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Article(id=1322164684967489590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158225527, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158225527, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158225527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158225527, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164546295410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158192465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158905697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167537857573862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167537861768167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=184, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164685193982007, articleId=1322164684967489590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on the Stability of Tailings Dam Under Different Rainfall Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability of tailings dam is directly related to the safety of the surrounding environment and personnel. Rainfall is an important factor affecting the stability of tailings dams. Under different rainfall conditions, the hydrological, mechanical and deformation characteristics of tailings dams will change significantly. The mechanical parameters and permeability coefficient of each soil layer of the tailings dam were determined by laboratory tests. Combined with the simulation analysis of pore water pressure distribution and seepage characteristics under rainfall conditions, the stability of tailings dams under different rainfall intensities and rainfall durations was studied. The results show that the greater the rainfall intensity and the longer the duration, the wider the depth and range of water infiltration, and the more obvious the change in the stress distribution inside the dam body, thus affecting the overall stability of the dam body. Rainfall will not only increase the humidity of the surface layer of the tailings dam, but also increase the pore water pressure of the soil. It will also weaken the shear forces between the layered structures of the dam body, increase the risk of dam instability, and thus reveal the instability mechanism of the tailings dam under rainfall. The research results provide a reference for the design and risk assessment of tailings dams.

, authors=Zhifei SONG1, Wenxiang WU1, Yang YOU1, Ruixue PENG1, Bo ZHANG2, authorsList=Zhifei SONG, Wenxiang WU, Yang YOU, Ruixue PENG, Bo ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bo ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164689778356308, articleId=1322164684967489590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=不同降雨条件下尾矿坝稳定性的研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

尾矿坝的稳定性直接关系到周围环境和人员的安全。降雨是影响尾矿坝稳定性的重要因素，在不同降雨条件下，尾矿坝的水文、力学特性和变形特征会发生显著变化。通过室内试验测定了尾矿坝的各土层力学参数和渗透系数。结合降雨条件下的孔隙水压力分布与渗流特征进行模拟分析，研究了不同降雨强度和降雨持续时间下的尾矿坝稳定性。结果表明，降雨强度越大、持续时间越长，水分渗透的深度和范围越广，坝体内部的应力分布发生明显变化，从而影响坝体的整体稳定性。降雨不仅会导致尾矿坝表层的湿度增加，以及土壤孔隙水压力上升，也会导致坝体分层结构之间的剪切力减弱，增加了坝体失稳的风险，揭示了尾矿坝在降雨作用下的失稳机制。研究结果为尾矿坝的设计和风险评估提供了参考。

, authors=宋志飞1, 吴文祥1, 尤洋1, 彭瑞雪1, 张博2, authorsList=宋志飞, 吴文祥, 尤洋, 彭瑞雪, 张博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张博, authorNote=

宋志飞（1980—），男，山东淄博人，博士，教授，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：

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张博（1990—），男，吉林长春人，硕士，副研究员，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：
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宋志飞（1980—），男，山东淄博人，博士，教授，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：

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宋志飞（1980—），男，山东淄博人，博士，教授，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：

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figureFileBig=yHh3hQIdi5oPRueC3kOqTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164695230951564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164684967489590, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Particle characteristics of tailings samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号不均匀系数曲率系数颗粒级配
1-13.661.13级配不良
1-43.451.04级配不良
3-28.141.83级配良好
3-621.331.17级配良好
3-83.041.07级配不良
4-13.381.04级配不良
4-23.491.10级配不良
4-87.501.63级配良好
5-76.672.02级配良好
5-89.001.36级配良好
6-73.000.84级配不良
6-114.801.63级配不良
12-35.001.25级配良好
12-67.501.20级配良好
22-13.331.12级配不良
22-108.001.13级配良好
), ArticleFig(id=1322164695298060429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164684967489590, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

尾矿样品颗粒特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号不均匀系数曲率系数颗粒级配
1-13.661.13级配不良
1-43.451.04级配不良
3-28.141.83级配良好
3-621.331.17级配良好
3-83.041.07级配不良
4-13.381.04级配不良
4-23.491.10级配不良
4-87.501.63级配良好
5-76.672.02级配良好
5-89.001.36级配良好
6-73.000.84级配不良
6-114.801.63级配不良
12-35.001.25级配良好
12-67.501.20级配良好
22-13.331.12级配不良
22-108.001.13级配良好
), ArticleFig(id=1322164696577323150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164684967489590, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Measured results of moisture content and density of tailings

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试样编号含水率/%湿密度/（g/cm3）干密度/（g/cm3）
1-118.72.151.81
1-420.52.201.83
3-216.82.301.97
3-619.92.231.86
3-818.72.151.81
4-113.22.191.74
4-832.32.091.56
5-721.72.161.77
5-817.62.141.82
6-719.82.221.85
6-1121.02.211.83
12-315.42.322.01
22-113.91.881.95
22-1025.62.241.78
), ArticleFig(id=1322164696652820623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164684967489590, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

尾矿含水率和密度的测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号含水率/%湿密度/（g/cm3）干密度/（g/cm3）
1-118.72.151.81
1-420.52.201.83
3-216.82.301.97
3-619.92.231.86
3-818.72.151.81
4-113.22.191.74
4-832.32.091.56
5-721.72.161.77
5-817.62.141.82
6-719.82.221.85
6-1121.02.211.83
12-315.42.322.01
22-113.91.881.95
22-1025.62.241.78
), ArticleFig(id=1322164696740901008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164684967489590, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physical and mechanical indexes of each soil layer of the tailings dam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层编号地层名称弹性模量/MPa泊松比容重/（kN/m3）渗透系数/（m/d）初始孔隙比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/（°）
1人工填土50.000.320.530.000.782420
2尾粉砂78.000.321.50.430.74528
3尾粉土63.640.320.80.050.161224
4尾粉质黏土48.570.319.90.040.931214
5黏土49.020.317.50.500.502618
6强风化砂页岩500.000.321.00.860.5010035
7中风化石灰岩500.000.323.00.860.503036
8堆压堆石棱体500.000.321.10.860.50034
), ArticleFig(id=1322164696875118737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164684967489590, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

尾矿坝各土层的物理力学指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层编号地层名称弹性模量/MPa泊松比容重/（kN/m3）渗透系数/（m/d）初始孔隙比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/（°）
1人工填土50.000.320.530.000.782420
2尾粉砂78.000.321.50.430.74528
3尾粉土63.640.320.80.050.161224
4尾粉质黏土48.570.319.90.040.931214
5黏土49.020.317.50.500.502618
6强风化砂页岩500.000.321.00.860.5010035
7中风化石灰岩500.000.323.00.860.503036
8堆压堆石棱体500.000.321.10.860.50034
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不同降雨条件下尾矿坝稳定性的研究
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宋志飞 1 , 吴文祥 1 , 尤洋 1 , 彭瑞雪 1 , 张博 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(11): 184-190
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (11) : 184 -190
不同降雨条件下尾矿坝稳定性的研究
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宋志飞（1980—），男，山东淄博人，博士，教授，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：

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宋志飞（1980—），男，山东淄博人，博士，教授，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：

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宋志飞1 , 吴文祥1, 尤洋1, 彭瑞雪1, 张博2
作者信息
  • 1.北方工业大学 土木工程学院，北京　100144
  • 2.煤炭科学研究总院有限公司 应急科学研究院，北京　100013
通讯作者:
张博（1990—），男，吉林长春人，硕士，副研究员，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：
作者简介:

宋志飞（1980—），男，山东淄博人，博士，教授，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：

Research on the Stability of Tailings Dam Under Different Rainfall Conditions
Zhifei SONG1 , Wenxiang WU1, Yang YOU1, Ruixue PENG1, Bo ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
  • 2.Emergency Science Research Academy, Chinese Institute of Coal Science, Beijing 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25
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摘要
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尾矿坝的稳定性直接关系到周围环境和人员的安全。降雨是影响尾矿坝稳定性的重要因素，在不同降雨条件下，尾矿坝的水文、力学特性和变形特征会发生显著变化。通过室内试验测定了尾矿坝的各土层力学参数和渗透系数。结合降雨条件下的孔隙水压力分布与渗流特征进行模拟分析，研究了不同降雨强度和降雨持续时间下的尾矿坝稳定性。结果表明，降雨强度越大、持续时间越长，水分渗透的深度和范围越广，坝体内部的应力分布发生明显变化，从而影响坝体的整体稳定性。降雨不仅会导致尾矿坝表层的湿度增加，以及土壤孔隙水压力上升，也会导致坝体分层结构之间的剪切力减弱，增加了坝体失稳的风险，揭示了尾矿坝在降雨作用下的失稳机制。研究结果为尾矿坝的设计和风险评估提供了参考。

降雨条件  /  安全系数  /  渗透系数  /  降雨历时

The stability of tailings dam is directly related to the safety of the surrounding environment and personnel. Rainfall is an important factor affecting the stability of tailings dams. Under different rainfall conditions, the hydrological, mechanical and deformation characteristics of tailings dams will change significantly. The mechanical parameters and permeability coefficient of each soil layer of the tailings dam were determined by laboratory tests. Combined with the simulation analysis of pore water pressure distribution and seepage characteristics under rainfall conditions, the stability of tailings dams under different rainfall intensities and rainfall durations was studied. The results show that the greater the rainfall intensity and the longer the duration, the wider the depth and range of water infiltration, and the more obvious the change in the stress distribution inside the dam body, thus affecting the overall stability of the dam body. Rainfall will not only increase the humidity of the surface layer of the tailings dam, but also increase the pore water pressure of the soil. It will also weaken the shear forces between the layered structures of the dam body, increase the risk of dam instability, and thus reveal the instability mechanism of the tailings dam under rainfall. The research results provide a reference for the design and risk assessment of tailings dams.

Rainfall condition  /  Safety coefficient  /  Permeability coefficient  /  Rainfall duration
宋志飞, 吴文祥, 尤洋, 彭瑞雪, 张博. 不同降雨条件下尾矿坝稳定性的研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (11) : 184 -190 .
Zhifei SONG, Wenxiang WU, Yang YOU, Ruixue PENG, Bo ZHANG. Research on the Stability of Tailings Dam Under Different Rainfall Conditions[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (11) : 184 -190 .
正文
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0　引言
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随着全球矿业的快速发展，尾矿库的安全问题已引起了广泛关注，尾矿库是矿山的尾矿废料储存场所[1]。尾矿是从矿石中提取有用矿物后剩余的固体废物，通常含有细小的矿物颗粒和有害物质。如果不加以妥善处理，尾矿可能对环境和生态系统造成严重影响。于浩泽等[2]使用ABAQUS有限元分析软件，研究了强降雨条件下尾矿坝的渗流场特征及其稳定性，研究结果表明，降雨入渗提升了表层土的饱和度，增强了基质吸力，从而降低了雨水的下渗速度，而坝体坡面的堆排有效地保护了原坝体的稳定性。CHEN Rui等[3]研究了降雨强度和地表植被状况对尾矿坝内负孔隙水压力（即基质吸力）的影响，结果表明，尾矿坝在某一深度的吸力保持恒定，直到浸润线到达该深度，一旦吸力发生变化，其数值迅速下降，并且这种变化幅度随着深度的增加逐渐减小。覃瑞宏[4]分析了强降雨作用下，风化顺层岩质高边坡的水文变化对边坡土体和岩体的强度及边坡稳定性的影响，研究结果表明，强降雨对风化顺层岩质高边坡的稳定性影响显著，尤其是在风化层较深、岩体强度较弱的情况下，降雨可能会引发边坡的变形甚至滑坡。尾矿库的安全性不仅关乎矿业企业的可持续发展，更关乎周边生态环境和居民的生命财产安全。
随着尾矿库使用时间的延长，尾矿坝的高度逐渐增加，同时受到雨水侵蚀、地震等自然灾害以及人类活动等因素的影响，尾矿坝的稳定性逐渐降低。这种不稳定性使得尾矿库失稳的风险显著增大[5]。尾矿坝失稳可能导致尾矿库溃坝，进而引发大规模的滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害，这些灾害不仅会造成下游地区的人员伤亡和财产损失，还会对周边环境造成长期的生态破坏。为了有效防范尾矿库事故，必须对尾矿库的物理力学特性进行深入研究。通过室内试验研究，可以了解尾矿库在不同工况下的行为，评估其稳定性，从而制定相应的风险防控措施。不同降雨强度和降雨历时下，尾矿坝体的分层稳定性表现出不同的特征，尤其是表层土壤和深层土壤的响应差异。本研究旨在深入探讨不同降雨条件对尾矿坝分层稳定状态的影响，结合室内试验数据和数值模拟，揭示降雨变化带来的坝体稳定性潜在风险，为尾矿坝的安全监测与管理提供科学依据。
1　工程概况
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某矿山尾矿库的主要构筑物包括初期坝、1#副坝和2#副坝，其中主、副坝均为碾压土坝。设计初期坝的坝顶标高为170.0 m，坝底标高为155.0 m，坝高为15.0 m；1#副坝位于初期坝的东南方向，坝顶标高为180.0 m，坝高为10 m；2#副坝位于初期坝西南的垭口，坝顶标高为210.0 m，坝高为10 m。目前，坝顶的现状高程约为207 m。初期坝及副坝坝顶以上利用尾砂上游法堆坝，平均堆积边坡为1∶4，设计尾矿最终堆积标高为220.0 m，总坝高65.0 m，总库容为1 266.3×104 m3，属Ⅲ等库。
该地区属亚热带湿润季风气候，四季分明。春季阴雨连绵，晴日无几；夏季雨量充沛，潮湿炎热；秋季雨量适中；冬季雨量稀少，寒冷干燥。年平均气温为17.8 ℃，年最高气温为41.3 ℃，最低为－9 ℃。多年平均降雨量为1 446.5 mm，年平均降水日数为181.1 d，最大年降雨量达2 247.6 mm，最小年降雨量为901.6 mm，年平均湿度为79.8%，年平均蒸发量为1 601 mm。年主导风向为北风，冬季多北风，夏季多南风、东南风，最大风速为22 m/s，年平均风速为1.6 m/s。
主坝堆积坝采取尾砂上游式筑坝。目前堆积坝顶标高约为206.9 m，坝顶轴线长约436.5 m，堆积总坝高为36.9 m，主坝初期坝地基清基后，对地基进行了加筋碾压块石，块石上铺设了0.5 m厚的砾石及400 g/m2的土工布反滤层。主坝初期坝内坡从外至内依次铺设0.4 m厚的干砌块石保护层、0.3 m厚的砾石滤层、400 g/m2的土工布、0.6 m厚的砾石滤层，往内为初期坝土石体。根据钻探揭露，主坝初期坝土石体呈稍密至密实状态，主要由黏性土混少量碎石、块石组成，碎石、块石为页岩和砂岩，粒径为3~9 cm不等，土石级配一般。
2　室内试验选取物理参数及分层属性研究
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本研究的勘察取样、原位测试、室内土工试验均按照有关规范规程执行。按照《岩土工程勘察规范》 （GB 50021—2001）（2009年版）第14.2节的要求进行岩土试验参数的统计分析[6]。尾矿库基本物理参数及分层属性研究主要围绕尾矿库的土壤力学特性、孔隙结构和水文特征等方面展开。
2.1　尾矿颗粒粒径分布的试验分析
在尾矿库的钻孔勘察过程中，选取来自不同位置和深度的尾矿原状样，这些样本将用于测试尾矿的物理力学特性，可为分析尾矿在堆高过程中的变形、强度和渗透特性变化规律提供数据支持，并为物理模型试验的设计奠定基础。
选取不同位置、不同深度的尾矿样开展颗粒级配测定试验。尾矿样的颗粒级配曲线如图1所示。
尾矿的颗粒特性包括颗粒大小分布、形状、表面粗糙度和密度。这些特性影响尾矿的压实性、渗透性以及力学行为，进而对尾矿库的稳定性产生重要影响，尾矿样品颗粒特性见表1。
尾砂颗粒级配对于其渗透性、压实性等物理力学性质有重要影响[7]。如果尾矿级配不良，会导致渗透性降低，水分在尾矿中难以排出，增加尾矿坝发生渗流破坏的风险[8]。粗颗粒过多可能会使尾矿的稳定性变差，容易发生颗粒间的滑动和整体坍塌。根据图1和表1可知，该矿尾矿库中的尾矿颗粒较细，粒径主要分布于1.0~0.001 mm的区间。
2.2　尾矿含水率、密度渗透特性的测定
选取尾矿试样开展含水率和密度测试，试验结果见表2。由表2可知，该矿山尾矿库尾矿含水率在13.2%~32.3%之间，湿密度在1.88~2.32 g/cm3之间，干密度在1.56~1.97 g/cm3之间。
选择具有代表性的尾粉砂、尾粉土和尾粉质黏土开展常水头渗透试验，压差分别为5 kPa和10 kPa，每种尾矿样设置2组平行试验，结果取其平均值。通过测试得出尾粉砂的渗透系数为7.98×10-7 m/s，尾粉土的渗透系数为1.97×10-7 m/s，尾粉质黏土的渗透系数为4.12×10-9 m/s。
基于尾矿颗粒级配测定结果，尾矿砂被分类为尾细砂、尾中砂、黏土、尾粉砂和尾粉质黏土。进一步使用标准贯入试验，将尾细砂和尾粉砂细分为尾细砂（松散）、尾细砂（稍密），并确认尾中砂均为松散状态。含水率和界限含水率测定结果表明，尾矿土中的黏性土包括粉土填土（软塑）和尾粉质黏土（可塑）。重型动力触探试验显示，尾矿初期坝为中密的碎石土。尾矿坝各土层的物理力学指标见表3。
3　饱和–非饱和土的渗流数学模型
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降雨入渗过程包括雨水在尾矿砂堆积体表面的渗透以及在非饱和区的流动[9]。在尾矿库的饱和区和非饱和区，水流动都遵循达西定律[10]。然而，在非饱和区，雨水的渗流过程更加复杂，受多个因素的共同作用，且渗透系数会随着含水率的变化而发生变化。二维饱和稳定渗流微分方程如式（1）所示。
将公式（1）整理得：
根据达西定律：
式中，H为水头函数，v为流速，一般等于重力势和压力势之和；kx、kz分别为x、z方向的渗透系数[11]。
将式（3）代入式（2）得到：
其中公式（4）为二维饱和稳定流渗流的基本微分方程。
非饱和渗流的计算公式如下：
式中：kx、kz为x、z方向的渗透系数，对于各向同性的流场，kx＝kz；为与基质吸力变化相关的水体积变化系数[14]，ρw为水的密度。
4　降雨量对坝体稳定性的影响
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4.1　降雨入渗对坝体强度的影响
尾矿区域的地下水位变化主要是由降雨引起的，降雨入渗使尾矿体从非饱和状态变为饱和状态。尾矿坝的渗透性决定了降雨的入渗速率，而入渗速率的强弱则决定了尾矿体的含水率[11]。因此，渗透系数是评价降雨入渗对尾矿稳定性影响的重要参数。渗透系数的测定通常采用室内常水头法和现场试验的方法。
由于试验条件有限，对各层尾矿渗透系数的确定，主要结合尾矿勘测资料以及相关学者对粉质黏土和花岗岩的研究确定，采用Van Genuchten独立非饱和特征函数来估算尾粉质黏土、尾粉土和人工填土等渗透性参数[12]。
由于Midas GTS NX软件内置了Van Genuchten不饱和特征函数[13]，在调用和分析不饱和函数时，只需要考虑公式的拟合经验系数。含水率与水头的关系曲线如图2所示。
4.2　降雨工况设计
通过降雨量监测数据可知，该地区在8月份连续降雨时的最大降雨量可达291.5 mm，最大日降雨量高达241.4 mm。为研究不同降雨历时、降雨强度以及降雨类型对边坡渗流场及安全系数的影响，设计4种降雨工况进行数值模拟，具体工况方案设计如下。
工况1：降雨历时为1 d，降雨强度为200 mm/d。
工况2：降雨历时为2 d，降雨强度为200 mm/d。
工况3：降雨历时为3 d，降雨强度为200 mm/d。
工况4：降雨历时为3 d，降雨强度为250 mm/d。
4.3　模型构建
该矿山的尾矿为典型的土细粒尾矿，可分为粉质黏土、尾粉砂、强风化砂页岩、中风化石灰岩。目前主坝和1号副坝的顶标高为206.7 m，主坝段滩顶标高为204.72 m，1号副坝段滩顶标高约为204.47 m，尾矿库现状总坝高51.7 m，已超过设计坝高的2/3。
在综合工程地质图中选取尾矿库剖面图，将尾矿剖面图导入到Midas GTS NX软件中，最后通过布尔运算生成二维实体模型，如图3所示。
4.4　初始渗流场分析
图4为尾矿库的初始孔隙水压力云图。由图4可知，初始最大孔隙水压力约为1.074 MPa，最大负孔隙水压力约为3.00 MPa。
4.5　不同降雨条件下的尾矿坝安全系数
孔隙水压力是评估尾矿堆积体稳定性的重要指标，它能够反映尾矿内部基质吸力的变化情况，根据该指标可判断尾矿坝的稳定性。工况1、工况2和工况3的孔隙水压力云图见图5。由图5可知，在降雨强度保持不变（200 mm/d）的情况下，降雨1 d、2 d、3 d后的最大孔隙水压力分别约为1.175 MPa、1.177 MPa和1.182 MPa。
降雨1~3 d后的坝体应力分布云图如图6所示，降雨3 d后，初期坝坝脚出现了应力集中现象，且出现了连通至堆积坝坝顶的应力集中区域，说明在降雨3 d的条件下，尾矿坝坝体内部出现应力重分布，导致应力集中区域扩大。随着降雨强度的增大，土体的稳定性逐渐降低，而在较大的降雨强度条件下，应力集中比较明显，此时土体极易由稳定转变为失稳，进而引发尾矿坝失稳溃决。
在工况3下，尾矿坝的安全系数随降雨历时的变化如图7所示。从图7中可以看出，在降雨持续过程中，尾矿坝的安全系数随着降雨时间的增加而逐渐降低[20]。尾矿坝在干燥状态下的安全系数为1.231 3，处于稳定状态。随着降雨时间推进到第12小时、24小时、36小时和48小时，尾矿坝的安全系数分别降至1.204 6，1.190 6，1.179 6和1.167 4，安全系数分别约下降了2.2%、3.3%、4.2%和5.2%。在降雨初期，尾矿坝的稳定性下降速度较快，随后随着降雨时间的延续，稳定性下降速度逐渐减缓，最终趋于稳定，安全系数随降雨历时的变化如图8所示。
由图8可知，在降雨的前48 h内，尾矿坝的安全系数会迅速下降，在降雨72 h后，安全系数会趋于稳定。初期，由于尾矿坝处于干燥状态，含水量低，土体渗透性高，雨水渗透使尾矿的抗剪强度快速下降，从而使安全系数下降较快。随着降雨持续，尾矿开始趋于饱和，雨水入渗减少，抗剪强度变化减小，安全系数逐渐稳定。在相同的降雨时间内，降雨强度越大，安全系数下降的速度越快，尾矿坝的稳定性也越差。降雨72 h后，在工况1、工况2和工况3下，尾矿坝的安全系数大于1.0，坝体处于稳定性状态，而工况4下的安全系数低于1.0，尾矿坝容易失稳。
5　结论
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（1）随着降雨时间延长和降雨强度增大，尾矿堆积体的孔隙水压力也会增大。然而，降雨历时对孔隙水压力的影响小于降雨强度对孔隙水压力的影响。随着降雨持续进行，尾矿开始趋于饱和，雨水入渗减少，抗剪强度变化减小，尾矿坝的安全系数逐渐稳定。在相同的降雨时间内，降雨强度越大，尾矿坝的安全系数下降的速度越快，尾矿坝的稳定性也越差。
（2）随着降雨持续时间延长和降雨强度增大，尾矿堆积体的安全系数逐渐降低，但降雨持续时间对安全系数降低速率的影响小于降雨强度的影响。降雨持续时间和降雨强度对尾矿堆积体的安全系数有较大的影响，但是，各工况下的整个降雨过程中，尾矿堆积体基本保持稳定。
（3）随着降雨时间延长，初期坝脚部位出现了应力集中程度增大的现象，且出现了连通至堆积坝坝顶的应力集中区域，表明尾矿坝坝体内部出现应力重分布，导致应力集中区域扩大。随着降雨强度增大，土体的稳定性逐渐降低；在较大的降雨强度条件下，土体极易由稳定转变为失稳，进而引发尾矿库失稳溃决。
基金
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  • 中国煤炭科工集团有限公司科技创新创业资金专项重点项目(2022-ZD002)
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  • 接收时间：2024-11-04
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-04
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中国煤炭科工集团有限公司科技创新创业资金专项重点项目(2022-ZD002)
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    1.北方工业大学 土木工程学院，北京　100144
    2.煤炭科学研究总院有限公司 应急科学研究院，北京　100013

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张博（1990—），男，吉林长春人，硕士，副研究员，主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail：
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