Article(id=1322164705880293931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732550400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158230513, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158230513, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158230513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158230513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164546295410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158192465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158905697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167537857573862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167537861768167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=52, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164706056454700, articleId=1322164705880293931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Safe Thickness of Combined Isolation Pillars in Transition Areas of Different Mining Processes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The form and thickness of isolation pillars in transition areas are crucial to the safety and efficiency of mine production during the transition from caving mining to filling mining. Taking the mine production of a gold mine in the transition stage from caving mining to filling mining as the background, a scheme of combined setting of pot-bottom isolated pillar and horizontal isolated pillar was proposed, and the safe thickness and stability of the combined isolation pillar were analyzed by theoretical calculation and FLAC3D numerical simulation. The results show that the theoretical thickness of the horizontal isolation pillar at the bottom of the combined isolation pillar is 30 m, while the thickness of the pot-bottom isolation pillar is 15 m. Through the calculation of the maximum unbalanced force and excavation convergence balance cost, it is found that the ground pressure activity during the transition from caving mining to filling mining is generally stable. The isolation pillar does not exceed the tensile stress limit during the mining process, and there is no phenomenon of plastic failure penetration. It shows that the isolation pillar has good self-bearing capacity, which ensures the safety of synchronous mining of caving mining to filling mining. The application of the filling method significantly slows down the settlement rate of the ore body and enhances the stope stability. However, it is necessary to be alert to the local plastic failure of the filling body in the side of the stope and the potential landslide risk in the upper part.

, authors=Caiyan LUO1, Qingsong ZHANG2, 3, Yuding WANG2, 3, Yongchao GONG2, 3, Xudong TU1, Jianchao LIU1, Lei LI1, Haoji MA1, authorsList=Caiyan LUO, Qingsong ZHANG, Yuding WANG, Yongchao GONG, Xudong TU, Jianchao LIU, Lei LI, Haoji MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingsong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164711278363233, articleId=1322164705880293931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=不同采矿工艺过渡区域组合型隔离矿柱的安全厚度研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在由崩落采矿法开采转为充填采矿法开采时,过渡区隔离矿柱的形式与厚度对于矿山生产的安全和效率至关重要。以某金矿崩落法转充填法过渡阶段的矿山生产为背景,提出了一种锅底形隔离矿柱与水平隔离矿柱组合留设的方案,结合理论计算与FLAC3D数值模拟,分析了组合型隔离矿柱的安全厚度及其稳定性。研究结果表明,组合型隔离矿柱的下部水平隔离矿柱的理论厚度为30 m,而锅底形隔离矿柱水平厚度为15 m。依据最大不平衡力极值和开挖收敛平衡的计算耗时,发现在崩落法转充填法开采的过程中,地压活动总体稳定;在开采过程中,隔离矿柱的拉应力没有超过其抗拉强度,未出现塑性破坏贯通的现象,表明隔离矿柱具备良好的自承载能力,确保了崩落法转充填法同步开采的安全性;充填法的应用显著减缓了隔离矿柱的沉降速率,增强了采场的稳定性。但是,需警惕采场侧帮充填体的局部塑性破坏及上部潜在滑坡风险。

, authors=罗才严1, 张庆嵩2, 3, 王玉丁2, 3, 龚永超2, 3, 涂旭东1, 刘建超1, 李雷1, 马浩吉1, authorsList=罗才严, 张庆嵩, 王玉丁, 龚永超, 涂旭东, 刘建超, 李雷, 马浩吉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张庆嵩, authorNote=

罗才严(1988—),男,四川广汉人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail:

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张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
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departmentName=null, remark=2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322164711819428456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164711832011369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, companyId=1322164711819428456, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164711840399978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, companyId=1322164711819428456, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322164716265390752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Current status of surface collapse pits, figureFileSmall=I6FA05bsQVi8I/H69UhB2A==, figureFileBig=gs2SJC4Z6Bf2oSCoT57l5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164716336693921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=图1, caption=地表塌陷坑现状, figureFileSmall=I6FA05bsQVi8I/H69UhB2A==, figureFileBig=gs2SJC4Z6Bf2oSCoT57l5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164716504466082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagrams of isolation pillar layout form, figureFileSmall=Du2uNbhlbdROrnWFofJJ8g==, figureFileBig=ZMNFCQqxAsngsazV+E3v3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164716579963555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=图2, caption=隔离矿柱的布置形式示意, figureFileSmall=Du2uNbhlbdROrnWFofJJ8g==, figureFileBig=ZMNFCQqxAsngsazV+E3v3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164716672238244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of combined isolation pillar, figureFileSmall=yPp9SOixzPqaN9F0PMmwEg==, figureFileBig=lgnH6lfKjppEkGkyIm9E1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164716739347109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=图3, caption=组合型隔离矿柱示意, figureFileSmall=yPp9SOixzPqaN9F0PMmwEg==, figureFileBig=lgnH6lfKjppEkGkyIm9E1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164716852593318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=3D numerical model of mine, figureFileSmall=8HFshj0YEV5RW52cuNDT2w==, figureFileBig=Yjb2+TXzsE14N4hh764DYQ==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The computational time steps required for excavation to convergence equilibrium in the mining area model within 1 to 6 years, figureFileSmall=1vKXyQFJlEG3Gm2tqay6qg==, figureFileBig=cDaFYCq3Sa2WjWw163F5DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164717272023723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=图6, caption=矿区模型1~6年度内从开挖到收敛平衡所耗费计算时间步, figureFileSmall=1vKXyQFJlEG3Gm2tqay6qg==, figureFileBig=cDaFYCq3Sa2WjWw163F5DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164717343326892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Minimum principal stress distribution of stope and isolation pillar in different years, figureFileSmall=NSIZWOpzSW58qsGK9yX1Lw==, figureFileBig=xN/4KiZFBU/GTmkqDZVbhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164717410435757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同年度采场与隔离矿柱最小主应力分布, figureFileSmall=NSIZWOpzSW58qsGK9yX1Lw==, figureFileBig=xN/4KiZFBU/GTmkqDZVbhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164717494321838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation of maximum tensile stress with years, figureFileSmall=VPd0Fa8NWsDkguTr+e7v/A==, figureFileBig=6fugiAneYfnh5mwrRE2mrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164717574013615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=图8, caption=最大拉应力随年份的变化规律, figureFileSmall=VPd0Fa8NWsDkguTr+e7v/A==, figureFileBig=6fugiAneYfnh5mwrRE2mrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164717641122480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Maximum 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Safe thickness of horizontal isolation pillar based on comprehensive calculation method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号采空区跨度/m采空区高度/m隔离层厚度理论计算值/m
K.B.鲁别涅依特公式荷载传递交汇线法材料力学法普氏理论法结构力学法均值安全系数1.5
16503.610.49.821.14.616
28505.213.913.122.86.120
310507.217.316.322.57.723
412509.620.819.623.39.226
5145012.424.222.924.010.730
6165015.527.726.224.712.334
), ArticleFig(id=1322164719482421959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于综合计算法的水平隔离矿柱安全厚度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号采空区跨度/m采空区高度/m隔离层厚度理论计算值/m
K.B.鲁别涅依特公式荷载传递交汇线法材料力学法普氏理论法结构力学法均值安全系数1.5
16503.610.49.821.14.616
28505.213.913.122.86.120
310507.217.316.322.57.723
412509.620.819.623.39.226
5145012.424.222.924.010.730
6165015.527.726.224.712.334
), ArticleFig(id=1322164719562113736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of materials for the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称容重/(kN/m3)弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
灰岩28.3035.274.020.257.3340.83
中心区域矿岩27.9010.130.600.183.7529.24
中心区域外部矿岩27.9015.251.600.185.3335.85
风化层27.605.610.360.212.5725.75
F3断层带27.701.800.120.231.3219.79
塌陷区27.8010.850.010.220.0230.76
充填体20.000.600.260.310.7327.03
), ArticleFig(id=1322164719658582729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164705880293931, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型的材料物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称容重/(kN/m3)弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
灰岩28.3035.274.020.257.3340.83
中心区域矿岩27.9010.130.600.183.7529.24
中心区域外部矿岩27.9015.251.600.185.3335.85
风化层27.605.610.360.212.5725.75
F3断层带27.701.800.120.231.3219.79
塌陷区27.8010.850.010.220.0230.76
充填体20.000.600.260.310.7327.03
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不同采矿工艺过渡区域组合型隔离矿柱的安全厚度研究
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罗才严 1 , 张庆嵩 2, 3 , 王玉丁 2, 3 , 龚永超 2, 3 , 涂旭东 1 , 刘建超 1 , 李雷 1 , 马浩吉 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(11): 52-61
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (11) : 52 -61
不同采矿工艺过渡区域组合型隔离矿柱的安全厚度研究
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罗才严(1988—),男,四川广汉人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail:

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罗才严(1988—),男,四川广汉人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail:

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罗才严1 , 张庆嵩2, 3 , 王玉丁2, 3, 龚永超2, 3, 涂旭东1, 刘建超1, 李雷1, 马浩吉1
作者信息
  • 1.陕西凤县四方金矿有限责任公司,陕西 宝鸡市 721799
  • 2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
通讯作者:
张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

罗才严(1988—),男,四川广汉人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail:

Study on the Safe Thickness of Combined Isolation Pillars in Transition Areas of Different Mining Processes
Caiyan LUO1 , Qingsong ZHANG2, 3 , Yuding WANG2, 3, Yongchao GONG2, 3, Xudong TU1, Jianchao LIU1, Lei LI1, Haoji MA1
Affiliations
  • 1.Shaanxi Fengxian Sifang Gold Mine Co., Ltd., Baoji, Shaanxi 721799, China
  • 2.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25
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在由崩落采矿法开采转为充填采矿法开采时,过渡区隔离矿柱的形式与厚度对于矿山生产的安全和效率至关重要。以某金矿崩落法转充填法过渡阶段的矿山生产为背景,提出了一种锅底形隔离矿柱与水平隔离矿柱组合留设的方案,结合理论计算与FLAC3D数值模拟,分析了组合型隔离矿柱的安全厚度及其稳定性。研究结果表明,组合型隔离矿柱的下部水平隔离矿柱的理论厚度为30 m,而锅底形隔离矿柱水平厚度为15 m。依据最大不平衡力极值和开挖收敛平衡的计算耗时,发现在崩落法转充填法开采的过程中,地压活动总体稳定;在开采过程中,隔离矿柱的拉应力没有超过其抗拉强度,未出现塑性破坏贯通的现象,表明隔离矿柱具备良好的自承载能力,确保了崩落法转充填法同步开采的安全性;充填法的应用显著减缓了隔离矿柱的沉降速率,增强了采场的稳定性。但是,需警惕采场侧帮充填体的局部塑性破坏及上部潜在滑坡风险。

崩落法转充填法  /  组合型隔离矿柱  /  矿柱安全厚度  /  岩层移动  /  数值模拟

The form and thickness of isolation pillars in transition areas are crucial to the safety and efficiency of mine production during the transition from caving mining to filling mining. Taking the mine production of a gold mine in the transition stage from caving mining to filling mining as the background, a scheme of combined setting of pot-bottom isolated pillar and horizontal isolated pillar was proposed, and the safe thickness and stability of the combined isolation pillar were analyzed by theoretical calculation and FLAC3D numerical simulation. The results show that the theoretical thickness of the horizontal isolation pillar at the bottom of the combined isolation pillar is 30 m, while the thickness of the pot-bottom isolation pillar is 15 m. Through the calculation of the maximum unbalanced force and excavation convergence balance cost, it is found that the ground pressure activity during the transition from caving mining to filling mining is generally stable. The isolation pillar does not exceed the tensile stress limit during the mining process, and there is no phenomenon of plastic failure penetration. It shows that the isolation pillar has good self-bearing capacity, which ensures the safety of synchronous mining of caving mining to filling mining. The application of the filling method significantly slows down the settlement rate of the ore body and enhances the stope stability. However, it is necessary to be alert to the local plastic failure of the filling body in the side of the stope and the potential landslide risk in the upper part.

Transition from caving method to filling method  /  Combined isolation pillar  /  Safety thickness of pillar  /  Rock strata movement  /  Numerical simulation
罗才严, 张庆嵩, 王玉丁, 龚永超, 涂旭东, 刘建超, 李雷, 马浩吉. 不同采矿工艺过渡区域组合型隔离矿柱的安全厚度研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (11) : 52 -61 .
Caiyan LUO, Qingsong ZHANG, Yuding WANG, Yongchao GONG, Xudong TU, Jianchao LIU, Lei LI, Haoji MA. Study on the Safe Thickness of Combined Isolation Pillars in Transition Areas of Different Mining Processes[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (11) : 52 -61 .
在开展三下开采、崩落法转充填法开采及露天转地下开采时,为确保后续开采的安全性,通常需要设置隔离矿柱。隔离矿柱的主要功能是维持地表稳定、隔绝开采扰动,以保障下部资源的安全开采[1-4]。然而,隔离矿柱的厚度对矿山安全性具有重要影响,过薄的隔离矿柱可能无法有效防止矿山灾害的发生,而过厚的矿柱则会导致矿产资源的浪费,并降低开采效率。因此,合理地确定不同采矿工艺过渡区的隔离矿柱安全厚度,是确保矿山安全开采的关键问题之一。
隔离矿柱的设计需要在安全性与资源利用之间实现平衡。关于隔离矿柱厚度的留设,国内外学者已开展了大量研究[5-7]。李玉飞等[8]基于突变理论推导出隔离矿柱失稳的尖点突变模型,并建立了隔离矿柱安全厚度的计算模型,深入分析了隔离矿柱失稳的非线性动力学特征。苏成哲等[9]通过引入安全系数及单元安全度理论,对崩落法向充填法过渡阶段所需的预留隔离矿柱厚度进行了模拟计算,确定了隔离矿柱的最小留设厚度。李夕兵等[10]针对崩落法转充填法开采,建立了水平隔离矿柱的厚板力学模型,并应用最大拉应力理论计算了隔离矿柱的安全厚度,通过数值模拟分析了所设隔离矿柱的力学行为及其稳定性。徐中华等[11]通过理论计算与数值模拟相结合的方法,对隔离矿柱进行了参数优化,并借助矿山地压监测系统监测了矿柱的破坏情况,有效地保障了采区的稳定性。吕冠颖等[12]结合弹性小薄板理论,计算了崩落法转充填法采场之间水平隔离矿柱的尺寸,并利用Phase2二维数值模拟的方法对隔离矿柱的尺寸合理性进行了验证,最终成功实现了矿山从崩落法到充填法的顺利过渡。张访问[13]为实现多中段同时安全开采,提出了中段间留设隔离矿柱的方案,并通过经验类比、破裂拱理论及弹性力学小变形薄板理论进行计算与验证,现场工业试验表明,该措施取得了良好的效果。
尽管已有不少关于隔离矿柱设计的理论与实践经验,但在不同采矿工艺转换过程中的锅底形矿柱安全厚度的研究相对较少。本研究通过理论分析确立了锅底形隔离矿柱的合理留设方式及安全厚度,并结合FLAC3D数值模拟来验证隔离矿柱的稳定性。研究结果可为矿山生产中的隔离矿柱设计提供参考。
某金矿矿体受泥盆系地层和断裂构造蚀变带控制,地层倾向与含金蚀变带倾向基本相同,但前者倾角相对较后者缓1°~10°,构造及揉皱发育处矿化较好。地质勘探圈定的I2号矿体为主矿体,占全矿床资源量的85%以上。矿体长490.80 m,倾向31°~44°,倾角57°~83°,平均厚度为18.14 m,厚度变化系数为152%;矿体赋存在1 300~890 m标高的范围内,总体上呈透镜状,浅部矿体形态简单,中心段呈巨囊状,而深部两端则出现分支复合现象。
原选矿工艺采用氰化法,导致选厂尾砂无法用于井下充填,因此矿山自开采以来一直采用无底柱分段崩落法回采。随着多年开采的推进,地表已形成塌陷区(如图1所示),且随着开采深度的不断增加,地表塌陷区的面积可能会进一步扩展,对地表生态环境的保护构成了潜在威胁。经选矿工艺改造,尾砂经毒浸试验等相关检测已确认其有害物质含量符合安全标准,可用于井下充填。基于安全、可管理性及操作便捷性考虑,矿山决定将采矿方法从崩落采矿法转为分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后胶结充填采矿法。因此,在采矿方法转换的过渡阶段,亟需对隔离矿柱的形式与厚度进行深入研究,以保障采场的安全生产,同时满足矿山的产能需求。
在过渡区域附近的4个中段中,其中1#、2#中段为崩落法开采,从3#中段开始使用充填法开采。根据岩体类型及现场结构面调查数据,对矿岩体中的结构面进行了统计分析。通过现场调查,得出1#至4#中段的矿岩体结构面平均间距分别为41 cm、28 cm、21 cm和23 cm,均处于20~60 cm的范围内,其结构面的发育密集程度可归纳为中等间距。
基于节理面产状的调查结果,绘制了各中段矿岩结构面的等密度图,并通过聚类分析方法,识别了1#至4#中段的优势节理面。通过对现场调查结果进行统计分析,得出1#中段的优势节理面被划分为两组,其产状(倾向-倾角)分别为192°∠63°和300°∠70°;2#中段的优势节理面分为4组,产状分别为340°∠84°、66°∠87°、65°∠50°和253°∠42°;3#中段的优势节理面划分为3组,产状分别为183°∠77°、236°∠76°和312°∠74°;4#中段的优势节理面同样划分为3组,产状分别为350°∠86°、64°∠64°和313°∠71°。
为确定隔离矿柱的合理安全厚度,需对矿岩进行质量分级与稳固性评价。针对该金矿1#至4#中段的矿岩,分别采用RMR法、Q系统法和MRMR-2000系统法3种岩体质量分级方法进行了岩体分级与质量评价。1#中段岩体的质量为Ⅱ级,属于“好岩体”类型;2#至4#中段岩体的质量为Ⅲ级,属于“一般岩体”类型。
根据该金矿从崩落法转为充填法开采的现状,初步选择了两种隔离矿柱布置形式,即锅底形隔离矿柱和水平隔离矿柱(见图2)。这两种隔离矿柱均能有效隔断采场地压的相互干扰,从而确保充填法采场的安全回采。锅底形隔离矿柱可在锅底上下外侧覆盖更大的区域,适用于较为复杂的矿体结构;而水平隔离矿柱结构简单,实施便捷,但充填法采场仅能布置在隔离矿柱的下部中段。
鉴于塌陷坑坑底矿体中夹石量较大,以及锅底形隔离矿柱底部尺寸难以精确控制,且水平隔离矿柱之下的充填采场布置范围相对较小,导致矿石损失较为显著,综合考虑锅底形隔离矿柱和水平隔离矿柱的优缺点,提出一种隔离矿柱优化方案,即仅保留位于塌陷坑底部正下方的水平隔离矿柱,而在塌陷坑外围,则借鉴锅底形隔离矿柱的设计思路,保留一定厚度的隔离矿柱,从而形成一种组合型隔离矿柱,如图3所示。
在采用组合型隔离矿柱的设计方案时,需分别计算塌陷坑底部水平隔离矿柱和四周锅底形隔离矿柱的厚度。对于底部的水平隔离矿柱,采用K.B.鲁别涅依特公式、荷载传递交汇线法、材料力学法、普氏理论法和结构力学法进行厚度计算[15]。根据类似矿山地下安全开采的经验,推荐的安全系数应维持在1.5至1.8之间。计算后,通过对5种计算方法所得的结果按均值安全系数为1.5进行统计分析,得出的最终计算结果见表1。
为充分利用矿山井下现有的采准工程,进而节约矿山生产成本,初步确定井下充填法采场的最大跨度约为14 m,由此,计算得到塌陷坑底部水平隔离矿柱的理论厚度应为30 m。
针对锅底形隔离矿柱,需要计算塌陷坑四周隔离矿柱的水平厚度。结合矿柱的面积承载理论与安全系数的选取,对矿柱的水平厚度进行计算。面积承载理论认为矿柱所承受的荷载是其所支撑顶板的上覆岩柱的重量,其支撑面积为开采面积与自身面积之和。因此,矿柱平均荷载量为:
式中:σp为矿柱平均荷载量;γ为上覆岩柱容重;H为开采深度;a为矿房宽度;b为矿柱宽度。
在计算矿柱的安全系数时,假设矿柱的微单元力学模型在某一平面发生剪切滑动,定义此时滑动面上的抗滑力与滑动力的比值为矿柱的安全系数。滑动的极限平衡条件为:
式中:τ为剪切应力;c为黏聚力;σz为垂直方向的受力;θ为内摩擦角;N为沿滑面的阻力;F为滑动力;φ为滑面角;μ为静摩擦因数;h为矿柱高度;z为滑动面中心到矿柱底部的高度。
矿柱安全系数Fs为:
结合该金矿现场实际情况,选取安全系数为Fs=1.2~1.5,将有关参数代入上述公式计算得b=10~15 m,即塌陷坑四周锅底形隔离矿柱的水平厚度为10~15 m。为确保安全开采,确定锅底形隔离矿柱的水平厚度为15 m,为进一步验证隔离矿柱厚度理论值的合理性,需要对隔离矿柱进行稳定性分析。
考虑到矿体赋存形态复杂,而且涉及塌陷区、地表边坡、断层带及地表风化层等多种地质结构,本文采用多种耦合建模方法来建立矿山的三维数值模型。依据弹塑性力学理论中的圣维南原理,选取了主要开采区域的3~5倍作为研究范围[16]。具体而言,模型的平面尺寸为1 500 m×1 500 m,模型的高度则根据实际埋深选取最大值800 m,如图4所示。根据理论计算结果,塌陷坑底部水平隔离矿柱的厚度为30 m,四周锅底形隔离矿柱的水平厚度为15 m。在采矿方法转型的过渡期内,需要隔离矿柱能有效地隔断采场地压的相互干扰,以确保矿山开采活动的安全性。因此,数值模拟方案应根据矿山实际情况,特别是采矿方法转型期间1~6 a过渡期内的开采计划,应重点评估隔离矿柱的稳定性。
根据矿山前期的岩石力学试验与工程地质调查结果,考虑了岩体的结构效应、地下水、节理裂隙等因素,采用地质强度指标对矿岩的物理力学参数的室内测试结果进行折减计算,从而得到可用于数值计算的材料物理力学参数,见表2。
在数值模拟中,地压活动的剧烈程度可通过“最大不平衡力极值”和“开挖收敛平衡耗费计算时步”两个指标进行表征。最大不平衡力反映了模型迭代过程中内外力的差异,直观地体现了矿山开采对岩体应力场的扰动程度。图5展示了崩落法转充填法开采过程中的最大不平衡力分布曲线。结果显示,各年度的最大不平衡力极值保持在相同量级,回采阶段地压活动未出现显著波动,表明回采扰动引发的地压活动相对平稳,难以引发大规模的地压灾害。同时,最大不平衡力最终趋于一个非零的恒定值(最小值1.19×106 Pa)。这表明随着北侧矿体开采的不断进行,原有塌陷区内部的覆盖岩进入塑性流动状态,推动采空区扩展,采场顶部矿岩也逐渐进入塑性流动状态,促进塌陷范围向地表发展。
在过渡阶段早期(1~3 a),矿区地压活动主要受塌陷区北侧矿回采的影响,而在后期(4~6 a)则由深部中深孔采场回采作业主导。根据图6所示的各年度开挖至收敛平衡所耗费的计算时步,可以看出,第1至第6年度计算时步存在差异,但未呈现明显的变化趋势,表明回采作业引发的地压活动总体较为稳定。计算时步的变化主要源于开采强度和深部采场周围矿岩环境的变化,从而导致整体自稳所需时间和自稳能力不同。此外,过渡阶段后期的回采作业所引发的地压剧烈程度低于早期,这表明隔离矿柱有效降低了下部开采扰动对上部的影响,深部采场采空区的充填降低了深部采场的地压活动风险。
(1)最小主应力场分析。
从图7和图8可以看出,第1至第3年度的采场最大拉应力比第4至第6年度的高,表明隔离矿柱在上部崩落法与下部充填法采场的同步开采中,有效转移了应力,发挥了应力分布调节作用,提升了采场整体安全系数。在第1和第2年度,隔离矿柱邻近采空区面未出现拉应力分布,说明在隔离矿柱自我承载能力较强且深部采区暴露面积较小时,矿柱不易发生拉伸破坏。至第3年度,隔离矿柱开始承受拉应力,最大拉应力为0.23 MPa。在随后的开采中,隔离矿柱承受的最大拉应力为0.41 MPa,未超过矿岩的抗拉强度,表明其承拉状态良好,不会发生大范围拉伸破坏。
(2)最大主应力场分析。
从图9和图10可以看出,受开采扰动影响,原岩应力向周边个别区域矿岩转移和积聚。采场周边矿岩和隔离矿柱的最大压应力均产生于第3年度开采活动,两者压应力极值分别为43.80 MPa、29.27 MPa,均未超过矿岩体的承压极限,故回采过程中采场周边矿岩和隔离矿柱不会发生较大范围的破坏。
由图11可知,在第1至第6年度的回采过程中,塌陷区北侧矿体及深部充填采矿法采场周边矿岩的沉降和水平移动幅度较大,特别是新增采区顶部岩体的沉降变形以及与原有塌陷区交界处的沉降变形较大。塌陷区北侧矿体采用崩落法开采,第1年度最大沉降量达到43.86 cm,且随着开采扰动的持续,沉降变形逐步扩大,采场的最大竖向位移变化规律见图12。根据容许极限位移判据,该采区顶部矿岩容易发生塌陷,从而有助于避免悬顶现象的发生。
在第1至第6年度的回采过程中,隔离矿柱的最大沉降量逐年递增,沉降区域逐步扩大(见图13),整体沉降量保持在2~2.5 cm之间(见图14)。根据容许极限位移判据,隔离矿柱在此期间保持基本稳定。因此,在崩落法转充填法的过渡阶段,隔离矿柱因开采扰动影响所发生的沉降变形较小,基本可满足上部崩落法与下部充填法同步开采的安全需求。需要注意的是,由于前三年采用崩落法开采,第4至第6年度采用充填法回采隔离矿柱以下的矿体,使得充填体在第4至第6年度的沉降速率显著低于崩落法开采阶段。
从图15和图16可以看出,矿山上部崩落法与下部充填法同步互补开采过程中,地表岩层的移动主要集中在塌陷区北侧矿体正上方区域,且原有塌陷区内部的覆盖岩层整体移动程度较为剧烈,并呈现出移动范围扩大的趋势。这表明受开采扰动的影响,塌陷区的范围可能会进一步扩大。特别是东西风井附近,受到开采扰动的影响,出现了一定范围的岩层移动,主要体现在邻近塌陷坑的滑坡面区域出现了显著的岩层移动。这也说明塌陷区北侧矿体的回采对地表滑坡面的稳定性可能构成威胁,进一步扩展的塌陷区可能会影响东西风井和充填站的安全。
由图17可知,采用隔三采一的方式回采时,前两步骤回采后,上、下盘和侧帮围岩或充填体未出现破坏性塑性区,表明在当前回采扰动条件下,围岩和充填体基本维持自稳,且不易发生垮塌。然而,当开采推进至第三步骤时,由充填体支撑上覆岩层及邻近矿脉,个别采场侧帮充填体出现小范围塑性破坏。为此,建议在第二步骤回采时预留一定厚度的护壁矿石,以减少第三步骤采场的贫化风险。
由图18可知,在中深孔充填法采场回采的整个过程中,采空区顶部的隔离保安矿柱未出现塑性变形或破坏。通过对隔离矿柱每隔2 m进行切片分析,发现其塑性扰动区未扩展至上一中段,因此,隔离矿柱能够满足过渡阶段上部崩落法与下部充填法同步互补开采的安全性要求。
由图19可知,在过渡阶段上部崩落法与下部充填法同步互补开采时,地表塌陷坑的塑性区主要分布于塌陷坑周围及北侧崩落法采场上方。原塌陷坑周围的塑性破坏主要受覆岩移动及地表风化作用影响。北侧崩落法采场上方出现新的塑性破坏区,这主要是由采场顶板长期暴露及围岩冒落引起的。此外,东西风井附近的滑坡面区域存在塑性区,需警惕滑坡风险。为确保安全,必须采取回填、加固和监测措施,及时应对地表变形与滑坡风险。
依据某矿山上部崩落法和下部充填法同步互补开采的现状,通过理论分析,设计了锅底形隔离矿柱与水平隔离矿柱组合留设的方案,并利用FLAC3D数值模拟探究了不同开采年度下采场及隔离矿柱的稳定性。通过研究回采过程中采场及隔离矿柱的应力、位移与破坏规律,得出如下结论。
(1)依据岩体节理裂隙分布及岩体稳固性分级情况,结合K.B.鲁别涅依特公式、荷载传递交汇线法、材料力学法、普氏理论法和结构力学法等多种计算方法,对采矿方法过渡阶段的隔离矿柱留设方式与厚度进行了理论分析。计算结果表明,组合型隔离矿柱的下部水平隔离矿柱的理论厚度应为30 m。同时,基于矿柱面积承载理论及安全系数,计算出锅底形隔离矿柱的水平厚度为15 m。
(2)通过最大不平衡力极值和开挖收敛平衡的计算耗费时间两个指标可知,在崩落法转充填法开采的过程中,地压活动总体稳定,最大不平衡力趋于恒定值,反映了岩体存在残余应力的塑性流动状态。在过渡阶段后期,由于隔离矿柱和深部采场充填体的协同作用,地压活动的剧烈程度显著降低,有效控制了地压风险。
(3)随着开采进程的推进,相较于过渡阶段初期,隔离矿柱与深部采场充填体的结合有效降低了采场的最大拉应力。隔离矿柱在第1和第2年度未出现拉应力分布,表明矿柱具备较强自承载能力且暴露面积较小,避免了拉伸破坏。开采过程中,隔离矿柱的最大拉、压应力均未超过矿岩承压极限,表明矿岩和矿柱保持了良好的稳定性,不易发生大范围破坏。
(4)在崩落法向充填法过渡阶段,塌陷区北侧矿体及深部充填法采场周边的矿岩沉降与水平移动显著,尤以新增采区顶部与塌陷区交界处为甚。充填法的应用有效减缓了隔离矿柱的沉降速率,且隔离矿柱在回采过程中未发生塑性变形,确保了崩落法采场与充填法采场同步开采的安全性。
(5)深部中深孔充填法采场采用隔三采一的回采方式,有效保持了围岩和充填体的稳定性,第三步骤开采时采场侧帮充填体出现小范围塑性破坏,建议预留护壁矿石,以减小贫化风险。地表塌陷坑及北侧采场上方存在塑性破坏,且滑坡面区域存在塑性区,需警惕滑坡风险。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
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2025年第45卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-26
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
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    1.陕西凤县四方金矿有限责任公司,陕西 宝鸡市 721799
    2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012

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张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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