Article(id=1322164797949460752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731254400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158252465, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158252465, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158252465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158252465, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=64, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164799564267794, articleId=1322164797949460752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Influencing Factors and Control Measures of Filling Quality in Longshou Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the filling mining technology was adopted in Jinchuan Longshou Mine, the filling quality has not been systematically studied. Based on this, a follow-up survey of the filling quality of the downward layered cemented filling method in Jinchuan Longshou Mine was carried out for half a year, and the key factors affecting the filling quality were analyzed. Combined with the results of investigation and research, the filling quality control measures were put forward. The survey results show that the quality of mine filling materials is poor, the filling body is not completely connected to the roof, the strength of the filling body fluctuates greatly, and the number of abnormal parking times has a great impact on the filling quality. The field practice shows that the filling quality can be improved by ensuring the unit consumption of cementitious materials and the quality of filling materials, improving the roof-contacted filling rate, reducing the frequency of abnormal parking, improving the uniformity of slurry and ensuring reasonable mass concentration of slurry.

, authors=Jianyuan HE1, Guoyu QIN1, Guolong ZHANG1, Bo ZHANG2, 3, Yafei HU2, 3, authorsList=Jianyuan HE, Guoyu QIN, Guolong ZHANG, Bo ZHANG, Yafei HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yafei HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164801669808419, articleId=1322164797949460752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=龙首矿充填质量影响因素分析及控制措施研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金川龙首矿自采用充填开采工艺以来,未对充填质量开展系统研究。基于此,对金川龙首矿下向分层胶结充填法开采的充填质量现状开展了长达半年时间的跟踪调查,并分析了影响充填质量的关键因素。结合调查研究结果,提出了充填质量控制措施。调查结果表明,矿山充填材料质量较差、充填体未完全接顶、充填体强度波动大以及非正常停车次数多等问题对充填质量影响较大。现场实践表明,确保胶凝材料单耗及充填物料质量、提高接顶率、降低非正常停车频次、提高料浆均匀性以及确保合理的料浆质量浓度等措施可提高充填质量。

, authors=何建元1, 秦国玉1, 张国龙1, 张博2, 3, 胡亚飞2, 3, authorsList=何建元, 秦国玉, 张国龙, 张博, 胡亚飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡亚飞, authorNote=

何建元(1979—),男,甘肃民勤人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山采矿技术与管理工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡亚飞(1993—),男,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事充填采矿相关研究工作。E-mail:
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何建元(1979—),男,甘肃民勤人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山采矿技术与管理工作。E-mail:

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何建元(1979—),男,甘肃民勤人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山采矿技术与管理工作。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2022, 42 (7): 35-39., articleTitle=Experimental study on fluidity and strength characteristics of tailings slurry for filling in a vanadium-titanium magnetite mine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322164818010816920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=54, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=钟凡, 代威, 张子钰, journalName=现代矿业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钟凡,代威,张子钰,等. 熟料含量对矿井充填胶固粉质量影响研究[J]. 现代矿业,2024, 40 (2): 54-56., articleTitle=熟料含量对矿井充填胶固粉质量影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322164818107285913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=54, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=ZHONG Fan, DAI Wei, ZHANG Ziyu, journalName=Modern Mining, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG Fan, DAI Wei, ZHANG Ziyu, et al. 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Modern Mining, 2024, 40 (2): 54-56., articleTitle=Study on influence of clinker content on quality of mine filling cement powder, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322164818178589082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=14, issue=5, pageStart=113, pageEnd=119, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=郭加仁, 刘江涛, 王增加, journalName=有色金属工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭加仁,刘江涛,王增加,等. 金属矿山充填浓度多目标优化控制[J]. 有色金属工程,2024, 14 (5): 113-119., articleTitle=金属矿山充填浓度多目标优化控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322164818262475163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=14, issue=5, pageStart=113, pageEnd=119, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=GUO Jiaren, LIU Jiangtao, WANG Zengjia, journalName=Nonferrous Metals Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Jiaren, LIU Jiangtao, WANG Zengjia, et al. Multi-objective optimization control of filling concentration in metal mines[J]. Nonferrous Metals Engineering, 2024, 14 (5): 113-119., articleTitle=Multi-objective optimization control of filling concentration in metal mines, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322164810729505137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, awardId=52374115; 52204134, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52374115; 52204134), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322164801938243876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164801946632485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, companyId=1322164801938243876, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Longshou Mine, Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164801955021094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322164806136742226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Relationship between compressive strength and cement dosage, figureFileSmall=8bDVyFrIPu4Gi7UX1FvaNw==, figureFileBig=WhV37+eRwersruIPm46SDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164806203851091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=图1, caption=抗压强度与水泥掺量的关系, figureFileSmall=8bDVyFrIPu4Gi7UX1FvaNw==, figureFileBig=WhV37+eRwersruIPm46SDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164806560366932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relationship between material cost and cement dosage, figureFileSmall=neQcsYR7AJp3PFwKPwSr0w==, figureFileBig=ZXrqIKdyCQ0cZGIZNPkFVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164808221311318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=图2, caption=材料成本与水泥掺量的关系, figureFileSmall=neQcsYR7AJp3PFwKPwSr0w==, figureFileBig=ZXrqIKdyCQ0cZGIZNPkFVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164808292614487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship between strength of filling body and mass concentration of slurry, figureFileSmall=NKManNu8SyM59CHi4YfdQA==, figureFileBig=d1wk1UdDG6F1QdQJwfwSsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164808384889176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=图3, caption=充填体强度与料浆质量浓度的关系, figureFileSmall=NKManNu8SyM59CHi4YfdQA==, figureFileBig=d1wk1UdDG6F1QdQJwfwSsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164808460386649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of 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articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=图7, caption=下料点充填料沉积形态示意, figureFileSmall=F73poriw+hBKYNQWtdno6Q==, figureFileBig=WwnF3bTOQ2uM3D86CYaG8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164809286664545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagrams of the filling body formation process in roadway, figureFileSmall=SfsYE+11R1kMSdrz1Q7TMw==, figureFileBig=XG8mFC/4eCiwOcSOlsnBSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164809387327842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=图8, caption=进路中充填体形成过程示意, figureFileSmall=SfsYE+11R1kMSdrz1Q7TMw==, figureFileBig=XG8mFC/4eCiwOcSOlsnBSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164809475408227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation of unit consumption of cementitious materials in filling from January to September 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间水泥/t固结粉/t充填量/m3胶凝材料单耗/(kg/m3)水泥单耗/(kg/m3)
1月16 4083 36061 204323268
2月23 4004 50472 394385323
3月20 0894 00883 910287239
4月22 9463 69176 237349301
5月25 1764 52993 303318270
6月29 0534 392110 639302263
7月26 0984 65775 480407346
8月29 5963 981112 013300264
9月29 3214 994101 201339290
合计222 08738 116786 381334284
), ArticleFig(id=1322164809571877220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2024年1—9月矿山充填胶凝材料的单耗计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间水泥/t固结粉/t充填量/m3胶凝材料单耗/(kg/m3)水泥单耗/(kg/m3)
1月16 4083 36061 204323268
2月23 4004 50472 394385323
3月20 0894 00883 910287239
4月22 9463 69176 237349301
5月25 1764 52993 303318270
6月29 0534 392110 639302263
7月26 0984 65775 480407346
8月29 5963 981112 013300264
9月29 3214 994101 201339290
合计222 08738 116786 381334284
), ArticleFig(id=1322164809664151909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Early-strength plasticizer additions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统名称服务采区充填量/(m3/h)添加量/(t/h)
东部制浆站采三工区1200.372
采四工区1200.372
西一制浆站采一工区2180.675
采二工区1580.489
西二制浆站采五工区1300.403
), ArticleFig(id=1322164809731260774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

早强塑化剂添加情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统名称服务采区充填量/(m3/h)添加量/(t/h)
东部制浆站采三工区1200.372
采四工区1200.372
西一制浆站采一工区2180.675
采二工区1580.489
西二制浆站采五工区1300.403
), ArticleFig(id=1322164809815146855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Use of RWZL-001 high concentration filling additive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统名称服务采区充填量/(m3/h)添加量/(t/h)减水量/(t/h)投用时间使用量/t
东部制浆站采三工区1200.6329.12024年7月49
采四工区1200.6329.12024年7月49
西一制浆站采一工区2181.15016.52024年5月208
采二工区1580.83012.02024年5月208
), ArticleFig(id=1322164809894838632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

RWZL-001高浓度充填添加剂使用情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统名称服务采区充填量/(m3/h)添加量/(t/h)减水量/(t/h)投用时间使用量/t
东部制浆站采三工区1200.6329.12024年7月49
采四工区1200.6329.12024年7月49
西一制浆站采一工区2181.15016.52024年5月208
采二工区1580.83012.02024年5月208
), ArticleFig(id=1322164809961947497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Roof-contacted filling rate in each work area from January to August 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工区出矿量/t充填量/m3矿石密度/(t/m3)采空区/m3接顶率/%
采矿一工区811 310256 046.402.98237 46697.0
采矿二工区445 668146 415.882.99130 592100.9
采矿三工区271 97984 838.663.0279 50396.0
采矿四工区284 01596 137.253.0282 519104.9
采矿五工区635 832228 809.502.89196 478104.8
全矿2 448 804812 248.00—726 558100.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322164810037444970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2024年1—8月各工区的充填接顶率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工区出矿量/t充填量/m3矿石密度/(t/m3)采空区/m3接顶率/%
采矿一工区811 310256 046.402.98237 46697.0
采矿二工区445 668146 415.882.99130 592100.9
采矿三工区271 97984 838.663.0279 50396.0
采矿四工区284 01596 137.253.0282 519104.9
采矿五工区635 832228 809.502.89196 478104.8
全矿2 448 804812 248.00—726 558100.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322164810096165227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Statistics of 28 d compressive strength of filling body in each mining area from January to June 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿单位充填体强度/MPa
1月2月3月4月5月6月平均
采矿一工区7.275.435.495.885.655.535.88
采矿二工区8.878.938.847.458.247.738.34
采矿三工区10.807.507.509.266.53—8.32
采矿四工区8.308.717.657.507.128.587.98
采矿五工区7.355.725.826.236.175.686.16
), ArticleFig(id=1322164810188439916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2024年1—6月各采矿工区充填体28 d抗压强度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿单位充填体强度/MPa
1月2月3月4月5月6月平均
采矿一工区7.275.435.495.885.655.535.88
采矿二工区8.878.938.847.458.247.738.34
采矿三工区10.807.507.509.266.53—8.32
采矿四工区8.308.717.657.507.128.587.98
采矿五工区7.355.725.826.236.175.686.16
), ArticleFig(id=1322164810272325997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Filling concentration in each mining area from January to June 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿单位质量浓度/%
1月2月3月4月5月6月平均
采矿一工区81.0—81.581.080.680.380.9
采矿二工区79.880.1—81.278.981.880.4
采矿三工区78.077.278.578.678.277.978.1
采矿四工区77.877.177.578.278.778.177.9
采矿五工区78.779.477.779.080.880.779.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322164810343629166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2024年1—6月各采矿工区的充填料浆质量浓度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿单位质量浓度/%
1月2月3月4月5月6月平均
采矿一工区81.0—81.581.080.680.380.9
采矿二工区79.880.1—81.278.981.880.4
采矿三工区78.077.278.578.678.277.978.1
采矿四工区77.877.177.578.278.778.177.9
采矿五工区78.779.477.779.080.880.779.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322164810440098159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Statistics of the number of abnormal stops in each mining area from January to July 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号采矿单位非正常停车次数/次
1采矿一工区20
2采矿二工区1
3采矿三工区9
4采矿四工区21
5采矿五工区15
合计66
), ArticleFig(id=1322164810599481712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164797949460752, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2024年1—7月各采矿工区非正常停车次数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号采矿单位非正常停车次数/次
1采矿一工区20
2采矿二工区1
3采矿三工区9
4采矿四工区21
5采矿五工区15
合计66
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龙首矿充填质量影响因素分析及控制措施研究
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何建元 1 , 秦国玉 1 , 张国龙 1 , 张博 2, 3 , 胡亚飞 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 64-72
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 64 -72
龙首矿充填质量影响因素分析及控制措施研究
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何建元1 , 秦国玉1, 张国龙1, 张博2, 3, 胡亚飞2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.金川集团有限公司龙首矿,甘肃 金昌市 737100
  • 2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083
  • 3.北京科技大学 金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
通讯作者:
胡亚飞(1993—),男,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事充填采矿相关研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

何建元(1979—),男,甘肃民勤人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山采矿技术与管理工作。E-mail:

Study on Influencing Factors and Control Measures of Filling Quality in Longshou Mine
Jianyuan HE1 , Guoyu QIN1, Guolong ZHANG1, Bo ZHANG2, 3, Yafei HU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Longshou Mine, Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China
  • 2.School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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金川龙首矿自采用充填开采工艺以来,未对充填质量开展系统研究。基于此,对金川龙首矿下向分层胶结充填法开采的充填质量现状开展了长达半年时间的跟踪调查,并分析了影响充填质量的关键因素。结合调查研究结果,提出了充填质量控制措施。调查结果表明,矿山充填材料质量较差、充填体未完全接顶、充填体强度波动大以及非正常停车次数多等问题对充填质量影响较大。现场实践表明,确保胶凝材料单耗及充填物料质量、提高接顶率、降低非正常停车频次、提高料浆均匀性以及确保合理的料浆质量浓度等措施可提高充填质量。

胶结充填  /  充填质量  /  充填体强度  /  料浆质量浓度  /  充填接顶率

Since the filling mining technology was adopted in Jinchuan Longshou Mine, the filling quality has not been systematically studied. Based on this, a follow-up survey of the filling quality of the downward layered cemented filling method in Jinchuan Longshou Mine was carried out for half a year, and the key factors affecting the filling quality were analyzed. Combined with the results of investigation and research, the filling quality control measures were put forward. The survey results show that the quality of mine filling materials is poor, the filling body is not completely connected to the roof, the strength of the filling body fluctuates greatly, and the number of abnormal parking times has a great impact on the filling quality. The field practice shows that the filling quality can be improved by ensuring the unit consumption of cementitious materials and the quality of filling materials, improving the roof-contacted filling rate, reducing the frequency of abnormal parking, improving the uniformity of slurry and ensuring reasonable mass concentration of slurry.

Cemented filling  /  Filling quality  /  Strength of filling body  /  Mass concentration of slurry  /  Roof-contacted filling rate
何建元, 秦国玉, 张国龙, 张博, 胡亚飞. 龙首矿充填质量影响因素分析及控制措施研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 64 -72 .
Jianyuan HE, Guoyu QIN, Guolong ZHANG, Bo ZHANG, Yafei HU. Study on Influencing Factors and Control Measures of Filling Quality in Longshou Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 64 -72 .
充填采矿法在地下矿山开采中具有广泛的应用前景。随着采矿技术的不断进步和充填材料的不断发展,充填采矿法将更加高效、环保和安全[1-4]。充填技术还可以用于治理前期开采形成的空洞,保证矿山的稳定性,充填采矿法也可用于开采残留矿体及难采的矿床[5-7]。在未来发展中,充填采矿法将继续发挥重要作用,为矿产资源的可持续利用提供有力支持[8-10]。近年来,胶结充填采矿法被广泛应用于有色金属和稀有金属矿床的开采,这种采矿方法在地压活动控制、地表沉降控制及矿石贫损控制等方面具有显著优势[11-13]。采用胶结充填法进行采矿时,保障充填质量是实现采场作业安全的关键技术问题[14-16]。
众多专家学者及技术人员针对充填体质量问题展开了一系列研究。王筱添等[17]采用模糊数学的方法,以28 d单轴抗压强度及塌落度作为评价指标对充填配比质量进行评价,并建立了强度性能及流动性能的双指标模糊评价矩阵;王培强等[18]针对某钒钛磁铁矿全尾砂充填料浆质量浓度波动大、充填质量较差等问题,通过开展全尾砂胶结充填材料试验,确定了合理的充填料浆配比;钟凡等[19]为了保证充填体强度、节约充填胶固粉的成本,对胶固粉配比进行优化试验,最终在充填体抗压强度最优情况下,使胶固粉单位生产成本降低约3元;郭加仁等[20]通过对充填工艺流程进行分析,构建充填浓度的多目标控制模型,设定多目标决策变量,建立对应的目标函数和约束条件,从底流浓度、充填质量、充填成本方面对充填料浆质量浓度进行多目标优化,有效改善了矿山充填质量。
本文以金川龙首矿为工程背景,对矿山充填质量现状进行了系统的调查,并针对影响充填体质量的因素展开分析,随后提出了充填体质量控制措施,并开展现场工业试验进行检验,研究结果可为保障矿山充填质量提供参考依据。
金川镍矿是我国最大的镍矿资源生产基地,龙首矿是金川矿区的主力矿山之一,下辖东采区、中采区、西一贫矿采区和西二贫矿采区4个采区,划分为6个采矿工区,除采矿六工区目前正在采用无底柱分段崩落法开采外,其余采矿工区均采用下向分层六角形进路胶结充填采矿法进行回采。龙首矿2024年规划产能为410万t,计划充填量为110万m3。在下向分层进路胶结充填法中,几乎所有的采矿工序均是在充填假顶下完成,充填质量是保障采矿安全的根本所在,因此,矿山要实现如此大规模的产能,必须保障充填质量。
根据龙首矿生产实践,影响充填质量的因素主要包括充填材料质量、充填外加剂、搅拌时间、充填接顶率、充填体强度、充填料浆质量浓度及非正常停车次数等。
龙首矿使用的充填骨料主要为棒磨砂、河砂和戈壁粗砂,胶结料主要为水泥和固结粉。为了掌握矿山充填材料质量现状,对矿山在2024年1月至9月的充填胶凝材料单耗情况进行了调查,见表1。由表1可知,在9个月的调查周期中有2个月的胶凝材料单耗未达到矿山的胶结充填技术标准(310 kg/m3),其中3月份胶凝材料单耗为287 kg/m3,比技术标准低23 kg/m3;8月份胶凝材料单耗为300 kg/m3,比技术标准低10 kg/m3,由此可见,在当前充填作业中存在充填料质量不达标的情况。此外,每个月使用的胶结材料掺量波动较大,如7月份超出技术标准90 kg/m3以上,表明胶凝材料称重设备可能存在问题。
此外,对矿山充填所使用的骨料及胶凝材料进行了质量抽检,对棒磨砂、河砂、戈壁粗砂等骨料开展了13次粒级测试,各骨料粒级均不合格;开展6次水泥抽检,只有1次质量合格;开展11次固结粉质量抽检,11次均不合格。由此可见,充填所使用的物料在质量上存在较为明显问题。
龙首矿充填外加剂主要为JB-C型早强塑化剂和RWZL-001高浓度充填添加剂。
现场试验结果表明,在水泥掺量为280~310 kg/m3的条件下,在充填料浆中添加1.0%~1.5%的JB-C型早强塑化剂,能够明显促进充填体早期强度的形成,养护2 d后即可满足3 d强度标准,且对充填体的后期强度没有负面影响。结合龙首矿逐年上升的出矿量,在充填料浆中添加1.0%~1.5%的JB-C型早强塑化剂,有利于提高龙首矿的采充循环速度,避免充填体垮塌等安全隐患,改善采场的安全生产环境,促进龙首矿在高负荷生产条件下的安全、稳定生产。矿山各系统早强塑化剂添加情况见表2。
RWZL-001高浓度充填外加剂主要由聚羧酸减水剂、保坍剂母液和5040型分散剂组成。其中,聚羧酸减水剂起减水作用,用于提高料浆流动性,以达到高质量浓度料浆的自流输送;聚羧酸保坍剂母液具有良好的缓凝和减水作用,防止堵管后料浆在管道中凝结,便于处理堵管事件和强化流动性改善作用;5040型分散剂可防止分散的水泥等细颗粒物质重新聚集形成絮状集团,以保持料浆良好的流动性。充填外加剂为液体,泵送至灰浆搅拌桶中,与灰浆混合使用。现场研究结果表明,当RWZL-001添加量为7.8 kg/min,即掺量为水泥+固结粉质量的1.02%时,可以将充填料浆的输送浓度从80.4%提高到83.2%,平均每立方米用水可减少115 kg,提高充填料浆质量浓度的效果显著。各系统RWZL-001高浓度充填添加剂的使用情况见表3。
搅拌时间的长短直接影响充填料浆的均匀性。适当的搅拌时间可以确保料浆中的物料充分混合,形成均质的料浆,从而提高充填质量。若搅拌时间过短,可能导致料浆中的物料混合不均匀,出现稠稀不均、结块或分层等现象。这些不均匀的料浆在输送过程中容易造成堵管,影响充填效率和质量。龙首矿采用直径为2.6 m、高度为3.0 m的搅拌桶,按液面高度2.6 m计算,其有效容积可达13.8 m3,料浆在搅拌桶内的停留时间(按220 m3/h计算)为3.76 min,可满足桶内搅拌时间不小于3 min的要求。
充填接顶情况是评价充填质量的一个重要指标。为了掌握龙首矿充填接顶情况,在2024年1—8月对各工区的充填接顶率进行了统计,接顶率=充填量×沉缩率÷(出矿量÷矿石密度)×100%,沉缩率取10%,结果见表4。由表4可知,龙首矿的采场充填不能实现完全接顶,个别采区充填接顶率偏低,采场充填体压力较大,存在垮落风险。
充填体抗压强度是最能直接反映充填体质量的指标。为了掌握矿山充填体抗压强度指标,对2024年1—6月各采矿工区的充填体28 d抗压强度进行了统计,见表5。由表5可知,各采矿工区充填体的28 d抗压强度均大于5 MPa,符合矿山制定的充填标准要求。
2024年1—6月,各采矿工区的充填料浆质量浓度统计结果见表6。由表6可知,各充填采矿工区的料浆质量浓度平均值为78.1%~80.9%,符合矿山制定的充填技术标准要求。
根据现场实际生产经验可知,充填过程中的非正常停车可能导致充填体出现分层现象,将严重影响充填质量。2024年1—7月,矿山充填过程中非正常停车情况见表7。由表7可知,在2024年1—7月共发生了66次非正常停车,平均每月发生9次非正常停车,会对充填质量产生不良影响。
根据矿山充填质量调查和实际生产经验可知,影响充填质量的主要因素有胶凝材料单耗、质量浓度、充填接顶率、充填连续性、充填物料质量、外加剂、沉降不均匀性和下料方式等。
胶凝材料掺量对充填质量有重要影响,适量增加胶凝材料掺量,可以提高充填体的强度;同时适量的胶凝材料能够在充填体内部均匀分布,使各部位充填体的强度也能大致相同,有利于提高充填体的整体性;从经济成本的角度来看,胶凝材料的掺量也需要进行合理控制,以便在保证充填质量的同时,降低充填成本。根据试验,龙首矿胶凝材料掺量与强度和成本的关系如图1和图2所示。依据金川集团高浓度管道自流输送充填技术标准,胶凝材料的单耗不应低于310 kg/m3,而从现场实际调查的情况来看,龙首矿胶凝材料掺量波动较大,这对充填质量极为不利。
充填料浆质量浓度越高,充填体的质量通常越好。高质量浓度的充填料浆能够形成更紧密、更均匀的充填体,从而提高充填体的整体强度和稳定性。相反,低质量浓度的充填料浆则可能导致充填体出现离析、脱水等问题,进而影响充填体的质量和性能。现场试验表明,在胶凝材料掺量不变的前提下,料浆质量浓度对充填体强度有很大的影响,料浆质量浓度每提高一个百分点,充填体单轴抗压强度可提高20%~30%。龙首矿充填料浆质量浓度与强度的关系如图3所示。龙首矿各工区的充填体强度与充填料浆质量浓度间并没有呈现出明显的正相关关系。采矿一工区充填料浆质量浓度最高,为81%,但充填体单轴抗压强度却最低,仅为5.88 MPa。这表明龙首矿的充填配比控制较差,导致其充填质量较差。
充填接顶率指的是充填后充填体所占的空间高度与原采空区高度的比值,或者可以理解为充填体接触顶板的程度。充填接顶率的标准根据具体情况而有所不同。一般来说,为了确保采充有序、保障采矿安全、提高采矿效率,需要将充填接顶率控制在一定范围内。充填接顶率越高,采场受压后两帮的压力越小,且顶板在充填体支撑下越不容易失稳;充填接顶率越低,采场两帮充填体越容易开裂变形,且顶板越容易失稳。从现场统计情况来看,龙首矿采矿三工区的充填接顶率最低,其次是采矿一工区,采矿二工区的充填接顶率最高。
采空区充填时容易受砂仓容积、采场内充填料脱水、沉积坡度和各种故障等的影响而导致非正常停车,一般要经多次充填才能完成,而且每次充填持续时间和充填间隔时间很难事先确定。相关试验表明,当充填间歇超过20 min时,在充填体表面将开始凝结,沿此表面下部充填体与随后充填所形成的上部充填体之间存在不整合面即分层结构面,破坏了充填体的整体性,降低了充填体的承载特性,分层结构面对充填体强度的影响如图4所示。
同时因非正常停车,充填后涮管时直到制浆站风压达到规定时才停止涮管,涮管需要10 min,这些清水都不作特别处理,从而使采场充填料浆质量浓度下降,离析和分层加剧,胶结剂流失严重,造成局部区域充填体强度不均匀下降,同时在下灰点形成“水淘沙”的现象,也增加了充填脱水的不确定性和跑浆的可能性,在充填过程中多次停灰时,这种现象更加明显。
目前龙首矿充填骨料为棒磨砂、河砂、戈壁粗砂,各种物料在砂仓中混合,戈壁粗砂相对“较细”,骨料种类相对较多。从图5所示的骨料级配曲线可知,混合后的骨料级配相对比较均匀,与Tabol级配曲线重合度较高,且级配指数接近于0.5,表明骨料级配较好,充填料浆在管道输送过程中不易离析,有助于提高充填体强度。但几种骨料的含泥量较大,导致其对强度的影响较大。
龙首矿充填过程中添加了固结粉、塑化早强剂、RWZL-001高浓度充填外加剂。固结粉本身并不稳定,与水泥、塑化早强剂、RWZL-001高浓度充填添加剂等几种物料混合在一起产生的化学反应尚不清晰。从目前添加工艺来看,塑化早强剂在供砂皮带上添加,因各种砂石在砂仓中混合后,含水率较大,在皮带将砂石送到搅拌站稳料仓以及搅拌桶的过程中,塑化早强剂容易失效。RWZL-001高浓度充填添加剂加入后,因浓度提高,加快了进路中充填体界面的凝固速度,从现场看,几种添加剂添加后,进路中充填料浆界面上产生大量气泡,并与各种物料中的“泥”凝固后形成一层200 mm左右的带孔充填体,其质量轻、强度低,严重影响充填体的整体性。采矿一工区充填后形成的带孔充填体如图6所示。
充填料浆进入采空区后,受各种因素影响,所形成的充填体在采区的横向和纵向上均呈现不规则的条带状分布,上层是细颗粒,下层是粗颗粒。距充填料浆下料口越近,粗颗粒的占比越大,距下料口越远,粗颗粒的占比越小,充填料浆中粒级组成的不均匀性,必然造成充填体的整体强度也不均匀。图7为基于现场观测绘制的充填料浆沉积形态。由图7可知,充填体内有多条分界面,其中既有沉降界面,也有多次充填引起的分界面。充填一定时间后,在采区内会形成浓度梯度明显的分层,即沉积层、沉降层和清水层。不同充填区面积、长度、卸料管口高度、充填时间、充填浓度、充填流量等均会对沉降不均匀性产生影响,导致充填体分层程度不同。
龙首矿采用自流输送充填的方式,在充填过程中充填料浆的骨料会出现沉降。图8为进路中充填体形成过程。由图8可知,从充填管道出料口到采场边缘形成自流坡度,充填料浆流动性越差,自流坡度就越大。当充填管出料口接顶时,由于自流坡度的影响,采场边缘或端部不能完全接顶。无论是采用充填小井还是进路顶板安装充填管,都是单点下料,逐渐堆积,在下料点形成较大自然坡角,在堆顶堵塞下料口后,致使部分采空区无法充满,产生空顶。在单点下料充填的情况下,由于充填料浆流速过快,在重力的作用下,料浆在充填口附近自然分级下来的粗颗粒过于集中。实践中也发现,相对于离充填井较远处的顶板,充填下料点附近接顶效果较好,接顶面积较大。
根据矿山充填质量调研结果及影响充填质量的因素分析,提出以下提高充填质量的控制措施。
(1)增加水泥的添加量,必须确保水泥用量不低于290 kg/m3,使充填体的强度达到技术要求,对于胶凝材料单耗过低的充填区域要重点关注。
(2)严格确保骨料及胶凝材料的质量,一旦发现充填材料不合格,要立即找出本批次材料充填的采场及进路,通知各级管理人员,进行快采快充,同时适当开挖腰线对充填体顶板进行“托顶”,各级管理人员要现场查看充填体的变形情况。
(3)严格控制充填接顶率,对每条进路打探眼,采用视频检测装置检查真实接顶情况,确保充填体完全接顶后停止充填。
(4)确保料浆质量浓度在合理的范围,不能因只提高充填体强度而忽略充填料浆在进路中的流动性,添加高浓度添加剂后,料浆质量浓度不能超过设计质量浓度的2%,河砂与棒磨砂充填时,控制料浆质量浓度在81%。
(5)控制添加剂的种类,分系统试验添加各种添加剂,在东部制浆站只用砂石与水泥+早强剂充填;在西一制浆站采用砂石+水泥充填;在西二制浆站采用砂石+水泥+高浓度添加剂充填。每个系统中试验充填量不少于50 000 m3,最后根据试验结果来确定龙首矿的充填料配比。
(6)对充填系统的设备使用寿命进行预知性维修,降低非正常停车次数,在采场分层道中推行使用低成本的钢质充填管。
(7)确保充填料浆搅拌时间达到3 min以上,同时控制充填流量在200 m3/h左右,降低充填管磨破的速率,同时提高料浆的搅拌均质性。
(8)引入高性能外加剂,以提高充填料浆在采场中分布的均匀性。
对龙首矿的充填质量控制措施在现场开展工业试验。通过室内试验研究,引入了MF1100充填外加剂,以提高充填料浆质量浓度及充填物料分布的均匀性,同时严格控制各个工区的水泥添加量,并定期开展了充填材料质量抽检,严格控制材料质量,通过现场实时视频检测充填接顶情况,最终使充填工艺的各项指标达到了技术要求,取得了良好的试验效果。
在实施充填质量控制措施前,充填体中的粗细物料分布极不均匀,粗骨料富集较为严重;在采取控制措施后,充填体中的粗细物料分布均匀,充填体强度分布较为均匀,且能满足28 d强度高于5 MPa的要求。
本文以龙首矿下向分层胶结充填法开采为工程背景,系统地调查了矿山充填质量现状,并针对影响充填体质量的因素及控制措施展开分析研究,同时开展现场工业试验进行检验,得到了如下的主要结论。
(1)通过对矿山充填质量现状展开调研,发现矿山现行充填作业中存在充填材料质量不达标、充填不接顶、充填体强度分布不均匀以及非正常停车次数过多等问题,这些问题对充填质量有显著不利影响。
(2)影响充填体质量的主要因素包括胶凝材料单耗、料浆质量浓度、充填接顶率、充填连续性、充填物料质量、外加剂、沉降不均匀及下料方式等,其中胶凝材料单耗、料浆质量浓度和沉降不均匀等因素的影响较为明显。
(3)研究结果表明,在后续生产中矿山应重点从确保胶凝材料单耗和充填物料质量、提高接顶率、降低非正常停车频次、确保合理的料浆质量浓度及提高充填体分布均匀性等方面入手提高充填质量,现场试验结果验证了充填质量控制措施的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52374115; 52204134)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-11
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52374115; 52204134)
作者信息
    1.金川集团有限公司龙首矿,甘肃 金昌市 737100
    2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083
    3.北京科技大学 金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室,北京 100083

通讯作者:

胡亚飞(1993—),男,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事充填采矿相关研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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