Article(id=1322164800042415022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158252964, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158252964, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158252964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158252964, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=186, endPage=194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164800252130223, articleId=1322164800042415022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Evolution of Physical Properties and Shear Characteristics of Andesite Under Hydrochemical and Freeze-Thaw Effects, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of hydrochemical and freeze-thaw (HFT) on the physical properties and shear mechanical characteristics of andesite, freeze-thaw tests were conducted for 45 cycles under three different hydrochemical environments. The andesite samples from the Duolong mining area in Tibet was selected as the research object. The changes in shear mechanical parameters and physical properties, as well as the damage mechanisms, were analyzed from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The results show that, as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, both the physical properties and shear mechanical parameters of andesite in all three hydrochemical environments exhibit a deterioration trend, with the most significant damage observed in the acidic environment. The decrease in cohesion is more pronounced than that in the internal friction angle, and the failure modes differ among environments: shear failure in acidic environments, shear fracture failure in neutral environments, and tensile shear failure in alkaline environments. A shear mechanical prediction model based on shear test data was established, with an error of less than 10%, which can effectively predict the cohesion and internal friction angle values of the rock after long-term freeze-thaw cycles in different chemical environments. Quantitative analysis of damage caused by hydrochemical and freeze-thaw effects based on shear test parameters shows that freeze-thaw cycles cause more damage to andesite than hydrochemical effects.

, authors=Jun FU1, 2, 3, Rui LIANG1, 2, Hongchao LI2, 4, Canping WU1, 3, Can YU1, 3, Jiaqi LI1, 3, Xuanze LIU5, authorsList=Jun FU, Rui LIANG, Hongchao LI, Canping WU, Can YU, Jiaqi LI, Xuanze LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rui LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164809416684524, articleId=1322164800042415022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=水化学-冻融作用下安山岩物理性质与剪切特性的演化规律, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究水化学-冻融作用对安山岩的物理性质与剪切力学特性的影响,以西藏多龙矿集区的安山岩为研究对象,在三种水化学环境下进行45次冻融循环试验,从宏、微观角度分析了安山岩剪切力学参数和物理指标的变化规律及损伤机理。结果表明:随冻融循环次数增加,三种水化学环境中安山岩的物理指标和剪切力学参数均呈劣化趋势,其中酸性环境下岩石损伤最大;随冻融循环次数增加,三种环境下岩石黏聚力的降低幅度均大于其内摩擦角的降低幅度,且不同环境下破坏形式各异,酸性环境为剪切破坏,中性环境下为剪断破坏,碱性环境下为拉剪破坏;基于剪切试验构建的剪切力学预测模型,其预测误差小于10%,可有效预测不同化学环境中长期冻融后岩石的黏聚力和内摩擦角;基于剪切试验参数对水化学和冻融作用损伤进行量化分析,冻融循环对安山岩的损伤高于水化学作用。

, authors=付俊1, 2, 3, 梁瑞1, 2, 李洪超2, 4, 吴灿萍1, 3, 余璨1, 3, 李嘉淇1, 3, 刘轩泽5, authorsList=付俊, 梁瑞, 李洪超, 吴灿萍, 余璨, 李嘉淇, 刘轩泽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁瑞, authorNote=

付俊(1986—),男,云南昆明人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事岩石力学、环境岩土、采矿等研究。E-mail:

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梁瑞(2000—),男,云南昆明人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学、岩土工程设计等工作。E-mail:
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付俊(1986—),男,云南昆明人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事岩石力学、环境岩土、采矿等研究。E-mail:

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付俊(1986—),男,云南昆明人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事岩石力学、环境岩土、采矿等研究。E-mail:

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Meso-damage and mechanical properties degradation of sandstone under combined effect of water chemical corrosion and freeze-thaw cycles[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2019, 40 (2): 455-464., articleTitle=Meso-damage and mechanical properties degradation of sandstone under combined effect of water chemical corrosion and freeze-thaw cycles, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322164819822751821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, awardId=52164010; 52164016, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52164010; 52164016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322164819927609422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, awardId=202405AF140045, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省院士专家工作站科技项目(202405AF140045), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322164820003106895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, awardId=202405B040035, language=CN, fundingSource=昆明市中青年学术和技术带头人科技专项(202405B040035), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322164821668245584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.Faculty of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164810117133307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, companyId=1322164810096161785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.昆明理工大学 公共安全与应急管理学院,云南 昆明 650093)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322164815120937007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=XRD diffraction pattern of andesite, figureFileSmall=qwbgq7B2U39QPfh32/p/tA==, figureFileBig=G2l0O6S5PuRRcTfgrvIGGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164815234183216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=CN, label=图1, caption=安山岩XRD衍射图谱, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164818803535940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同水化学环境中冻融前后的安山岩电镜扫描照片, figureFileSmall=LnxlXKbYB37+Oqgr6fS4cQ==, figureFileBig=T5r5ysx3fiuycWL3aAPrpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164818883227717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical properties of andesite after hydrochemical reaction and freezing-thawing cycle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液环境冻融循环次数m0/gmN/gvp0/(m/s)VpN/(m/s)ηm(0,N)/% /%
HNO3(0.1 mol/L)0506.69506.695 1905 190——
15506.69505.485 1905 0450.2392.794
30506.69504.925 1904 7830.3497.842
45506.69502.835 1904 5670.76212.004
H2O0518.82518.825 2815 281——
15518.82517.925 2815 2630.1730.341
30518.82517.455 2815 1420.2642.632
45518.82516.785 2814 8170.3938.786
NaOH(0.1 mol/L)0521.66521.665 1585 158——
15521.66521.085 1585 0790.1111.532
30521.66520.305 1584 9110.2614.789
45521.66519.055 1584 8180.5006.592
), ArticleFig(id=1322164818983891014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

安山岩水化学-冻融循环后的物理性质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液环境冻融循环次数m0/gmN/gvp0/(m/s)VpN/(m/s)ηm(0,N)/% /%
HNO3(0.1 mol/L)0506.69506.695 1905 190——
15506.69505.485 1905 0450.2392.794
30506.69504.925 1904 7830.3497.842
45506.69502.835 1904 5670.76212.004
H2O0518.82518.825 2815 281——
15518.82517.925 2815 2630.1730.341
30518.82517.455 2815 1420.2642.632
45518.82516.785 2814 8170.3938.786
NaOH(0.1 mol/L)0521.66521.665 1585 158——
15521.66521.085 1585 0790.1111.532
30521.66520.305 1584 9110.2614.789
45521.66519.055 1584 8180.5006.592
), ArticleFig(id=1322164819080360007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Shear mechanical parameters of andesite after hydrochemical reaction and freezing-thawing cycle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水化学环境冻融循环次数抗剪强度τ/MPa黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)残差平方和R2
σn=2 MPaσn=4 MPaσn=6 MPaσn=8 MPa
HNO3(0.1 mol/L)022.9424.2428.4629.8220.1551.200.949 1
1518.6219.4520.7925.1615.7646.360.864 5
3016.8317.9820.2422.9514.3545.860.970 8
4514.6417.1819.7219.8813.2842.420.907 8
H2O025.9828.1428.9134.7922.6653.600.869 5
1520.9920.8725.1327.5117.6750.000.889 0
3018.1619.3521.0324.4415.6245.700.941 9
4517.0019.5420.3323.3915.0844.900.958 6
NaOH(0.1 mol/L)023.3724.4727.5031.1620.0352.850.953 2
1521.8123.5326.9628.0719.5448.030.964 5
3019.3721.2223.7725.4517.2546.150.993 9
4516.6317.2120.7021.9614.2544.260.929 5
), ArticleFig(id=1322164819172634696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水化学-冻融循环后的安山岩剪切力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水化学环境冻融循环次数抗剪强度τ/MPa黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)残差平方和R2
σn=2 MPaσn=4 MPaσn=6 MPaσn=8 MPa
HNO3(0.1 mol/L)022.9424.2428.4629.8220.1551.200.949 1
1518.6219.4520.7925.1615.7646.360.864 5
3016.8317.9820.2422.9514.3545.860.970 8
4514.6417.1819.7219.8813.2842.420.907 8
H2O025.9828.1428.9134.7922.6653.600.869 5
1520.9920.8725.1327.5117.6750.000.889 0
3018.1619.3521.0324.4415.6245.700.941 9
4517.0019.5420.3323.3915.0844.900.958 6
NaOH(0.1 mol/L)023.3724.4727.5031.1620.0352.850.953 2
1521.8123.5326.9628.0719.5448.030.964 5
3019.3721.2223.7725.4517.2546.150.993 9
4516.6317.2120.7021.9614.2544.260.929 5
), ArticleFig(id=1322164819302658121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of shear mechanics prediction model of andesite after hydrochemical reaction and freezing-thawing cycle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学环境a0a1a2b0b1
酸性(pH=2)6.4713.2113.6848.310.72
中性(pH=7)8.4716.8614.1966.806.20
碱性(pH=12)-0.34-14.7320.1655.372.71
), ArticleFig(id=1322164819399127114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水化学-冻融循环后的安山岩剪切力学预测模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学环境a0a1a2b0b1
酸性(pH=2)6.4713.2113.6848.310.72
中性(pH=7)8.4716.8614.1966.806.20
碱性(pH=12)-0.34-14.7320.1655.372.71
), ArticleFig(id=1322164819512373323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Quantitative results of hydrochemical reaction and freezing-thawing damage of andesite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻融循环次数中性环境酸性环境碱性环境
DF-TDHDF-TDHDF-TDH
00000.07800.065
150.14400.0800.0760.0810.023
300.22900.1700.0270.1730.040
450.24800.1930.0630.2010.024
), ArticleFig(id=1322164819625619532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164800042415022, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

安山岩的水化学-冻融损伤量化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻融循环次数中性环境酸性环境碱性环境
DF-TDHDF-TDHDF-TDH
00000.07800.065
150.14400.0800.0760.0810.023
300.22900.1700.0270.1730.040
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水化学-冻融作用下安山岩物理性质与剪切特性的演化规律
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付俊 1, 2, 3 , 梁瑞 1, 2 , 李洪超 2, 4 , 吴灿萍 1, 3 , 余璨 1, 3 , 李嘉淇 1, 3 , 刘轩泽 5
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(12): 186-194
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (12) : 186 -194
水化学-冻融作用下安山岩物理性质与剪切特性的演化规律
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付俊(1986—),男,云南昆明人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事岩石力学、环境岩土、采矿等研究。E-mail:

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付俊(1986—),男,云南昆明人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事岩石力学、环境岩土、采矿等研究。E-mail:

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付俊1, 2, 3 , 梁瑞1, 2 , 李洪超2, 4, 吴灿萍1, 3, 余璨1, 3, 李嘉淇1, 3, 刘轩泽5
作者信息
  • 1.中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司,云南 昆明 650051
  • 2.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
  • 3.云南省岩土工程与地质灾害重点实验室,云南 昆明 650051
  • 4.昆明理工大学 城市学院,云南 昆明 650051
  • 5.昆明理工大学 公共安全与应急管理学院,云南 昆明 650093
通讯作者:
梁瑞(2000—),男,云南昆明人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学、岩土工程设计等工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

付俊(1986—),男,云南昆明人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事岩石力学、环境岩土、采矿等研究。E-mail:

Evolution of Physical Properties and Shear Characteristics of Andesite Under Hydrochemical and Freeze-Thaw Effects
Jun FU1, 2, 3 , Rui LIANG1, 2 , Hongchao LI2, 4, Canping WU1, 3, Can YU1, 3, Jiaqi LI1, 3, Xuanze LIU5
Affiliations
  • 1.Kunming Survey, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., of China Nonferrous Metals Industry, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China
  • 2.Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
  • 3.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Engineering and Geohazards, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China
  • 4.City College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China
  • 5.Faculty of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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为研究水化学-冻融作用对安山岩的物理性质与剪切力学特性的影响,以西藏多龙矿集区的安山岩为研究对象,在三种水化学环境下进行45次冻融循环试验,从宏、微观角度分析了安山岩剪切力学参数和物理指标的变化规律及损伤机理。结果表明:随冻融循环次数增加,三种水化学环境中安山岩的物理指标和剪切力学参数均呈劣化趋势,其中酸性环境下岩石损伤最大;随冻融循环次数增加,三种环境下岩石黏聚力的降低幅度均大于其内摩擦角的降低幅度,且不同环境下破坏形式各异,酸性环境为剪切破坏,中性环境下为剪断破坏,碱性环境下为拉剪破坏;基于剪切试验构建的剪切力学预测模型,其预测误差小于10%,可有效预测不同化学环境中长期冻融后岩石的黏聚力和内摩擦角;基于剪切试验参数对水化学和冻融作用损伤进行量化分析,冻融循环对安山岩的损伤高于水化学作用。

安山岩  /  水化学  /  冻融循环  /  剪切特性  /  损伤机理

To investigate the effects of hydrochemical and freeze-thaw (HFT) on the physical properties and shear mechanical characteristics of andesite, freeze-thaw tests were conducted for 45 cycles under three different hydrochemical environments. The andesite samples from the Duolong mining area in Tibet was selected as the research object. The changes in shear mechanical parameters and physical properties, as well as the damage mechanisms, were analyzed from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The results show that, as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, both the physical properties and shear mechanical parameters of andesite in all three hydrochemical environments exhibit a deterioration trend, with the most significant damage observed in the acidic environment. The decrease in cohesion is more pronounced than that in the internal friction angle, and the failure modes differ among environments: shear failure in acidic environments, shear fracture failure in neutral environments, and tensile shear failure in alkaline environments. A shear mechanical prediction model based on shear test data was established, with an error of less than 10%, which can effectively predict the cohesion and internal friction angle values of the rock after long-term freeze-thaw cycles in different chemical environments. Quantitative analysis of damage caused by hydrochemical and freeze-thaw effects based on shear test parameters shows that freeze-thaw cycles cause more damage to andesite than hydrochemical effects.

Andesite  /  Hydrochemical  /  Freeze-thaw cycles  /  Shear characteristy  /  Damage mechanism
付俊, 梁瑞, 李洪超, 吴灿萍, 余璨, 李嘉淇, 刘轩泽. 水化学-冻融作用下安山岩物理性质与剪切特性的演化规律. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 186 -194 .
Jun FU, Rui LIANG, Hongchao LI, Canping WU, Can YU, Jiaqi LI, Xuanze LIU. Evolution of Physical Properties and Shear Characteristics of Andesite Under Hydrochemical and Freeze-Thaw Effects[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 186 -194 .
西藏多龙矿集区赋存有丰富的金铜矿资源[1],已探明铜金属储量超2 000万t,未来将成为我国重要的资源供应基地。该矿集区中某露天矿地表水呈低矿化状态(pH为8.07),在矿区中游由于酸性地下水的补给,pH降至4.75。此外,矿区最冷月份的平均气温为-12.8 ℃,常年最低气温低于-20 ℃,年无霜期仅有50余天。该矿设计边坡超过1 000 m,服务年限长达35 a。作为矿体盖层的安山岩将面临由复杂水环境、极端低温和超高边坡共同构成的严峻挑战。
20世纪70年代,WIEDERHORN等[2]开始关注水化学作用对岩石造成的影响。国内学者随后展开水-岩力学特性的研究,FENG等[3]认为化学溶液削弱了矿物颗粒之间的连接,进而造成岩体的宏观力学特性减弱;李鹏等[4]对砂岩进行剪切试验,发现化学浸泡时间与抗剪强度呈负相关;汤连生等[5]指出砂岩和花岗岩在化学浸泡后弹性模量呈下降趋势。有学者对岩石的化学浸泡损伤机理展开探讨,王伟等[6]认为酸性增强使矿物集合体溶蚀,导致岩石软化、抗压强度降低;凌斯祥等[7]发现酸性水使岩石易溶物减少,黏土矿物增加,从而造成岩石劣化,认为酸性水对页岩的化学腐蚀机理包括溶解、氧化、水解和离子交换作用;杨慧等[8]利用质量守恒定律,定量推导出水-岩化学作用裂纹扩展模型,解释pH值与浓度对岩石裂纹发展的影响。上述研究对砂岩、花岗岩等岩石水-岩损伤规律和机制进行了研究,但有关水化学条件下安山岩特性变化的研究仍有待补充。
在冻融岩石力学研究领域,学者研究发现冻融作用使岩石的纵波波速、质量和抗拉强度下降[9-12]。吴安杰等[13]发现冻融后泥质白云岩的抗压强度、峰值应变和弹性模量呈下降趋势,而泊松比则上升;叶永芃等[14]对红砂岩进行三轴压缩试验后发现,前10次冻融循环过程中,围压对岩石强度的影响大于冻融作用的影响,10次后则相反。有学者对岩石冻融损伤机制展开探讨[15-16],张继周等[17]认为冻融对岩石造成的损伤模式为片落模式和裂纹模式;韩铁林等[18]认为钙质砂岩冻融损伤模式分为颗粒剥落、片落模式和裂纹模式。单一冻融或水化学环境对岩石损伤的研究已较丰富,但自然环境中多为多因素叠加出现,对多因素的共同作用机理尚不明确。
现有研究大多集中在宏观层面的抗压强度上,而实际工程往往处在拉压剪复合状态[19],剪切破坏是岩石等脆性材料的常见破坏模式[20]。而有关水化学-冻融耦合作用下安山岩剪切力学特性损伤的研究尚未见报道,因此,本文以多龙矿集区的安山岩为研究对象,开展水化学-冻融耦合作用下安山岩的物理性质和剪切力学损伤研究,为该矿区矿产资源的开发以及冻融灾害的防治提供理论基础。
选用西藏多龙矿集区某待建金铜矿地表露头大块完整安山岩,并参照ISRM推荐的试样尺寸将岩块加工成试验用试件。直接剪切试验试样为Ф50 mm×H100 mm的标准圆柱,扫描电镜试验(SEM)试样和X射线衍射试验(XRD)的试样为10 mm×10 mm×5 mm的长方体。为保证数据均匀性,同组试件均取自同一岩块。岩石的XRD图谱(见图1)显示,安山岩主要矿物成分为石英(53.8%)、长石(37.6%)、方黄铜(7.3%)和金红石(1.3%)。
为加速试验的水化过程,配制酸性(pH=2)、中性(pH=7)和碱性(pH=12)溶液,浓度均为0.1 mol/L。水化过程中pH会发生动态变化,因此,通过水化预试验来探究溶液pH的变化规律。挑选块度不超过5 cm、完整性较好的废石作为水化预试验试样,烘干后采用SHZ-D(Ⅲ)型真空饱和装置在-0.1个大气压下进行化学溶液饱和处理。每隔7 d使用雷磁PHS-3E pH计测量溶液的pH,63 d内酸性、中性和碱性溶液的pH变化如图2所示。
由图2可知,三种溶液的pH均呈指数函数变化规律,且趋近于8,35 d前变化较快,35 d后趋于稳定。酸性溶液pH逐渐上升至5,中性溶液趋向弱碱性,碱性溶液pH持续向8接近。
根据饱和密度与纵波波速对试件进行分组,利用中拓ZT801岩体参数测定仪和电子天平测量浸泡前试件的初始饱和质量、水下质量及纵波波速。为保持溶液环境pH稳定为2,7,12,每2 d测量一次溶液pH,向酸性溶液和碱性溶液中分别滴加0.1 mol/L的HNO3和NaOH溶液。化学浸泡完成后,取长方体试样进行SEM测试。
结合该矿区实际气温,冻融循环温度上、下限分别设为20 ℃和-20 ℃,冻结、融化过程各持续2 h,温度升、降速率为20 ℃/h,保持-20 ℃/20 ℃恒温时间持续10 h,一次完整冻融循环为24 h(见图3)。值得注意的是,饱和后的试件连同浸泡溶液放入冻融试验机。
试验设置4个冻融周期组(0次、15次、30次和45次)。循环过程中记录试件表面的裂纹和孔隙增加情况,并测量其饱和质量和纵波波速。采用YSD-10A直剪仪进行剪切力学测试,采用ZEISS Sigma 300进行SEM分析。
图4为试件浸泡前后端面变化的典型图片,试件冻融前后端面损伤情况如图5所示,其中F-T0、F-T15、F-T30、F-T45分别表示冻融循环0次、15次、30次、45次。
由图4可以看出,酸性溶液浸泡后,安山岩表面损伤最严重,岩样表面出现明显的水蚀纹,溶液中出现黑色络合物。碱性环境下仅观察到岩石表面颜色变化,中性环境无显著变化,表明后两种溶液对岩石的整体损伤较轻。
由图5可知,酸性溶液浸泡后试件出现明显的酸侵蚀裂纹和片块脱落,冻融30次后岩石基质松散,表面颗粒剥离。中性和碱性溶液浸泡后岩石中裂隙、孔隙较少,冻融30次前无明显变化,冻融45次后损伤逐渐积累,表现为片块脱落和宏观裂纹。这是由于冻结时发生液-固相变,总体体积膨胀约9%,而岩石的体积减小,冻胀力致使岩石结构劣化。综上,冻融作用对岩石的损伤程度高于单纯的溶液浸泡,且酸性溶液浸泡对岩石的损伤最为严重。
质量变化能直接反映水化学-冻融后岩石的完整性,纵波波速降低率则表征试件骨架结构孔隙发育情况。质量损失率ηm(0,N)和波速降低率的计算公式如下:
式中:m0、mN分别为冻融N次前后安山岩试件饱和质量,g;vp0、vpN分别为冻融N次前后安山岩试件饱和纵波波速,m/s。
安山岩试件质量和纵波波速随冻融N次循环后的变化如图6所示,相关物理性质参数见表1,经过不同水化学溶液腐蚀与冻融循环后,安山岩孔隙率与纵波波速的关系如图7所示。
三种环境中岩石质量均呈减小趋势,且随冻融循环次数增加,酸性环境中岩石的质量损失最大,碱性环境次之,中性环境最小。冻融循环15次后,安山岩的纵波波速显著下降,在酸性环境中波速下降幅度最大(12.004%),中性环境中冻融循环15次前波速变化不明显,冻融循环15次后波速降低速率增大,碱性环境中波速下降较为均衡且变化最小。由图7可知,孔隙率与纵波波速呈负相关,说明岩石在水化学冻融耦合作用下发生了损伤。这是由于化学溶液腐蚀岩石基质中薄弱矿物,导致岩石骨架变松散,孔隙增加,为冻融循环的发生提供了有利条件;冻融循环使裂隙扩展,腐蚀液体进一步侵蚀岩石内部。随冻融循环次数增加,两种作用互相促进,岩石损伤逐渐累积。
不同法向应力下安山岩剪应力与切向位移的关系如图8所示。在较低法向应力下,抗剪强度τ与法向应力σn符合Coulomb定律(见式(3)),剪切试验结果见表2。
由图8可知,冻融作用显著降低了岩石的抗剪强度,化学浸泡影响了岩石的延塑性。在酸性和中性环境下,冻融后剪切破坏由脆性转变为延性,而碱性环境下则相反,表明冻融对抗剪强度的劣化大于化学浸泡。安山岩在3种环境下的剪切应力-位移曲线,可分为以下4阶段:
(1)初期加载,试件与剪切盒存在空隙,应力增长缓慢,曲线斜率小且波动大;
(2)稳定加载,空隙被压密,应力迅速增加,曲线呈线性或上凹形;
(3)抗剪极限,剪应力达到峰值后下降,酸性和中性环境下降较缓,碱性环境下降较快;
(4)残余强度,剪应力趋于平稳,部分试件断裂后交错黏连,使剪应力轻微回升。
由表2可知,在σn相同的情况下,随冻融循环次数增加,3种水化学环境下岩石抗剪强度持续降低。岩石受酸性侵蚀叠加冻融作用造成的损伤最严重,抗剪强度的降低速率和减小值都最大;中性和碱性环境下的岩石劣化程度相近。原因如下:酸性环境对岩石中的软弱矿物(如长石)的侵蚀作用较强,岩石的孔隙和裂隙发展显著;经历冻融作用后,裂隙和孔隙向岩石内部扩展,削弱了岩石的抗剪强度;碱性溶液对岩石的侵蚀集中于表面,生成的孔隙和裂隙少于酸性环境下的情形,岩石损伤由冻融作用主导;中性环境下水化学作用微弱,裂隙和孔隙发展最少,抗剪强度下降速率低于酸性和碱性环境下的情形。
安山岩黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ与冻融循环次数N的关系如图9所示。随冻融次数增加,3种水化学环境下安山岩的c和φ均递减,酸性环境下的降幅度最大,黏聚力的降低程度大于内摩擦角。
通过最小二乘法对冻融循环0次、15次、30次后的剪切试验数据进行拟合,得到不同水化学环境下安山岩经过N次冻融循环后黏聚力、内摩擦角的计算公式(见式(4)和式(5))和相关参数(见表3)。
式中:φ(N)和c(N)分别表示N次冻融循环后的摩擦角、黏聚力;a0、a1、a2、b0和b1为劣化系数。
令N为45次,酸性、中性和碱性环境下c预测值依次为13.89 MPa、14.77 MPa、12.94 MPa,φ预测值依次为45.56°、43.18°、45.01°。c、φ的预测值与冻融45次后的实测结果的误差均小于10%,说明该预测模型对当地安山岩c、φ值具有较好的预测性,可为边坡稳定性评价等提供重要的依据。
将安山岩在直剪试验中的破坏形式归纳为3种:拉剪破坏、剪断破坏、剪切破坏。限于篇幅,仅展示典型的破坏图片,如图10所示。
由图10(a)可以看出,中性环境下破坏面平直且光滑,断裂呈“一”字形,属于脆性断裂,这是由冻融作用引起的剪断破坏。中性环境下水化学作用微弱,冻融作用致使岩石内部的微裂隙和孔隙增长。
由图10(b)可以看出,碱性环境下表现为拉剪破坏,断裂面呈“Z”字形或弧形,表面呈锯齿状。冻融过程引起不规则裂隙扩展,碱性环境中的OH-侵蚀这些裂隙,形成软弱面。在剪切试验中,在法向应力作用下产生拉应力并集中于软弱面。随剪切力逐渐增大至抗剪极限时,拉伸力和剪切力共同作用导致岩石发生拉剪破坏。
由图10(c)可以看出,酸性环境中岩石为剪切破坏,破坏面粗糙且含有碎屑,破裂呈“十”字形或“T”形。硝酸浸泡使岩石中矿物溶解,冻胀力在此基础上使岩石内外结构产生了更多的微裂纹和孔隙;水化学-冻融共同作用增加了裂纹数量和裂纹间的连通性,从而使剪应力沿这些裂隙扩展并引发剪切破坏。
由XRD分析可知,该安山岩的主要组分为石英和长石,这两种矿物在3种水化学环境中受到的作用不同,主要化学作用分析如下。
(1)酸性环境[21](pH<6)。
在酸性环境中,酸蚀作用通过腐蚀外层长石并沿孔隙和微裂隙扩展至内层基质,削弱颗粒连接,形成缺陷。冻胀力进一步扩大这些缺陷,形成后续冻融过程中液体进出的通道,导致酸性环境下岩石的物理和剪切力学性能最差。
(2)碱性环境(pH>10)。
在碱性环境中,式(8)、式(9)的反应发生在岩石表面和带有原生裂隙部位,侵蚀机理和酸性环境类似,但OH-对石英的化学腐蚀较弱,见式(10),故对安山岩颗粒腐蚀不明显;碱性环境中产生的和使环境pH下降,符合图2中的pH变化规律,减弱了对于岩石的侵蚀,故碱性环境下后期损伤发展较慢。
(3)中性环境(pH=7)。
在中性环境中,石英几乎不受化学影响,长石发生轻微水解反应,见式(11)和式(12),形成少量微小裂隙。冻融作用引起微裂隙扩展,导致岩石结构逐渐松散和脆弱。损伤主要源于冻融循环,因此中性环境下的损伤最轻微。
微观结构的变化直接影响到岩石的抗剪强度、黏聚力等力学特性。安山岩水化学-冻融前后的电镜扫描(SEM)结果如图11所示。
酸性环境浸泡的样品表面可以看到明显的孔隙。孔隙为不规则形状,边缘锋利,说明酸性溶液对安山岩中的矿物产生了强烈的化学侵蚀作用。酸溶蚀造成的微裂隙成为水在冻融循环过程中渗透的通道,随冻融次数增加,裂隙逐步扩展并连通,最终形成了贯穿性的宏观裂缝和孔隙。中性环境中表现出的是微孔隙扩展。起初岩石基质紧密,水浸泡导致易溶物流失,经历多次冻融循环后,微孔隙逐渐发育为更大的孔隙,颗粒剥落,岩石基质结合逐渐松散,导致岩石内部结构发生劣化。碱性环境中的样品表现出颗粒剥落、裂隙扩展现象。因为OH-溶解了部分胶结物,表面呈鳞片状暴露;冻胀力使裂隙扩大,有助于后续冻融循环中液体的渗透,故岩石在碱性环境中的损伤比在中性环境中的损伤严重。
岩石水化学-冻融损伤可简化为式(13),选取c、φ值作为损伤评判标准,作出假设:中性环境下岩石水化学损伤忽略不计,仅受冻融损伤[21];酸性、碱性环境中,水化学和冻融损伤均有。
式中:D、DH、DF-T分别为总损伤、水化学损伤和冻融损伤;c0、cn、φ0、φn分别为酸性或碱性环境中初始及冻融N次后的黏聚力及内摩擦角。DF-T的计算公式为:
式中,c'0、c'n、φ'0、φ'n分别为中性环境中初始及冻融N次后的黏聚力及内摩擦角。
根据试验结果计算得到D、DH、DF-T,见表4。
由表4可知,冻融循环造成的损伤在三种环境中均高于水化学作用,且随冻融次数的增加,冻融损伤逐渐加深。其中酸性环境的化学侵蚀最强,岩石在冻融作用前孔隙发育最多,基于这些孔隙,岩石内部的液体冻结时具有更大的冻胀力,故酸性环境中浸泡的试件经过冻融循环后,物理力学性质劣化最严重;碱性溶液与少量矿物反应,岩石原有裂隙显现,新发育的裂隙较少,在冻融循环中水进出的通道也较少,故损伤小于酸性环境下的情形。中性环境下岩石基本不发生化学反应,易溶矿物流失形成的裂隙极少,故冻融作用造成的损伤也最小。综上,冻融循环造成微裂隙和孔隙扩展是岩石损伤的主要原因,水化学腐蚀是次要原因。
本研究基于西藏多龙矿集区复杂水环境-极端低温条件下的安山岩,开展了宏、微观物理性质及剪切力学性能试验,分析了其损伤规律和机制,得出以下主要结论。
(1)冻融循环作用对安山岩的影响程度高于水化学侵蚀作用,3种水化学环境中浸泡的岩石经历45次冻融循环后,其剪切力学性能的冻融损伤整体高于水化学损伤。
(2)随冻融次数增加,安山岩的抗剪强度显著下降,其黏聚力降低幅度大于内摩擦角的降低幅度。酸性、中性和碱性环境下的剪切试验破坏形式分别为剪切破坏、剪断破坏和拉剪破坏。
(3)安山岩剪切力学参数预测模型误差小于10%,可预测该矿区安山岩长期冻融后的黏聚力、内摩擦角,可为边坡稳定性评价等提供重要依据。
(4)3种水化学环境中,酸性溶液对长石等软弱矿物侵蚀能力最强,裂隙和孔隙发育程度最高,岩石损伤源于水化学-冻融双重作用,岩石物理指标和剪切力学参数下降最显著;中性和碱性环境下水化学腐蚀造成的裂隙、孔隙较少,岩石损伤由冻融作用主导。建议在矿山边坡设计和施工时,充分考虑冻融和酸性化学侵蚀对岩体稳定性的双重影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52164010; 52164016)
  • 云南省院士专家工作站科技项目(202405AF140045)
  • 昆明市中青年学术和技术带头人科技专项(202405B040035)
  • 中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司科技创新项目(2022YN05A3; 2023YN06)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52164010; 52164016)
云南省院士专家工作站科技项目(202405AF140045)
昆明市中青年学术和技术带头人科技专项(202405B040035)
中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司科技创新项目(2022YN05A3; 2023YN06)
作者信息
    1.中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司,云南 昆明 650051
    2.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
    3.云南省岩土工程与地质灾害重点实验室,云南 昆明 650051
    4.昆明理工大学 城市学院,云南 昆明 650051
    5.昆明理工大学 公共安全与应急管理学院,云南 昆明 650093

通讯作者:

梁瑞(2000—),男,云南昆明人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学、岩土工程设计等工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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