Article(id=1322164761442238468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736092800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158243760, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158243760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158243760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158243760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164760943116291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158243641, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158929367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167637195477357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167637199671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164760943116291, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=24, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164761647759365, articleId=1322164761442238468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Optimization of Mining in Transition Area from Large Area Upward Slicing and Filling Method to Sublevel Open Stoping Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ore body above 180 m level in the west section of Dahongshan Copper Mine belongs to the gently inclined medium-thick ore body, which was originally mined by the point-column upward horizontal slicing-and-filling method. However, with the continuous expansion of the mining scope and level, the stress concentration around the mining zone became increasingly evident, the unmined areas and the stope were located within the stress concentration zone and the plastic zone, leading to a growing safety risk for the roof. According to the characteristics of ore body and the actual situation of the site, the optimization study of mining in transition area between two minging schemes was carried out. After optimization, the transition area was mined using the sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method, and cemented backfilling was employed to construct cemented ore pillars in the transition area. Analysis and study on the layout of mining preparation projects in the transition area under two mining schemes were carried out. The results show that the transition area is mined by sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method, and the cemented pillar formed by cemented filling has a good supporting effect. The maximum plastic zone height of stope roof is 7-8 meters, and the layout of the filled return airway is not affected. The application effect shows that the stope in the transition area remains stable overall, achieving safe and efficient resource recovery in the area.

, authors=Tailong ZHOU1, Guangtao LI1, Xi ZHANG2, Dengpan QIAO1, Yingchun GU2, Jun WANG1, Tianyu YANG1, authorsList=Tailong ZHOU, Guangtao LI, Xi ZHANG, Dengpan QIAO, Yingchun GU, Jun WANG, Tianyu YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guangtao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164765590405148, articleId=1322164761442238468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=大区域上向分层充填法转分段空场法过渡区开采优化研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大红山铜矿西矿段180 m水平以上矿体属缓倾斜中厚矿体,原采用点柱式上向水平分层充填法进行开采,但随着开采范围持续扩大,采区周边应力集中日益明显,待采区域采场在应力集中区和塑性区内,顶板安全风险不断增大。结合矿体的赋存特征和现场实际情况,开展了两种采矿方法过渡区的开采方案优化研究,优化后,在过渡区采用分段空场嗣后充填法回采,通过胶结充填构建过渡区的胶结矿柱。对两种采矿方法过渡区的采准工程布置进行分析和研究,研究结果表明:过渡区采用分段空场嗣后充填法开采,胶结充填形成的胶结矿柱具有良好支撑作用,采场顶板最大塑性区高度为7~8 m,充填回风巷的布置不受影响。应用效果表明,过渡区域采场整体上保持稳定,实现了该区域资源的安全高效回采。

, authors=周泰龙1, 李广涛1, 张希2, 乔登攀1, 顾迎春2, 王俊1, 杨天雨1, authorsList=周泰龙, 李广涛, 张希, 乔登攀, 顾迎春, 王俊, 杨天雨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李广涛, authorNote=

周泰龙(1999—),男,贵州独山人,硕士研究生,从事采矿理论及工艺研究。E-mail:

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李广涛(1982—),男,江苏宿迁人,博士,高级工程师,从事采矿理论及工艺研究。E-mail:
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周泰龙(1999—),男,贵州独山人,硕士研究生,从事采矿理论及工艺研究。E-mail:

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周泰龙(1999—),男,贵州独山人,硕士研究生,从事采矿理论及工艺研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Safety and Environment, 2022, 22 (5): 2468-2473., articleTitle=Stability analyses for a deep large-span stope roof at Hongtoushan copper mine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322164774394249319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, awardId=202301AU070185; 202101AU070022, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省基础研究专项青年项目(202301AU070185; 202101AU070022), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322164765875617821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164765884006430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, companyId=1322164765875617821, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164765892395039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, companyId=1322164765875617821, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322164765959503904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164765967892513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, companyId=1322164765959503904, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Yuxi Mining Co., Ltd., Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164765976281122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, companyId=1322164765959503904, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.玉溪矿业有限公司,云南 玉溪市 653100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322164770954920018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of plastic zones in the mining area, figureFileSmall=KIkf+M9kj24mylX6Dp9G3w==, figureFileBig=bkFQMMWzIwGmVkrdtsTMLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164772620058708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采场塑性区分布, figureFileSmall=KIkf+M9kj24mylX6Dp9G3w==, figureFileBig=bkFQMMWzIwGmVkrdtsTMLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164772833968213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The original plan and the optimized plan for the transition area, figureFileSmall=EPwPTExLoPlsd+R+Ga4+xQ==, figureFileBig=1u8ZHQAwcJNiG9K6E4fwdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164772909465686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图2, caption=过渡区域的原方案与优化方案, figureFileSmall=EPwPTExLoPlsd+R+Ga4+xQ==, figureFileBig=1u8ZHQAwcJNiG9K6E4fwdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773001740375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The roadway arranged in room of sublevel open stoping method, figureFileSmall=1aA8Ti9+/yU7oBDqMOCGeg==, figureFileBig=dw0J5wHAFe6XyiBq8e6FbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773085626456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图3, caption=布置在分段空场法矿房内的进路, figureFileSmall=1aA8Ti9+/yU7oBDqMOCGeg==, figureFileBig=dw0J5wHAFe6XyiBq8e6FbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773173706841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Numerical model, figureFileSmall=zzAIffPuYIMwmB3sSHPyrw==, figureFileBig=y41uPgEKxcgokWOYpw7/uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773257592922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图4, caption=数值模型, figureFileSmall=zzAIffPuYIMwmB3sSHPyrw==, figureFileBig=y41uPgEKxcgokWOYpw7/uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773324701787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Distribution of plastic zones after stoping in transition area, figureFileSmall=WzNPRsFdH3ycO/9YFZV4PA==, figureFileBig=pEy2pfTrRxEfwFRO0QF5dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773396004956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图5, caption=过渡区域采场开挖后的塑性区分布, figureFileSmall=WzNPRsFdH3ycO/9YFZV4PA==, figureFileBig=pEy2pfTrRxEfwFRO0QF5dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773513445469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cloud maps of maximum principal stress after excavation and filling in the transition area, figureFileSmall=So1Sk4iKtQd021aIQ2ex8Q==, figureFileBig=jc8wu1AB0mQqxyM2nF4DFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773597331550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图6, caption=过渡区域开挖并充填后的最大主应力云图, figureFileSmall=So1Sk4iKtQd021aIQ2ex8Q==, figureFileBig=jc8wu1AB0mQqxyM2nF4DFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773672829023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Cloud maps of minimum principal stress after excavation and filling in the transition area, figureFileSmall=TlT1mVQt3M62JqnmkiZ18w==, figureFileBig=OMWdRjntBZeR9rGBqR0iFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773777686624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图7, caption=过渡区域开挖并充填后的最小主应力云图, figureFileSmall=TlT1mVQt3M62JqnmkiZ18w==, figureFileBig=OMWdRjntBZeR9rGBqR0iFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773911904353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Cloud maps of roof displacement after excavation and filling in the transition area, figureFileSmall=dvGDA/8tNaYamdcOqDrTIQ==, figureFileBig=xLyR8xmKs5gmsirfmm8Fmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164773999984738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=图8, caption=过渡区域开挖并充填后的顶板位移云图, figureFileSmall=dvGDA/8tNaYamdcOqDrTIQ==, figureFileBig=xLyR8xmKs5gmsirfmm8Fmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164774075482211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical parameters of ore body and filling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称弹性模量/GPa泊松比密度/(g/cm3)内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa
顶板岩石28.6600.242.87441.011.42
底板岩石29.5700.283.08431.111.40
矿石22.4500.263.08420.981.41
非胶结充填体0.4000.401.73320.010.10
胶结充填体0.2280.382.20380.070.16
), ArticleFig(id=1322164774150979684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿体及充填体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称弹性模量/GPa泊松比密度/(g/cm3)内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa
顶板岩石28.6600.242.87441.011.42
底板岩石29.5700.283.08431.111.40
矿石22.4500.263.08420.981.41
非胶结充填体0.4000.401.73320.010.10
胶结充填体0.2280.382.20380.070.16
), ArticleFig(id=1322164774230671461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Numerical simulation steps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模拟计算步骤开挖及充填区域
过渡区域kw1开挖过渡区域(360~364 m水平)
过渡区域Ct1充填过渡区域(360~364 m水平)
过渡区域kw2开挖过渡区域(364~368 m水平)
过渡区域Ct2充填过渡区域(364~368 m水平)
过渡区域kw3开挖空场法采场(胶结矿柱1)
过渡区域Ct3充填空场法采场(胶结矿柱1)
过渡区域kw4开挖空场法采场(胶结矿柱2)
过渡区域Ct4充填空场法采场(胶结矿柱2)
过渡区域kw5开挖空场法采场(胶结矿柱3)
过渡区域Ct5充填空场法采场(胶结矿柱3)
), ArticleFig(id=1322164774306168934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164761442238468, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟步骤

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模拟计算步骤开挖及充填区域
过渡区域kw1开挖过渡区域(360~364 m水平)
过渡区域Ct1充填过渡区域(360~364 m水平)
过渡区域kw2开挖过渡区域(364~368 m水平)
过渡区域Ct2充填过渡区域(364~368 m水平)
过渡区域kw3开挖空场法采场(胶结矿柱1)
过渡区域Ct3充填空场法采场(胶结矿柱1)
过渡区域kw4开挖空场法采场(胶结矿柱2)
过渡区域Ct4充填空场法采场(胶结矿柱2)
过渡区域kw5开挖空场法采场(胶结矿柱3)
过渡区域Ct5充填空场法采场(胶结矿柱3)
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大区域上向分层充填法转分段空场法过渡区开采优化研究
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周泰龙 1 , 李广涛 1 , 张希 2 , 乔登攀 1 , 顾迎春 2 , 王俊 1 , 杨天雨 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(12): 24-32
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (12) : 24 -32
大区域上向分层充填法转分段空场法过渡区开采优化研究
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周泰龙1 , 李广涛1 , 张希2, 乔登攀1, 顾迎春2, 王俊1, 杨天雨1
作者信息
  • 1.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
  • 2.玉溪矿业有限公司,云南 玉溪市 653100
通讯作者:
李广涛(1982—),男,江苏宿迁人,博士,高级工程师,从事采矿理论及工艺研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

周泰龙(1999—),男,贵州独山人,硕士研究生,从事采矿理论及工艺研究。E-mail:

Study on Optimization of Mining in Transition Area from Large Area Upward Slicing and Filling Method to Sublevel Open Stoping Method
Tailong ZHOU1 , Guangtao LI1 , Xi ZHANG2, Dengpan QIAO1, Yingchun GU2, Jun WANG1, Tianyu YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
  • 2.Yuxi Mining Co., Ltd., Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25
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大红山铜矿西矿段180 m水平以上矿体属缓倾斜中厚矿体,原采用点柱式上向水平分层充填法进行开采,但随着开采范围持续扩大,采区周边应力集中日益明显,待采区域采场在应力集中区和塑性区内,顶板安全风险不断增大。结合矿体的赋存特征和现场实际情况,开展了两种采矿方法过渡区的开采方案优化研究,优化后,在过渡区采用分段空场嗣后充填法回采,通过胶结充填构建过渡区的胶结矿柱。对两种采矿方法过渡区的采准工程布置进行分析和研究,研究结果表明:过渡区采用分段空场嗣后充填法开采,胶结充填形成的胶结矿柱具有良好支撑作用,采场顶板最大塑性区高度为7~8 m,充填回风巷的布置不受影响。应用效果表明,过渡区域采场整体上保持稳定,实现了该区域资源的安全高效回采。

缓倾斜中厚矿体  /  点柱式上向水平分层充填法  /  分段空场嗣后充填法  /  过渡区  /  开采方案优化

The ore body above 180 m level in the west section of Dahongshan Copper Mine belongs to the gently inclined medium-thick ore body, which was originally mined by the point-column upward horizontal slicing-and-filling method. However, with the continuous expansion of the mining scope and level, the stress concentration around the mining zone became increasingly evident, the unmined areas and the stope were located within the stress concentration zone and the plastic zone, leading to a growing safety risk for the roof. According to the characteristics of ore body and the actual situation of the site, the optimization study of mining in transition area between two minging schemes was carried out. After optimization, the transition area was mined using the sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method, and cemented backfilling was employed to construct cemented ore pillars in the transition area. Analysis and study on the layout of mining preparation projects in the transition area under two mining schemes were carried out. The results show that the transition area is mined by sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method, and the cemented pillar formed by cemented filling has a good supporting effect. The maximum plastic zone height of stope roof is 7-8 meters, and the layout of the filled return airway is not affected. The application effect shows that the stope in the transition area remains stable overall, achieving safe and efficient resource recovery in the area.

Gently inclined medium-thick ore body  /  Point-column upward horizontal slicing-and-filling method  /  Sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method  /  Transition area  /  Optimization of mining scheme
周泰龙, 李广涛, 张希, 乔登攀, 顾迎春, 王俊, 杨天雨. 大区域上向分层充填法转分段空场法过渡区开采优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (12) : 24 -32 .
Tailong ZHOU, Guangtao LI, Xi ZHANG, Dengpan QIAO, Yingchun GU, Jun WANG, Tianyu YANG. Study on Optimization of Mining in Transition Area from Large Area Upward Slicing and Filling Method to Sublevel Open Stoping Method[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (12) : 24 -32 .
在金属矿山领域,缓倾斜中厚矿体的分布极为广泛。对该类矿体选择合适的采矿方法,是确保矿体安全高效回采的重要因素,也是矿山亟需解决的重大难题[1-4]。矿体的缓倾斜特点及厚度是影响这类矿体安全高效开采的重要因素。对于此类矿体开采,现多采用房柱法和分层充填法等[5-6]。
针对采矿方法优化问题,许多学者进行了深入的研究。胡建钊[7]针对某铅锌矿分段空场法采场暴露面积大、安全性差的问题,根据矿体特征和矿山生产现状,提出采用机械化盘区上向水平分层充填法开采,解决了生产安全隐患,提高了资源回收率。罗周全等[8]根据松树脚锡矿“大马芦”矿段的开采技术条件,提出了大直径深孔合采井下矿废分离连续采矿法,对多层缓倾斜矿体进行合采;同时运用矿岩集中分离法,把废石直接回填到采空区,将筛选后矿浆运送至地表,浓缩后转运到选矿厂,既提升了采矿效率,又减少了对环境的影响。侯朝富等[9]针对瓮福磷矿磨坊矿段缓倾斜中厚矿体开采后产生较大岩层沉降的问题,提出采用点柱式充填法开采,该方法能有效控制上覆岩层的移动,减小采场顶板和地表的沉降,与房柱法相比,该方法能保证开采后岩层的长期稳定,进而能有效保证安全生产,防止岩层由于外界因素的影响而产生进一步的沉降。任建平等[10]针对某铜铅锌矿原上向水平分层充填采矿法存在开采成本高、效率低的问题,依据矿体赋存条件、地质状况及开采技术要求,改用分段空场嗣后充填采矿法,实现了安全高效开采的目标,采场综合生产能力大幅提高,生产成本显著降低,作业安全得到了有效保障。铜绿山矿原主要采用上向水平分层充填法,存在生产效率低、劳动强度大、安全性差的问题,针对深部矿体的开采需求,通过引进分段空场嗣后充填采矿法,显著提升了生产能力、生产效率以及资源的回收率[11]。
大红山铜矿180 m水平以上矿体是缓倾斜中厚矿体,其工业品位在0.5%~0.55%之间,随着开采水平面积越来越大,其暴露投影面积也逐渐增大,当回采至360 m水平时,整个区域的投影暴露面积已达到269 500 m2,在此情况下,应力不断转移,周边应力集中日益明显,人员在采场中作业的顶板安全风险日益增大。本研究将聚焦于该矿点柱式上向水平分层充填法(简称分层充填法)转分段空场嗣后充填法(简称分段空场法)的过渡区域,在充分考虑过渡区域采场已出现塑性区的基础上,对采矿方法进行优化研究,提出180 m水平以上矿体的优化采矿方法。同时,通过数值模拟方法分析优化后顶板的安全状态,以期为矿山资源安全高效回采提供依据。
对于180 m水平以上矿体而言,当前顶板管理面临着极大的困难。随着回采范围的不断扩大,目前回采至360 m水平,中段采高达到170 m,水平跨度达到283 m。在这种情况下,采场内充填体的力学性能与岩体相比,存在着数量级上的差异。由于这种差异的存在,采场上覆岩层的垂直应力逐渐向已回采区域的周边转移,进而导致周边区域出现垂直应力集中的现象。与此同时,水平应力的转移也使得周边未采区域顶部与侧帮结合部位产生了应力集中。当周边应力超出岩体临界失稳强度时,采场顶板及侧帮就会发生垮落,这不仅会导致采场回采工作陷入困境,而且冒顶片帮所带来的安全风险也会显著增大。塑性区分布如图1所示。
通过分析塑性区破坏情况可知,在回采范围不断扩大的过程中,整个回采区域内的塑性区高度呈现出一种缓慢增长的态势。当开采至360 m水平时,塑性区最大破坏高度从起初的4 m逐步增大至13 m。局部塑性区变化并非只受单一因素左右,而是会受到分段采高、单层跨度、分段跨度以及中段跨度这4个因素共同的影响。从顶板稳定性方面来看,在开采的早期阶段,顶板相对稳定,随着中段采高持续增加,顶板所面临的风险也在持续增大。特别是当开采到360 m水平区域的时候,顶板塑性区的增幅近乎达到了1倍,其塑性区破坏高度最大值能够达到13 m,相应地,顶板出现风险的可能性也成倍增长。
大红山铜矿180 m水平以上矿体属中厚矿体、形态复杂,分层、分枝现象普遍。点柱式上向水平分层充填法对多层矿体开采的灵活性和适应性强,且安全性较房柱法好,资源利用率高,出矿品位高。该采矿方法通常适用于开采中等稳固的矿体,以及形态不规则、分支复合变化大的矿体。因此,该采矿方法是开采大红山铜矿180 m以上矿体的主要采矿方法之一。虽然该方法在前期作业过程中稳定性较好,但随着回采范围不断扩大,当开采至360 m水平区域时,周边待采区采场处于应力集中区和塑性区内,采矿作业安全受到严重威胁。
(1)随着回采范围不断扩大,由于采场内充填体与岩体在力学性能上存在差异,导致上覆岩层垂直应力转移至已回采区域的周边,水平应力转移至待采区域顶部与侧帮结合部位,均造成应力集中。采场中水平矿柱也存在应力集中区,顶板安全风险增大。
(2)矿岩体层理、节理构造发育,其层状产出特点与回采顶板的近似水平状态相互作用,致使顶板矿体层理面切断,部分矿体被切割成块状,极大地削弱了顶板的稳定性。
(3)长期的空场作业环境使得作业人员处于高风险状态。浮石清理不彻底、支护不及时等不良地质条件均易引发冒顶片帮事故。
(4)分层间转层回采时的“吊脚”现象,即在上一分层回采后预留未充填接顶空间作为下一分层爆破补偿空间,使采场侧帮及工作面处于悬空状态,回采二分层及以上分层时,因大量浮石处理不彻底,容易发生片帮事故。
(5)180 m水平以上点柱式上向水平分层充填采矿采场的切割巷多数沿走向布置,与最大主应力方向接近垂直,这种布置不利于顶板管理;若改为倾向布置,虽可改善应力状况,但会增加下一分层的脉外联道工程,并使回采范围提前受采动影响。
综上所述,大红山铜矿采用点柱式上向水平分层充填法开采180 m水平以上矿体的过程中,作业人员长期暴露在采场顶板下作业,对顶板稳定性及顶板管理的要求很高,因此,确保顶板及侧帮稳定性是保障该采矿方法安全应用的重要前提条件。而当前大红山铜矿180 m水平以上矿体的待采区存在应力集中,导致采场顶板安全问题更加突出,存在较高的安全风险。随着开采范围的不断扩大,采场暴露面积逐渐增大,采场顶板出现了一定程度的塑性区破坏,故应变更采矿方法,以避免不稳定区域开采带来的安全生产风险。
缓倾斜薄至中厚矿体开采是采矿界的难题[12-16]。根据落矿方式,采矿方法可划分为浅孔采矿及中深孔采矿。浅孔落矿方式下作业人员需要进入采场,导致其长期暴露于采场顶板之下,存在重大安全风险;而中深孔落矿方式避免了作业人员暴露于采场顶板之下带来的安全风险,同时中深孔回采效率高。但中深孔落矿适用于矿体中厚(一般大于5~6 m)、矿体形态变化不复杂、矿层间无夹石或夹石合采带来的品位降低在可接受的范围之内等情况。
大红山铜矿西矿段180 m水平以上的矿体中厚且具有多层、缓倾斜等特点,可在具备中深孔回采条件的区域采用分段空场法回采,而在不具备中深孔回采条件的区域采用分层充填法回采。但由于两种采矿方法的采准系统不同、回采方式不同,两采矿方法的采场难以交替布置,导致两者之间过渡区的采准工程布置成为难点。在原方案中,由分层充填法直接过渡至分段空场法,因为分层充填法采场顶板存在塑性区,采准系统不能布置在原有回采范围的上盘围岩中。优化方案在两种采矿法的采场之间通过胶结充填形成胶结矿柱,且回采进路布置于北侧分段空场法采场内(紧邻采场间柱),以此避免回采进路压顶对北侧分段空场法采场的影响,如图2所示。
综上,随着回采范围扩大,采场顶板受地应力集中、矿岩破裂等因素综合影响,顶板安全风险大幅提升,再沿用浅孔采矿法将给作业人员带来极大的安全风险。因此,本研究对矿山的后续开采不再考虑采用浅孔落矿方式,而采用中深孔落矿方式,即在具备多层矿体合采条件的区域采用分段空场法。
因分层充填法与分段空场法的采准工程布置不同,为了保障工程的安全稳定及控制贫损指标,两种采矿方法过渡区域的采准工程布置需要注意以下几点:
(1)过渡区域尽量减少分层充填法回采,采用分段空场法回采;
(2)除用于充填和回风的井巷工程外,其他工程如沿脉采准巷道,尽量不布置于分层充填法采场的充填体上盘,以保障工程的稳定;
(3)由于原上向分层充填法的沿脉采准巷道布置在矿体下盘,回采进路只能布置于分段空场法的矿房内(见图3),对此,尽量将该进路布置在北侧分段空场法采场的矿房两侧紧邻矿柱的位置;
(4)为保持矿柱的完整性,不能回采单步骤矿柱底部;
(5)规划衔接好两种采矿法采场之间的回采顺序,在横剖面上,分层充填法采场回采结束后再回采分段空场法采场,分段空场法采场布置时将分层充填法采场的回采进路布置在采场内部的(东西向)端部,从而避免回采进路对分段空场法采场回采的影响;
(6)两种采矿方法间临界采场为应力集中区,数值模拟结果表明,该区域矿体已发生拉剪破坏,宜采用中深孔开采,并通过胶结充填形成人工隔离矿柱,以便在提高资源回采率的同时,将上盘充填、回风井巷工程布置在充填体之上,提高工程的安全稳定性。
数值模拟按照优化方案的切顶工程布置,将整个已回采区域按高度分为190~210 m水平、240~290 m水平、300~360 m水平及过渡区域4个部分。数值模拟步骤为:从下至上按分层逐一回采,每一分段采用隔一采一回采顺序,每一分层回采高度为4 m,同时依次对过渡区域2个分层充填法采场和过渡区3个分段空场法采场进行开挖模拟。
本次模型采用FLAC3D软件建模,根据开挖空间的跨度和高度确定计算模型的范围,模型外左右边界取跨度的3倍,上下边界则取高度的3倍。模型在x方向上的长度为1 639 m,在y方向上则沿矿体走向延伸2 140 m,数值模型正z方向竖直向上,其底部设定为-417 m,顶部为451 m,分层高度为4 m。在建模过程中,对矿体区域进行了局部网格加密处理,最大网格尺寸设置为12 m,最小网格尺寸设置为1 m。计算范围内共划分单元格24 593 985个,节点数为17 876 125。所建立的数值模型如图4所示。
根据大红山铜矿的地应力分布规律,该矿深部应力按如下的公式计算。
式中:σmax为最大水平主应力,MPa;σmin为最小水平主应力,MPa;σv为垂直应力,MPa;H为埋深,m。
180 m水平以上矿体埋深为900~1 000 m,取平均值950 m,则最大水平主应力为55.65 MPa,最小水平主应力为36.33 MPa,垂直应力为25.60 MPa。
在数值模拟分析过程中,需要通过折减方法确定矿岩强度参数。本次数值模拟选取的力学参数见表1[17-20]。
按上覆岩体重力对模型施加垂直方向的应力,按侧压力系数施加水平方向的应力,按矿山岩体力学参数对模型进行材料参数赋值,计算模型选用摩尔库伦弹塑性模型。首先对已采区域矿体进行开挖充填,计算过渡区域未开挖前的初始应力状态。模型四周及底部采用位移约束,数值模型上部为应力边界。
已回采区域数值模拟步骤为从下至上分层开挖并进行充填,同一分段采场采用隔一采一回采顺序。在已回采区域模拟开挖完成后,继续模拟过渡区域的开挖和充填过程。过渡区的开采模拟方案考虑了前期大区域点柱式采场开挖产生的损伤,数值模拟步骤见表2。
过渡区域采场开挖后的顶板塑性区分布如图5所示。过渡区域分层充填法采场回采结束后,顶板塑性区整体呈拱形分布,破坏类型主要为剪切破坏,顶板塑性破坏高度为7~13 m。且顶板塑性区高度随采高增大呈增高趋势,由最初的3 m增大到13 m左右。过渡区域分段空场法采场(胶结矿柱1~3部位)回采结束后,塑性区高度继续增大,最大可达13~14 m,胶结矿柱1~3位置的最大塑性区高度分别为7 m、7.8 m、8 m,与南北向相邻胶结矿柱的高差约为15~17 m,不影响充填回风巷的布置。优化后的方案减少了人员进入空区,从而降低了回采作业的安全风险。
由图6和图7可知,在模拟开挖与充填过程中,连续开采导致原岩应力重新分布,在采场顶板和两侧出现了明显的拉应力,随着分层充填法回采的进行,最大压应力值及压应力范围呈现增大趋势。而在优化方案的分段空场法开挖与充填作业过程中,胶结矿柱最大拉应力分布在0.2~1.2 MPa之间,最大拉应力值始终都小于围岩的抗拉强度,最大主应力未转化为拉应力,采空区顶板相对较稳定。
矿体开挖后,采场的应力平衡被打破,导致应力在采场内重新分布。充填后的采场出现了一定程度的顶板下沉和底板隆起。由于充填体的强度低于矿岩的强度,因此无法完全支撑采空区,从而使得各个采场的顶板发生了不同程度的沉降。根据原方案,在尾砂充填条件下,采场顶板最大垂直位移为4~5 cm;而在优化后的方案中,在胶结充填体(胶结矿柱)支撑的情况下,顶板下沉位移为2~3 cm,采场顶板变形状态基本呈现拱形。由此可见,现有采场结构参数基本合理。在胶结矿柱部位的矿体开挖过程中,采场两侧围岩、矿柱和顶板仍能保持稳定,并且充填体具有较高的自稳定性。
对于360~380 m水平B99~105范围的矿体,原方案为采用分层充填法回采至380 m水平后,直接改分段空场法回采;优化方案为分层充填法仅回采至370 m并胶结充填,北侧设胶结矿柱作为过渡区。由于分段空场法采场采用上向扇形孔回采工艺,前期底部堑沟巷道充当凿岩巷道,在其中布置上向扇形孔,后期堑沟巷道受矿,通过出矿进路出矿,而出矿进路顶板保持稳定。优化后的采矿方案在提升开采效率的基础上,有效降低了采矿成本,并且提高了开采的安全性。
针对大红山铜矿由大区域点柱式上向水平分层充填法开采转为分段空场嗣后充填采矿法开采,开展了过渡区开采方案的优化研究。深入探讨了两种采矿方法在过渡区采场采准工程布置不衔接等问题,通过数值模拟方法,对180 m水平以上过渡区的采场稳定性进行了分析,并对开采方案优化前后的采场稳定性进行对比分析,得出如下主要结论。
(1)随着回采范围的不断扩大,应力逐步向已回采范围的周边区域转移,导致周边区域应力集中,部分区域矿岩出现塑性破坏,当回采至360 m水平时,顶板塑性区增幅接近100%,采区顶板最大破坏高度达到13 m。若该区域继续采用分层充填法回采,安全风险大。
(2)为解决采场顶板安全问题,将分层充填法改为中深孔回采的分段空场法,并通过胶结充填形成过渡区胶结矿柱。数值模拟结果表明,采场顶板最大塑性区破坏高度为8 m,顶板稳定性明显提高。
(3)分段空场法不仅解决了上盘切顶工程联络道的布置难题,且分段空场法采场布置时,将采场分层回采的进路布置于采场内部的(东西向)端部,从而避免了进路对分段空场法采场回采的影响。
(4)通过对采矿方法的优化研究,将两种采矿方法结合,合理布置工程,在实现高效开采的同时降低了采矿的安全风险,在一定程度上降低了整个采矿成本,也为其他矿山改变采矿方法、安全高效地回收资源提供了参考。
  • 云南省基础研究专项青年项目(202301AU070185; 202101AU070022)
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-06
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云南省基础研究专项青年项目(202301AU070185; 202101AU070022)
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    1.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
    2.玉溪矿业有限公司,云南 玉溪市 653100

通讯作者:

李广涛(1982—),男,江苏宿迁人,博士,高级工程师,从事采矿理论及工艺研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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