障安全高效钻孔卸压的基础装备[4-5]。
目前的一些自动化钻机特别是传统的卸压钻机,主要存在以下待解决的问题。
(1)智能化程度较低,远程遥控和自动换杆技术的发展尚未成熟,大多需要人工操作钻机以及手动进行换杆。这不仅增加了操作的时间和复杂性,还会导致生产效率下降[6]。因不具备远程遥控,需要人力去完成换杆的操作,没有从根本上实现真正的无人自动化作业[7]。
(2)卸压过程中随钻信息的采集、感知技术以及决策理论和模型发展尚未成熟。这可能导致在钻孔过程中无法及时调整钻孔参数,使卸压作业过程不够精确和高效[8]。
(3)当前所使用的钻机较为笨重,体型较大,搬运作业完全依赖人力,不仅搬运难度大,且操作过程中人力需求较多,通常一次作业需配备2~3名工作人员,劳动安全风险也随之显著增加。
因此,研发一种具备大容量、窄机身,且能够实现自动装卸钻杆功能的钻机,已成为亟待解决的重大问题。这对于提升井下作业效率、保障人员安全、促进煤炭资源可持续开发具有重要意义[9-11]。
近几年,学术界和工程界对卸压钻机主要开展了以下的研究。
(1)远程遥控技术和自动换杆技术。阚志涛等[12]针对自动化钻机钻杆仓储存的钻杆数量有限,工人装填钻杆劳动强度大、换杆效率低的问题,设计了一款自动化钻机辅助连续换杆装置。董浩浩[13]就履带式自动换杆液压钻机的结构设计、关键参数、钻机力学特性和钻孔的自适应控制策略等展开了研究和设计。刘嘉阳[14]结合大同煤炭集团下属塔山矿井采用的全液压式钻机,对钻机液压系统、钻机动力头部件及液压卡盘和夹持器开展了研究。YAO等[15]研制了钻杆自动装卸装置。雷宇航等[16]研制了一种基于远程遥控技术的钻机启停控制系统,实现了对钻机的远程遥控启停和监测。
(2)随钻信息采集与感知技术。郝世俊等[17]提出了煤矿井下近钻头随钻测量技术的研究思路。李兆奎[18]开发了一种水平定向钻机专家系统,实现了钻机的数据监测、故障诊断和健康状态评估等功能。雷晓荣等[19]系统研究了随钻轨迹测量方法、井下施工方法和钻孔轨迹计算方法,并研制了成套的随钻测量装备。
自动化钻机的应用大大地提升了钻探作业的效率和安全性,同时促进了随钻信息的采集和分析技术的发展[20]。然而,目前尚未完全实现无人化打钻,仍存在一些可以改进的方面。本文聚焦自动换杆、远程遥控以及随钻信息的采集和分析这几个问题,为了更好地适应井下钻机的工作环境、提高作业效率,致力于实现煤矿井下卸压的无人化操作,制定了钻机的改良方案,设计了各部件的结构。
钻机整体结构如图1所示,主要由底盘行走单元、支撑升降单元、钻孔执行单元、钻杆库单元等部分组成。该钻机通过集成自动换杆、远程遥控以及随钻数据采集这三大核心功能,实现了智能化钻进、无人化操作以及高效率钻进的目标。
底盘行走单元是智能卸压钻机的重要组成部分,如图2所示。底盘行走单元位于钻机底部,上面连接着支撑装置,二者通过回转机构相连,支撑装置可绕底盘行走单元中心轴线转动,让钻机在煤矿井下遇到如狭窄巷道、起伏地形等复杂场地时,能调整角度,确保稳定作业,适应不同工况。
钻杆给进装置装在支撑装置上,借助精密导向和动力驱动系统,在垂直方向上精准移动,为钻杆钻进、退出提供动力。自动钻杆箱装置集成于钻杆给进装置,钻杆在自动化驱动下能在内部轨道上下运动。钻杆给进装置通过精准位移控制,实现钻杆逐根有序钻进、退出,配合自动换杆系统,可显著提升换杆效率,缩短辅助时间,提高施工效率。
底盘行走单元由车体、履带、行走马达组成。行走马达通电启动,经行星齿轮减速机构把扭矩传给驱动轮,带动履带转动,使钻机在井下灵活行进。自动钻杆箱装置包括支撑座和钻杆箱体,支撑座用于实现钻杆箱体的稳固承载和定位,钻杆箱体存储钻杆,并通过内部自动化输送机构自动输送钻杆,为钻机高效钻进提供稳定可靠的钻杆供给。
如图3所示,智能钻机的支撑装置位于底盘行走单元上方,支撑装置可围绕底盘行走单元的中心轴线进行灵活转动,以适应煤矿井下诸如狭窄巷道、起伏地形等复杂工况,确保钻机在作业过程中的稳定性。
支撑装置主要由升降油缸、上顶紧油缸、回转支撑盘、升降架等部分构成。通过支撑导轨实现±25°的钻孔角度调节,并为钻杆给进装置提供稳定的作业平台。支撑装置进一步细分为回转盘和前后支撑单元体两大部分。回转盘上对称安装有两组竖直设置的后支撑单元体和前支撑单元体。
每组后支撑单元体包含固定管、上顶紧油缸和升降架。固定管稳固地安装于回转盘之上,上顶紧油缸的活塞杆与固定管通过承压盘紧密连接并固定。升降架套设于固定管的外围,借助升降油缸的伸缩动作,能够在固定管上实现精准的竖直方向升降运动。前支撑单元与后支撑单元之间通过后通轴刚性连接,形成稳固的结构体系。
钻杆给进装置安装在后通轴和前支撑单元体上,主要由钻机座和安装于钻机座上的钻机组成。自动钻杆箱装置内的钻杆在自动化驱动系统的控制下,可以在钻杆给进装置内实现上下运动,极大地提高了钻杆更换的效率。
该智能钻机集成了多项先进功能,包括钻机自动上下钻杆、一键启动钻机、数据自动记录和智能防卡钻等。这些功能的实现,使得钻机操作流程大幅简化,有效减少了下井作业人数,降低了工人的劳动强度[15],同时显著提高了煤矿开采作业的安全系数。
在智能钻机的液压系统中,各元件协同工作,保障钻机稳定运行。工作时,变量柱塞泵作为动力源,从油箱吸油时,通过吸油过滤器过滤油液中的杂质,防止杂质进入系统造成元件磨损。
当钻机执行如钻杆给进、支撑装置升降等动作时,高压油液驱动相应的油缸工作。例如,在支撑装置升降时,油液进入升降油缸,通过控制平衡阀来调节油缸的运动速度和平衡负载,防止因负载变化导致运动不稳定。双向液压锁则在油缸停止运动时,锁住油缸两腔的油液,使支撑装置保持在固定位置,防止因管路泄漏等原因导致位置变动。通过这些元件的相互配合,实现了智能钻机高效、稳定且安全的液压驱动控制。液压系统实现的功能如下。
(1)钻机行走。液压系统通过控制行走机构实现钻机在井下的移动。液压控制系统实现对行走速度、方向和转向半径的精确控制,确保钻机的行进安全和精确性。
(2)导轨高度和角度的控制。抓取钻杆时,泵站高压油液使操控抓手开合的油缸出现动作,实现精准抓取,按需求精准控制行程、速度,将钻杆平稳送到钻孔部位。
(3)自动钻杆箱的控制。通过液压系统实现对钻杆箱的各种动作控制,包括升降、旋转和倾斜等。通过液压缸的协调工作,确保钻杆箱的运动平稳、可靠。
(4)提供打钻时所需的动力。液压系统通过调整液压泵的输出压力和流量,从而稳定地实现对打钻操作的精准控制,确保上、下支撑的升降动作平稳、可靠。
自动换杆机构如图4所示。在换杆过程中,顶销油缸先将钻杆箱内的钻杆顶升,梭臂箱沿着方管移动至钻杆位置,通过凹陷和夹持板抓取钻杆,然后将钻杆移送至钻杆给进装置处,完成一次换杆操作。
自动换杆装置包括连接座、钻杆支撑架、钻杆箱、钻杆水平推送平台、钻杆上下推送部和钻杆固定槽等组件。
钻杆箱用于存储钻杆,由箱体、第一顶套、第二顶套以及插销油缸构成。钻杆箱呈前后排列,形成三列布局。插销油缸对称分布于钻杆箱下部左右两侧。通过操控进给装置,可精确调控钻杆在该空间内进行前后及上下位移[21]。
推送腔中间位置设有钻杆水平推送平台,由推动座、梭臂总成和传动总成三大部分构成。传动总成底部与连接座固定连接,推动座位于传动总成上部,梭臂总成介于两者之间。借助顶杆油缸的伸缩使钻杆升降座在推送腔内上下移动,完成钻杆的升降动作。
换杆流程如下:升降平台上升至钻杆箱底部,插销油缸回缩,致使第二根钻杆滑落到升降机内,并与第三根钻杆重新连接;随后,钻杆的第一段被推进煤层,并由夹持部固定。此时,钻杆水平推送平台向左移动,将第二根钻杆移送至钻杆进给部,通过螺纹与第一根钻杆连接,继续向前钻进煤层。不断重复上述操作,直至将钻杆箱内的钻杆全部推进煤层,完成整个钻孔作业。
自动换钻杆的过程分为打钻和卸钻两大步,第一步是打钻过程,分为以下三个部分。
第一部分是首根钻杆的打钻。具体操作内容包括:释放首根钻杆,切换到高速挡,启动动力头马达进行高速正向旋转,直至完成首根钻杆的钻进;动力头马达停转后,将转速调节至低速,进一步夹紧钻杆的末端,此时相关设备全部归位。
第二部分是中间钻杆的打钻流程。此时,钻杆会被送至工作位置,主动钻杆进入钻进阶段。根据操作需要,动力头马达会以低速正向旋转,然后释放钻杆,使第一列钻杆得以完全托起。紧接着,正式开始钻进,动力头马达进行高速正向旋转直至完成钻进,最后将钻机动力头复位。
第三部分是末根钻杆的打钻流程。首先是将钻杆送至工作位,然后插入钻杆,启动动力头马达进行低速正向旋转,夹紧末段钻杆。随后切换至高速档,动力头马达进行高速正向旋转,直至完成钻进。
至此,打钻流程结束。接下来进行卸钻,卸钻过程同样分为类似的三部分。通过循环这些步骤,可以将钻杆箱内的钻杆全部钻入煤层。
该智能钻机配套装备有无线遥控器,可通过遥控器控制钻机的各种动作。钻机的运行包括四个模式。
(1)全自动模式。该运行模式对预先设定数量的钻杆进行自动打钻及自动退钻。钻进控制包括恒功率自适应钻进、抱卡钻状态的识别与处理等。
(2)自动打钻模式。在自动打钻模式下,预设数量的钻杆将被自动打钻,采用拨钮开关组合和电位计旋钮控制钻机的转速和推进速度。
(3)半自动打钻模式。在半自动打钻模式下,同样会对预先设定数量的钻杆进行自动打钻,采用转速切换拨钮开关和自复位单轴手柄电位计控制钻机的转速和推进速度。
(4)自动退钻模式。采用自动控制方式对预先设定数量的钻杆进行自动退钻。
智能钻机的性能参数见表1。
智能钻机在钻杆钻进煤层和岩层时,钻杆进尺深度随时间的变化曲线如图5所示,借此间接反映钻杆钻进速度。从图5可以看出,煤层中的钻进速度比岩层中的钻进速度高。智能钻机在煤层或岩层中钻进时,随着深度增加,钻进速度下降,且钻进深度时间曲线中出现了若干段水平线,这是自动换杆装置进行自动换杆操作所致。经过多次自动换杆,智能钻机能持续向目标深度钻进。
此智能钻机配备55 kW大功率电机及负载敏感变量液压系统,可根据煤体压力的变化智能输出操控指令,实现扭矩、转速无极自动调节[22],大大减少了卡钻和抱钻现象。这不仅提高了钻进效率,还提高了施工效率。
为描述时刻t的动力头压力变化,取t-1到t之间的20个等间隔样本参数,剔除最大值和最小值后对余下数值算术平均,获得时刻t的动力头旋转压力Pt。t+1时刻的动力头旋转压力Pt+1的计算方法类似于Pt。设t+1时刻动力头旋转压力与t时刻的均值变化量为ΔPt,可使用下式计算:
根据钻机随钻信息采集装置采集到的4组数据绘制的进给压力和旋转压力变化曲线,如图6所示。在钻进过程中,钻机动力头旋转压力的变化可反映孔内地质条件。由于井下煤岩层存在各向异性,动力头在钻进过程中承受的压力不断波动。
图7和图8给出了进给速度、旋转速度、扭矩和功率之间的关系。从图7可以看出,当钻机功率增加时,扭矩也随之增大。当功率增加时,钻机提供更大的扭矩输出,以应对更大的工作负荷。从图8可以看出,随着旋转速度的增加,进给速度也会增大。这是因为旋转速度的增加可以提高钻头的转速,进而提高进给速度。
通过钻机的随钻参数感知系统采集的数据,能够实时准确了解钻进工况,避免钻进事故,实现安全高效施工。随着随钻信息传输技术的发展,随钻测量系统不仅能测量钻进过程中的定向数据、地层特性等,还能精确检测钻机的钻进工况,显著提升钻进效率,同时降低钻进事故率[23]。
在郭屯煤矿使用智能钻机进行了钻孔卸压的工程应用。与传统钻机相比,智能钻机具有以下优势。
(1)设备体积小。泵站、钻机一体化设计,整机宽度仅1.15 m,适用于狭窄巷道钻孔施工。
(2)自动化程度高。机械化自动装卸钻杆,劳动强度低;装杆结构简单,故障率低,机械寿命长。
(3)钻箱容量大。钻箱容量可满足一次钻进深度25 m的需要,钻孔过程中不需人工干预。
(4)智能化钻进。配备钻孔深度测量及煤体压力检测系统,能实时显示转速、钻孔深度等有关参数,并且能导出钻进工况数据,有利于对钻机进行故障诊断。
(5)稳定性好。采用顶天立地和钻机滑轨前顶紧方式,能够实现复杂条件下快速支钻稳钻,大幅提高了钻机的稳定性。
(6)钻进效率高。配备55 kW大功率电机以及负载敏感变量液压系统,能根据煤体压力变化即刻输出操控指令,实现扭矩、转速的无极自动调节,从而减少卡钻、抱钻现象,提高钻进效率。
该智能钻机为煤矿井下卸压作业提供了一种新型的安全高效施工设备。该钻机配备先进的全液压驱动系统和远程遥控操作系统,能很好地适用于煤矿井下作业。具有以下优点:
(1)智能钻机具有自动换杆、远程操控等功能,与传统钻机相比较,智能钻机具备诸多优势,能够提高生产效率,降低事故风险及施工成本;
(2)智能钻机具备机动灵活的特性,能在狭窄通道中运行自如。该钻机可对顶壁、侧壁和底板进行全方位的钻孔,极大减轻了工人劳动强度。机身倾角可方便省力地调整,且稳定性好。
但是,仍然可以从以下几个方面进行改进:
(1)进一步优化钻机设计,提高智能钻机的性能和效率,使其能适用于不同类型的井下作业环境;
(2)进一步提高钻机的安全性能和环保性能,减少对环境的影响,提高作业安全系数;
(3)随着人工智能和自动化技术的快速发展,提高智能钻机的智能化水平,能实现更多的自主作业和智能控制功能,从而大大提高作业效率和精准度。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52174121; 52204099)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52174121; 52204099)
作者信息
    1.山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院,山东 青岛市 266590
    2.山东能源集团鲁西矿业有限公司,山东 菏泽市 274700
    3.山东天河科技股份有限公司,山东 济宁市 273500

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栾学坤(2000—),男,山东青岛人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山机械等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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