Article(id=1322164690558505966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733760000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158226861, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158226861, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158226861, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158226861, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164546295410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158192465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158905697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167537857573862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167537861768167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=191, endPage=197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164690734666735, articleId=1322164690558505966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Impact of Fine Grain Content on Static Liquefaction Characteristics of Iron Tailings, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The influence mechanism of fine grain content on static liquefaction characteristics of soil is complex and deeply affected by soil properties. In view of the large number of iron tailings reservoirs in the Panzhihua area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, an in-depth understanding of their static liquefaction characteristics is essential to ensure the safety of tailings reservoirs. Therefore, in order to explore the influence of different fine grain contents on the static liquefaction characteristics of iron tailings in Panzhihua area, the iron tailings with fine grain contents of 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% were studied by consolidated undrained triaxial test. The influence of fine grain content on the stress-strain behavior, static liquefaction potential and critical state line of iron tailings were analyzed. The test results show that the fine grain content has a significant effect on the static liquefaction characteristics of iron tailings. The anti-liquefaction ability of iron tailings increases first, then decreases, and then increases with the increase of fine grain content. There are two thresholds in this process, and the threshold decreases with the increase of confining pressure. According to the critical state line, Panzhihua iron tailings are most easily liquefied when the fine grain content is 60%. This study can provide a reference for further understanding the static liquefaction characteristics of iron tailings reservoirs in Panzhihua area.

, authors=Wu LI, Qiang XU, Kaiyi REN, authorsList=Wu LI, Qiang XU, Kaiyi REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164694073331713, articleId=1322164690558505966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=细粒含量对铁尾矿静态液化特性的影响, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细粒含量对土体静态液化特性的影响机制较为复杂,且深受土体性质的影响。鉴于长江上游的攀枝花地区存在大量铁尾矿库,深入理解其静态液化特性对于确保尾矿库的安全至关重要。因此,为探究不同细粒含量对攀枝花地区铁尾矿静态液化特性的影响,采用固结不排水三轴试验,对细粒含量为0、20%、40%、60%、100%的铁尾矿进行研究,主要分析细粒含量对铁尾矿应力–应变行为、静态液化潜势和临界状态线的影响。试验结果表明:细粒含量对铁尾矿的静态液化特性具有显著影响;铁尾矿抗液化能力随细粒含量增加表现为先增加、后减小、再增加的复杂趋势,在该过程中存在两个阈值,其阈值会随着围压的增加而减小;由临界状态线可知,攀枝花铁尾矿在细粒含量为60%时最易液化。研究可为深入理解攀枝花地区铁尾矿库的静态液化特性提供参考。

, authors=李武, 许强, 任凯驿, authorsList=李武, 许强, 任凯驿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许强, authorNote=

李武(1999—),男,四川南充人,硕士研究生,主要从事铁尾矿静态液化研究。E-mail:

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许强(1968—),男,四川巴中人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事斜坡变形破坏理论与防治技术研究。E-mail:
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International Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 1973, 99 (10): 793-812., articleTitle=Cubical triaxial tests on cohesionless soil, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322164702076063828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1923, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=40, authorNames=TALBOT A N, RICHART F E, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TALBOT A N, RICHART F E. The strength of concrete, its relation to the cement aggregates and water[R]. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1923., articleTitle=The strength of concrete, its relation to the cement aggregates and water, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322164698548654122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, awardId=41630640; 41790445, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41630640; 41790445), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322164698624151595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, awardId=2022YFC3003205, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研究发展计划项目(2022YFC3003205), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322164694350155778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322164694375321603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, companyId=1322164694350155778, language=EN, country=null, province=null, 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ArticleFig(id=1322164698276024359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, language=CN, label=图6, caption=临界状态线, figureFileSmall=TAILI/dK/JcqOSJKM2Cqpw==, figureFileBig=2akioH5T9Zq55K3+awwOyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164698351521832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical properties of iron tailings with different fine grain contents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号密度/(g/cm3)不均匀系数曲率系数最小孔隙比最大孔隙比液限/%塑限/%
FC02.9752.2820.8730.5311.08113.488—
FC202.9763.6331.0610.4420.84912.943—
FC403.0005.8131.5670.3621.02622.91012.720
FC603.0194.1531.6280.4811.25625.79415.063
FC1003.0553.7800.7350.5251.62022.00811.588
), ArticleFig(id=1322164698435407913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164690558505966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同细粒含量铁尾矿物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号密度/(g/cm3)不均匀系数曲率系数最小孔隙比最大孔隙比液限/%塑限/%
FC02.9752.2820.8730.5311.08113.488—
FC202.9763.6331.0610.4420.84912.943—
FC403.0005.8131.5670.3621.02622.91012.720
FC603.0194.1531.6280.4811.25625.79415.063
FC1003.0553.7800.7350.5251.62022.00811.588
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细粒含量对铁尾矿静态液化特性的影响
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李武 , 许强 , 任凯驿
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(11): 191-197
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (11) : 191 -197
细粒含量对铁尾矿静态液化特性的影响
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李武(1999—),男,四川南充人,硕士研究生,主要从事铁尾矿静态液化研究。E-mail:

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李武 , 许强 , 任凯驿
作者信息
  • 成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
通讯作者:
许强(1968—),男,四川巴中人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事斜坡变形破坏理论与防治技术研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

李武(1999—),男,四川南充人,硕士研究生,主要从事铁尾矿静态液化研究。E-mail:

Impact of Fine Grain Content on Static Liquefaction Characteristics of Iron Tailings
Wu LI , Qiang XU , Kaiyi REN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25
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细粒含量对土体静态液化特性的影响机制较为复杂,且深受土体性质的影响。鉴于长江上游的攀枝花地区存在大量铁尾矿库,深入理解其静态液化特性对于确保尾矿库的安全至关重要。因此,为探究不同细粒含量对攀枝花地区铁尾矿静态液化特性的影响,采用固结不排水三轴试验,对细粒含量为0、20%、40%、60%、100%的铁尾矿进行研究,主要分析细粒含量对铁尾矿应力–应变行为、静态液化潜势和临界状态线的影响。试验结果表明:细粒含量对铁尾矿的静态液化特性具有显著影响;铁尾矿抗液化能力随细粒含量增加表现为先增加、后减小、再增加的复杂趋势,在该过程中存在两个阈值,其阈值会随着围压的增加而减小;由临界状态线可知,攀枝花铁尾矿在细粒含量为60%时最易液化。研究可为深入理解攀枝花地区铁尾矿库的静态液化特性提供参考。

铁尾矿  /  静态液化  /  细粒含量  /  三轴试验

The influence mechanism of fine grain content on static liquefaction characteristics of soil is complex and deeply affected by soil properties. In view of the large number of iron tailings reservoirs in the Panzhihua area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, an in-depth understanding of their static liquefaction characteristics is essential to ensure the safety of tailings reservoirs. Therefore, in order to explore the influence of different fine grain contents on the static liquefaction characteristics of iron tailings in Panzhihua area, the iron tailings with fine grain contents of 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% were studied by consolidated undrained triaxial test. The influence of fine grain content on the stress-strain behavior, static liquefaction potential and critical state line of iron tailings were analyzed. The test results show that the fine grain content has a significant effect on the static liquefaction characteristics of iron tailings. The anti-liquefaction ability of iron tailings increases first, then decreases, and then increases with the increase of fine grain content. There are two thresholds in this process, and the threshold decreases with the increase of confining pressure. According to the critical state line, Panzhihua iron tailings are most easily liquefied when the fine grain content is 60%. This study can provide a reference for further understanding the static liquefaction characteristics of iron tailings reservoirs in Panzhihua area.

Iron tailings  /  Static liquefaction  /  Fine grain content  /  Triaxial test
李武, 许强, 任凯驿. 细粒含量对铁尾矿静态液化特性的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (11) : 191 -197 .
Wu LI, Qiang XU, Kaiyi REN. Impact of Fine Grain Content on Static Liquefaction Characteristics of Iron Tailings[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (11) : 191 -197 .
四川攀枝花地区是我国主要铁矿资源出产地,建立了大量的铁尾矿库,如万年沟尾矿库、马家田尾矿库等[1-2]。尾矿库是矿石开采与选矿过程中产生的废弃物的主要堆积场所,因其高度和质量形成的高势能,存在溃坝的风险。溃坝一旦发生,不仅直接威胁到下游人民的生命财产安全,而且会伴生相应的环境和灾害问题[3-4]。例如,巴西的Herculano、Fundão、Feijäo尾矿坝,南非Jagersfontein大坝的溃坝事件,均造成了重大的人员伤亡和环境破坏[5-6]。特别是由静态液化导致的尾矿库溃坝,因其具有难以预测和突然发生的特点,所以更具危险性[7-8]。因此,深入研究攀枝花地区铁尾矿的静态液化特性尤为重要,可以为尾矿库的安全运行提供科学依据。
静态液化是指在单调加载或纯静荷载作用下,土体孔隙水压力上升,同时有效应力急剧降低甚至降低至零,进而导致土颗粒丧失抵抗剪切能力的一种现象。静态液化受初始孔隙比、加载模式、细粒含量等多种因素影响,其中,细粒含量是影响土体静态液化的一个重要因素[9-10]。目前,国内外学者已广泛深入研究了土体内不同细粒含量条件下的静态液化特性,并取得了不同程度的进展。但就细粒含量如何影响不同土体静态液化特性的问题,国内外学者尚未形成一致的认识,存在着一定的分歧与争议。YEH[11]、DEZFULIAN[12]、KAUFMAN等[13]发现细粒含量的增加会增强粉砂的抗液化能力。AMINI等[14]通过湿润夯实和沉积两种不同的制样方法,对细粒含量在10%至50%之间的不同砂质土壤进行了液化性能研究,发现细颗粒含量越大,粉砂抗液化性能越好。KWA等[15]通过不同条件下的三轴试验,发现不同细粒含量的金属矿石抗液化能力随细粒含量的增加而增加。然而,这与SHEN等[16]、VAID[17]、YAMAMURO等[18]学者的结论相悖,其研究指出,细粒含量的增加会削弱粉砂的抗液化能力。BAYAT等[19]对0~20%非塑性细粒含量的砂土抗液化性能进行研究,发现随着非塑性细粒含量的增加,其未排水残余强度降低,抗液化能力逐渐减弱。巫尚蔚等[20]通过室内试验和离散元模拟研究了粉粒含量对尾矿力学特性的影响,发现尾矿的抗液化强度会随着粉粒含量的增长而逐步降低。吕玺琳等[21]针对不同细粒含量饱和砂土的研究表明,细颗粒砂土含量越高,越易发生静态液化失稳。此外,LAW等[22]与KOESTER[23]则提出了更为复杂的观点,认为土体抗液化能力与细粒含量的关系并非单调增减,而是存在先降后升的趋势。张超等[24]通过铜尾矿坝尾砂的动三轴试验对细粒含量对静态液化的影响进行了研究,发现细粒含量在35%左右时,尾矿坝具有最好的抗液化能力。陈振鹏[25]与胡再强等[26]通过三轴不排水试验研究了不同细粒含量对金尾矿静态液化的影响,发现尾矿的液化潜势会随着细粒含量的增加先下降后上升,当细粒含量达到30%时最易液化。可见,细粒含量对土体静态液化能力的影响机制较为复杂,试验材料不同,导致的试验结果也会存在明显差异。鉴于攀枝花地区拥有大量铁尾矿库,且铁尾矿作为一类特殊的材料,细粒含量如何影响其静态液化特性的研究相对匮乏,亟需进一步研究。
因此,本文以攀枝花地区铁尾矿为研究对象,对不同细粒含量的铁尾矿静态液化特性展开研究。通过制备不同细粒含量(0、20%、40%、60%、100%)的铁尾矿试样,采用固结不排水三轴试验,并依据不排水脆性指数、液化势指数和临界状态线分析攀枝花地区不同细粒含量铁尾矿的应力–应变行为、静态液化潜势。该研究可以为攀枝花地区预防铁尾矿静态液化提供科学依据,进而降低铁尾矿库溃坝的风险,确保区域安全与环境稳定。
本试验所采用的尾矿取自攀枝花地区铁尾矿库。依据《土工试验规程》规范,将烘干后的铁尾矿先过2 mm孔径筛网,筛下材料即为试验用土,再将试验用土过0.075 mm孔径筛网,筛选出细粒尾矿。不同细粒含量根据细粒干质量占整个试样干质量的百分比来确定。对配置的不同细粒含量铁尾矿进行了粒径分布测试以及基本物理性质测试,级配曲线详见图1(图中细粒含量简写为FC,即FC20表示细粒含量为20%),物理性质参数详情见表1。当细粒含量为40%时,铁尾矿的不均匀系数大于5,曲率系数在1~3之间,粒径大小不均匀,级配良好;而其他细粒含量铁尾矿则颗粒连续性差,级配不良。此外,通过X射线衍射(XRD)对FC0与FC100的矿物成分进行了检测。由于不同细粒含量铁尾矿均由FC0与FC100按比例配置,所以仅检测了以上两种铁尾矿的矿物成分。两种粒径的矿物成分类似,其中含量最丰富的矿物为斜长石,其次是绿泥石,并存在少量的磁铁矿、钛铁矿等,详细矿物成分见图2。
不同细粒含量铁尾矿按照含水率9%进行配比,随后采用静压法分四层进行制样,在每一层击实后都进行刮毛处理,防止出现断层边界,以确保试样的均匀性和整体性。制备完成的试样尺寸为Φ39.1 mm×80 mm,孔隙比为0.9。将制备完成的试样装入三轴剪切仪中。为确保试样得到较高的饱和度,采用了LADE等[27]提出的二氧化碳技术。首先,试样至少被CO2处理120 min,以确保将试样中空气置换。其次,采用注水的方式对试样进行水头饱和,直至孔压系数超过0.95,则视为完全饱和。最后,对完全饱和的试样进行固结与剪切,剪切速率为0.08 mm/min且最大轴向应变为20%。
本研究旨在探讨不同细粒含量条件下铁尾矿静态液化过程。分别配置了细粒含量为0、20%、40%、60%、100%的5种土样,并在100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa、600 kPa围压下进行不排水三轴试验。
图3展示了600 kPa围压条件下,不同细粒含量铁尾矿的应力–应变关系、孔压–应变关系以及应力路径的变化。由图3可知,在剪切过程中,试样存在2个特征状态:峰值状态与临界状态。试样的峰值强度随着细粒含量的增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势,在细粒含量达到60%时,峰值强度达到其最小值。此外,残余强度也呈现出一定的规律性,随着细粒含量的增加呈现出先增加、后降低、再上升的趋势。其中,FC60、FC100的残余强度接近,FC20的残余强度最大,表明其抗液化能力最强;相反,FC40的残余强度最低,因此最易液化。而临界状态需借助临界状态线进行深入探讨,具体见2.4节。
不同试样在600 kPa围压下的应力–应变关系不同。FC20表现为应变软化–硬化特性。在轴向应变为2%时,FC20试样的偏应力达到峰值,此时,孔隙水压力也开始逐渐上升,在轴向应变超过2%后逐渐达到其峰值。随后,随着轴向应变的继续增加,FC20的偏应力逐渐下降,直至轴向应变达到6%时降至最低点。在这一应变区间内,孔隙水压力则呈现出相对稳定的趋势。紧接着,FC20偏应力开始回升,而孔隙水压力则相应减小,这一变化在偏应力–平均有效应力曲线中表现为曲线出现转折,表明试样从剪缩状态向剪胀状态进行转变。除FC20以外,其他试样均表现为应变软化特性。在轴向应变小于2%时,试样的偏应力迅速达到峰值,随后逐渐下降,此时,孔隙水压力也在持续增加,且随着轴向应变的进一步扩大,二者逐渐稳定。在整个剪切过程中,试样一直处于剪缩状态,未出现剪胀现象。
不排水脆性指数IB可以评价不同试样应变软化情况,实现对峰值后偏应力的衰减定量表征,定义为:
式中:qp为峰值偏应力;qcs为临界偏应力。在IB为1时,试样的临界偏应力则为0,即完全静态液化。当IB为0时,试样表现为应变硬化型,不会发生静态液化。
图4为不同细粒含量尾矿的不排水脆性指数变化曲线。不排水脆性指数的取值区间为0.11~0.93。由图4(a)可知,铁尾矿试样的不排水脆性指数随着固结围压的增大而逐渐降低,表明在低围压条件下,试样更容易发生静力液化,而高围压则有助于降低其液化潜力。从不同细粒含量曲线斜率角度分析,相对于其他细粒含量,在细粒含量为40%、100%时,围压对铁尾矿不排水脆性指数的影响较小。
由图4(b)可知,不同固结围压下,铁尾矿抗液化能力随细粒含量的增加均表现为先增加、后减小、再增加的复杂趋势。在固结围压100 kPa下,当细粒含量处于0~40%的区间时,铁尾矿的抗液化能力随细粒含量的增加呈现出增加的趋势,该阶段不排水脆性指数从0.87缓慢降低至0.83;随后,细粒含量继续增加,细粒含量处于40%~60%时,铁尾矿的抗液化能力逐渐下降,该阶段不排水脆性指数从0.83增加至0.88;最后,随着细粒含量的进一步增加,细粒含量超过60%时,铁尾矿的抗液化能力会再一次上升,该阶段不排水脆性指数从0.88降低至0.85。从不排水脆性指数变化角度来看,细粒含量介于40%~60%的范围内,铁尾矿的液化敏感性较高。在整个变化过程中存在两个拐点,在固结围压为100 kPa、200 kPa时,分别为细粒含量40%与60%;在固结围压为400 kPa时,分别为细粒含量20%与60%;在固结围压为600 kPa时,分别为细粒含量20%与40%。可见,随着围压的增加,拐点对应的细粒含量相应减小,进而导致了不同围压下的不排水脆性指数随细粒含量变化曲线的不同。
从土体性质角度进行解释,以固结围压100 kPa为例,在细粒含量小于40%时,尾矿为砂土,土的行为受砂粒结构的控制。细粒填充在砂粒间孔隙中,细粒含量增大使颗粒接触面也变大,导致不排水阻力增加,使得铁尾矿的抗液化能力增加,该阶段结论与AMINI等[14]、KWA等[15]学者的试验结果一致。细粒含量在40%~60%时,尾矿性质逐渐由砂土向粉土转变,砂粒逐渐被细粒所包围,砂粒与砂粒之间的接触大大减少,细粒与细粒逐渐连通,形成润滑带,导致铁尾矿的抗液化能力下降;细粒含量达到60%以后,尾矿性质为粉土,剪切作用主要是对铁尾矿颗粒间的孔隙施加压力,此时,细粒占据主导地位,大量孔隙被填充,使其膨胀倾向增大,并抑制了偏应力的减小,导致抗液化能力上升。细粒含量在40%以后呈现的规律与陈振鹏[25]、胡再强等[26]的规律相似,但具体拐点并不相同。不同围压下,铁尾矿静态液化随细粒变化趋势一致,但两个拐点会产生变化,可解释为:增加围压会导致固结后的铁尾矿颗粒更紧密地排列,孔隙比下降,进而难以发生液化,从而导致其拐点对应的细粒含量减小。
在剪切过程中,产生的超孔隙水压力会降低尾矿的平均有效应力,从而产生静力液化。为了定量描述剪切过程中孔隙水压力的变化,引入了液化势指数LP。液化势指数LP能定量表征最小主应力的衰减程度,从而间接地反映在剪切阶段铁尾矿试样孔隙水压力的增加趋势,其定义为:
式中:σ′3i为尾矿剪切开始时的最小主应力;σ′3cs为达到临界状态时的最小主应力。
液化势指数越小,表明剪切阶段孔隙水压力变化越小,从而尾矿液化的可能性也越低。液化势指数随围压、细粒含量的变化如图5所示,5种不同细粒含量铁尾矿液化势指数取值范围为3.1~13.0。由图5(a)可知,铁尾矿试样的液化势指数随着固结围压的增大而逐渐降低。从孔隙水压力的变化来看,增加围压会导致固结后的铁尾矿颗粒更紧密地排列,孔隙比下降,孔隙水压力不易增高,导致铁尾矿难以发生静态液化。图5(b)表明,随着细粒含量的增加,液化势指数先下降,再上升,最后下降,变化趋势与不排水脆性指数得出的规律相似。从孔隙水压力角度可以解释为:当细粒含量小于20%时,较少的细粒会滑入砂粒之间的孔隙,将孔隙填充,导致孔隙水压力不易上升,尾矿不易液化。当细粒含量超过第一个阈值时,细粒虽会逐渐取代原有孔隙水位置,但其将砂粒隔开并形成较为封闭的孔隙,使其更易达到较高孔隙水压力,从而引发静态液化。当铁尾矿细粒含量超过第二个阈值时,砂粒之间的孔隙几乎被完全填满,导致固结后孔隙减少,使得在加载过程中孔隙水压力难以上升,进而有效地抑制尾矿的静态液化。
基于临界状态理论,进一步分析不同细粒含量铁尾矿的静态液化特性。临界状态线将铁尾矿在不同平均有效应力条件下的状态划分为两大区域:一为潜在流动液化区,该区域中的铁尾矿在特定条件下具有发生流动液化的可能性;二为无流动液化区,即此区域内的铁尾矿在相同条件下不会表现出流动液化的特性。临界状态线为对数坐标下平均有效应力p′与孔隙比e的关系曲线,铁尾矿在不同细粒含量下的临界状态线详见图6。曲线拟合依据TALBOT等[28]在临界状态土力学框架中的定义,拟合公式为:
式中:λ为p′=0时对应于临界状态线上孔隙比的值;κ为斜率。
由图6(a)可知,不同细粒含量铁尾矿均具有唯一的临界状态线,且在不同平均有效应力下几乎平行。细粒含量40%与100%的临界状态线非常接近,表明两者在达到临界状态时的物理力学特性具有较高的相似性。随着细粒含量逐渐增加,临界状态线在e-lnp′平面内向下移动,直至铁尾矿细粒含量达到60%。其后,随着细粒含量进一步增加,临界状态线开始向上移动。细粒含量60%临界状态线位于所有曲线最下方,表明该细粒含量下铁尾矿最容易达到临界状态,因此细粒含量为60%时最容易发生静态液化。图6(b)以FC60为例,依据其临界状态线划分出无流动液化区与潜在流动液化区,表明细粒含量为60%的铁尾矿在其孔隙比与平均有效应力确定的位置位于潜在流动液化区域时,则易发生静态液化。该结论对于指导攀枝花铁尾矿库工程实践具有一定参考意义。
本文通过三轴不排水试验,探究了不同细粒含量铁尾矿的静态液化特性。基于应力–应变曲线、不排水脆性指数、液化势指数以及临界状态线,得出以下结论。
(1)通过不排水脆性指数与液化势指数得出,铁尾矿抗液化能力随细粒含量增加表现为先增加,后减小,再增加的复杂趋势。在该变化过程中,铁尾矿土体性质也从砂土逐渐转变为粉土,其规律的变化即为其土体性质转变的外在表现。
(2)不同细粒含量铁尾矿静态液化趋势变化过程中存在两个拐点阈值,其大小会受到围压的影响。围压越大,其阈值越小。针对攀枝花铁尾矿库,建议在堆积初期应尽量将细粒含量控制在20%左右,因为随着铁尾矿的逐级堆载,其底层受到的压力会逐渐增大。而对于库区上部,由于所受压力相对较小,建议将细粒含量保持在40%左右,从而预防静态液化的发生,确保尾矿库的整体稳定性。
(3)不同细粒含量的铁尾矿的临界状态表现不同,攀枝花铁尾矿在细粒含量为60%时最易液化。可见不同土体最易液化的细粒含量并不相同。因此,在预防尾矿坝溃坝时不能简单沿用已有研究结论,应对该库区土体进行测定,从而确保预防措施的针对性和有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41630640; 41790445)
  • 国家重点研究发展计划项目(2022YFC3003205)
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2025年第45卷第11期
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国家自然科学基金项目(41630640; 41790445)
国家重点研究发展计划项目(2022YFC3003205)
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    成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059

通讯作者:

许强(1968—),男,四川巴中人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事斜坡变形破坏理论与防治技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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