Article(id=1322164645285188270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732982400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158216067, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158216067, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158216067, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158216067, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164546295410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158192465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158905697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167537857573862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167537861768167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164645587178159, articleId=1322164645285188270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Analysis on the Stability of Shafts Adjacent to Stopes with Caving Method and Filling Method and Its Influencing Factors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability of mine shaft is very important to the safety of mining process. Taking the 1# shaft adjacent to the caving method stope and the filling method stope of a mine as the research object, a three-dimensional numerical model including the pillar caving method, the non-pillar caving method and the drift filling mining method was constructed, and the influence of mining disturbance of different mining methods on the stability of the shaft was analyzed. The results show that the main reason for the shaft failure is the superposition effect of the poor geological conditions of the rock mass in the ore-penetrating section and the mining disturbance. The disturbance caused by the mining of the drift filling mining method has the greatest influence on the maximum deformation value of the shaft, followed by the disturbance caused by the mining of the pillar caving method, and the disturbance caused by the mining of the non-pillar caving method has the least influence. Especially when the caving stope is mined at the same time, the superposition of the mining disturbance effect has a more significant effect on the deformation of the shaft. On the basis of comprehensive consideration of the existing engineering conditions of the mine, aiming at the risk of shaft failure that may be faced in the mining process of the ore body near the shaft in the section from the elevation of +710 m to +830 m, the curtain grouting reinforcement scheme was designed for the 1# shaft. The reinforcement scheme can ensure the safety of 1# shaft in the subsequent mining process.

, authors=Xiaohui LI1, 2, Hongzhang CONG3, Qingsong ZHANG1, 2, Tengfei ZHANG4, Yongchao GONG1, 2, Zhuoyue GUO3, authorsList=Xiaohui LI, Hongzhang CONG, Qingsong ZHANG, Tengfei ZHANG, Yongchao GONG, Zhuoyue GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingsong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164649831813831, articleId=1322164645285188270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=崩落法与充填法采场邻近井筒的稳定性及其影响因素分析, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

矿山井筒的稳定性对矿山开采过程中的安全至关重要。以某矿山崩落法采场与充填法采场邻近的1#竖井为研究对象,构建了包含有底柱崩落法、无底柱崩落法以及进路充填法3种采场的三维数值模型,分析了不同采矿方法开采扰动对井筒稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,引起井筒破坏的主要原因是该竖井穿过的岩体地质条件差和开采扰动的叠加效应;进路充填采矿法开采引起的扰动对井筒最大变形值的影响程度最大,其次为有底柱崩落法开采引起的扰动,无底柱崩落法开采引起的扰动的影响程度最小,特别是当崩落采场同时进行回采时,开采扰动效应的叠加对井筒的变形影响更加显著。在综合考虑该矿山的现有工程条件的基础上,针对标高+710 m至+830 m中段井筒附近矿体的开采过程中可能面临的井筒破坏风险,对1#竖井设计了帷幕注浆加固方案。该加固方案可保障1#竖井在后续回采过程中的安全。

, authors=李晓辉1, 2, 丛宏章3, 张庆嵩1, 2, 张腾飞4, 龚永超1, 2, 郭卓越3, authorsList=李晓辉, 丛宏章, 张庆嵩, 张腾飞, 龚永超, 郭卓越, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张庆嵩, authorNote=

李晓辉(1992—),男,湖南新化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
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李晓辉(1992—),男,湖南新化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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李晓辉(1992—),男,湖南新化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=NB7G3eifB2RKRSWDEKjhXw==, figureFileBig=ULGtCK94JGdjeVcKk5eDXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164654474908414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各中段1#竖井与采场的相对位置关系, figureFileSmall=NB7G3eifB2RKRSWDEKjhXw==, figureFileBig=ULGtCK94JGdjeVcKk5eDXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164654667846399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Numerical simulation model, figureFileSmall=0hx23RrfN2v6drL6h8awYQ==, figureFileBig=OVo3jryk8eeaAxVNrcx2+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164654726566656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图2, caption=数值模拟模型, figureFileSmall=0hx23RrfN2v6drL6h8awYQ==, figureFileBig=OVo3jryk8eeaAxVNrcx2+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164654802064129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Simulation results of mining status, figureFileSmall=rLQitqpj8aGu5ehcm8/sVQ==, figureFileBig=YxNd0kyUYUwXhLNCRq/eeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164654898533122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图3, caption=开采现状模拟结果, figureFileSmall=rLQitqpj8aGu5ehcm8/sVQ==, figureFileBig=YxNd0kyUYUwXhLNCRq/eeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164655003390723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Simulation results after shaft excavation, figureFileSmall=g0CjXO0CWQLjItONwyifYw==, figureFileBig=71yVTiP6tuUhI1d2ly/qAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164655095665412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图4, caption=井筒开挖后的模拟结果, figureFileSmall=g0CjXO0CWQLjItONwyifYw==, figureFileBig=71yVTiP6tuUhI1d2ly/qAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164655183745797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Simulation results after top caving and filling in the stope of non-pillar caving method, figureFileSmall=ibdMr/ntmsr90m+CzSPyFg==, figureFileBig=rChtG262/fP0SJds+4DEJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164656878244614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图5, caption=无底柱崩落法采场放顶、充实后的模拟结果, figureFileSmall=ibdMr/ntmsr90m+CzSPyFg==, figureFileBig=rChtG262/fP0SJds+4DEJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164657125708551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Simulation results after top caving and filling in the stope of caving with pillar method, figureFileSmall=hvKJypMN5FSwf2VBcJAiJg==, figureFileBig=glagaowEHowfGnxWbON6Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164657217983240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图6, caption=有底柱崩落法采场放顶、充实后的模拟结果, figureFileSmall=hvKJypMN5FSwf2VBcJAiJg==, figureFileBig=glagaowEHowfGnxWbON6Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164657301869321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Simulation results of simultaneous mining and top caving in the stope of caving method, figureFileSmall=XglrN6oCF3CbWQed77eMpA==, figureFileBig=yFRlQZ/USHUvL29ZvA4GFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164657448669962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图7, caption=崩落法采场同时开采、放顶后的模拟结果, figureFileSmall=XglrN6oCF3CbWQed77eMpA==, 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language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Process flow of curtain grouting, figureFileSmall=dRk+/bVmHn+rxxhdBcp3Pg==, figureFileBig=HlBMDE02XEQL7m9U9rcc9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164658111370002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=图11, caption=帷幕注浆工艺流程, figureFileSmall=dRk+/bVmHn+rxxhdBcp3Pg==, figureFileBig=HlBMDE02XEQL7m9U9rcc9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164658237199123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation calculation schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案开采范围目的
方案一竖井掘进与实际情况一致,验证模型的可靠性。
无底柱崩落法采场
有底柱崩落法采场
进路充填法采场
方案二竖井掘进分析井筒在原岩条件下开挖后的稳定性。
方案三竖井掘进分析无底柱崩落法采场开采并垮落充实采空区对井筒稳定性的影响。
无底柱崩落法采场
方案四竖井掘进分析有底柱崩落法采场开采并垮落充实采空区对井筒稳定性的影响。
有底柱崩落法采场
方案五竖井掘进分析无底柱崩落法采场和有底柱崩落法采场同时开采并垮落充实采空区对井筒稳定性的影响。
无底柱崩落法采场
有底柱崩落法采场
方案六竖井掘进分析进路充填法采场开采对井筒稳定性的影响。
进路充填法采场
), ArticleFig(id=1322164658354639636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟计算方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案开采范围目的
方案一竖井掘进与实际情况一致,验证模型的可靠性。
无底柱崩落法采场
有底柱崩落法采场
进路充填法采场
方案二竖井掘进分析井筒在原岩条件下开挖后的稳定性。
方案三竖井掘进分析无底柱崩落法采场开采并垮落充实采空区对井筒稳定性的影响。
无底柱崩落法采场
方案四竖井掘进分析有底柱崩落法采场开采并垮落充实采空区对井筒稳定性的影响。
有底柱崩落法采场
方案五竖井掘进分析无底柱崩落法采场和有底柱崩落法采场同时开采并垮落充实采空区对井筒稳定性的影响。
无底柱崩落法采场
有底柱崩落法采场
方案六竖井掘进分析进路充填法采场开采对井筒稳定性的影响。
进路充填法采场
), ArticleFig(id=1322164658451108629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of ore body and surrounding rock around shaft 1#

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称辉长岩沉凝灰岩矿体充填体无底柱崩落法采场散体有底柱崩落法采场散体
710~770 m水平770~830 m水平710~770 m水平770~830 m水平
密度/(g/cm3)2.752.672.991.801.201.911.492.39
抗拉强度/MPa0.0440.0480.040.020.0140.0230.0180.029
弹性模量/GPa6.004.715.882.302.353.762.944.70
泊松比0.250.210.230.180.0920.150.120.18
黏聚力/MPa5.292.184.350.111.742.782.173.48
内摩擦角/(°)28.9323.1328.935.011.5718.5214.4723.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322164658568549142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1#竖井井筒周边矿体及围岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称辉长岩沉凝灰岩矿体充填体无底柱崩落法采场散体有底柱崩落法采场散体
710~770 m水平770~830 m水平710~770 m水平770~830 m水平
密度/(g/cm3)2.752.672.991.801.201.911.492.39
抗拉强度/MPa0.0440.0480.040.020.0140.0230.0180.029
弹性模量/GPa6.004.715.882.302.353.762.944.70
泊松比0.250.210.230.180.0920.150.120.18
黏聚力/MPa5.292.184.350.111.742.782.173.48
内摩擦角/(°)28.9323.1328.935.011.5718.5214.4723.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322164658648240919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Common methods of shaft wall reinforcement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法基本原理优点缺点
井圈加固法在竖井的井壁增加一圈或多圈加固结构,增强井壁的抗变形能力和抗压强度。增强稳定性,施工简便,适应性强。占用空间,施工周期较长,材料成本较高。
注浆加固法将加固材料通过注浆孔注入到土层或岩层中,形成坚固的固结体,以提高土体或岩体的承载力、增强其稳定性。施工灵活,速度较快,成本较低,适用范围广。施工质量难以完全控制,设备技术要求高,深层加固的效果有限。
卸压槽法在竖井周围开挖一定宽度和深度的槽沟,以减轻井壁所承受的地层压力,从而提高竖井的稳定性。有效减小井壁所承受的地层压力,施工灵活且成本较低,适用范围较广。受地质条件限制,施工难度较大,对周围环境影响较大。
套筒加固法在原有竖井结构外部加设一层钢套筒,或者在竖井内壁设置钢套筒,以增强竖井的抗压、抗拉及抗剪强度。施工简单,适应性强,加固效果好。占用空间,成本较高,耐久性较低等。
), ArticleFig(id=1322164658740515608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164645285188270, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

常见的井壁加固方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法基本原理优点缺点
井圈加固法在竖井的井壁增加一圈或多圈加固结构,增强井壁的抗变形能力和抗压强度。增强稳定性,施工简便,适应性强。占用空间,施工周期较长,材料成本较高。
注浆加固法将加固材料通过注浆孔注入到土层或岩层中,形成坚固的固结体,以提高土体或岩体的承载力、增强其稳定性。施工灵活,速度较快,成本较低,适用范围广。施工质量难以完全控制,设备技术要求高,深层加固的效果有限。
卸压槽法在竖井周围开挖一定宽度和深度的槽沟,以减轻井壁所承受的地层压力,从而提高竖井的稳定性。有效减小井壁所承受的地层压力,施工灵活且成本较低,适用范围较广。受地质条件限制,施工难度较大,对周围环境影响较大。
套筒加固法在原有竖井结构外部加设一层钢套筒,或者在竖井内壁设置钢套筒,以增强竖井的抗压、抗拉及抗剪强度。施工简单,适应性强,加固效果好。占用空间,成本较高,耐久性较低等。
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崩落法与充填法采场邻近井筒的稳定性及其影响因素分析
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李晓辉 1, 2 , 丛宏章 3 , 张庆嵩 1, 2 , 张腾飞 4 , 龚永超 1, 2 , 郭卓越 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(11): 122-132
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (11) : 122 -132
崩落法与充填法采场邻近井筒的稳定性及其影响因素分析
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李晓辉1, 2 , 丛宏章3, 张庆嵩1, 2 , 张腾飞4, 龚永超1, 2, 郭卓越3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.西乌珠穆沁旗银漫矿业有限责任公司,内蒙古 锡林郭勒盟 026217
  • 4.西藏华泰龙矿业开发有限公司,西藏 拉萨 850200
通讯作者:
张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

李晓辉(1992—),男,湖南新化人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Analysis on the Stability of Shafts Adjacent to Stopes with Caving Method and Filling Method and Its Influencing Factors
Xiaohui LI1, 2 , Hongzhang CONG3, Qingsong ZHANG1, 2 , Tengfei ZHANG4, Yongchao GONG1, 2, Zhuoyue GUO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.West Wuzhumuqin Silver Mining Co., Ltd., Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia 026217, China
  • 4.Xizang Huatailong Mining Development Co., Ltd., Lhasa, Xizang 850200, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25
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矿山井筒的稳定性对矿山开采过程中的安全至关重要。以某矿山崩落法采场与充填法采场邻近的1#竖井为研究对象,构建了包含有底柱崩落法、无底柱崩落法以及进路充填法3种采场的三维数值模型,分析了不同采矿方法开采扰动对井筒稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,引起井筒破坏的主要原因是该竖井穿过的岩体地质条件差和开采扰动的叠加效应;进路充填采矿法开采引起的扰动对井筒最大变形值的影响程度最大,其次为有底柱崩落法开采引起的扰动,无底柱崩落法开采引起的扰动的影响程度最小,特别是当崩落采场同时进行回采时,开采扰动效应的叠加对井筒的变形影响更加显著。在综合考虑该矿山的现有工程条件的基础上,针对标高+710 m至+830 m中段井筒附近矿体的开采过程中可能面临的井筒破坏风险,对1#竖井设计了帷幕注浆加固方案。该加固方案可保障1#竖井在后续回采过程中的安全。

井筒稳定性  /  开采扰动  /  帷幕注浆加固  /  数值模拟

The stability of mine shaft is very important to the safety of mining process. Taking the 1# shaft adjacent to the caving method stope and the filling method stope of a mine as the research object, a three-dimensional numerical model including the pillar caving method, the non-pillar caving method and the drift filling mining method was constructed, and the influence of mining disturbance of different mining methods on the stability of the shaft was analyzed. The results show that the main reason for the shaft failure is the superposition effect of the poor geological conditions of the rock mass in the ore-penetrating section and the mining disturbance. The disturbance caused by the mining of the drift filling mining method has the greatest influence on the maximum deformation value of the shaft, followed by the disturbance caused by the mining of the pillar caving method, and the disturbance caused by the mining of the non-pillar caving method has the least influence. Especially when the caving stope is mined at the same time, the superposition of the mining disturbance effect has a more significant effect on the deformation of the shaft. On the basis of comprehensive consideration of the existing engineering conditions of the mine, aiming at the risk of shaft failure that may be faced in the mining process of the ore body near the shaft in the section from the elevation of +710 m to +830 m, the curtain grouting reinforcement scheme was designed for the 1# shaft. The reinforcement scheme can ensure the safety of 1# shaft in the subsequent mining process.

Shaft stability  /  Mining disturbance  /  Curtain grouting reinforcement  /  Numerical simulation
李晓辉, 丛宏章, 张庆嵩, 张腾飞, 龚永超, 郭卓越. 崩落法与充填法采场邻近井筒的稳定性及其影响因素分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (11) : 122 -132 .
Xiaohui LI, Hongzhang CONG, Qingsong ZHANG, Tengfei ZHANG, Yongchao GONG, Zhuoyue GUO. Analysis on the Stability of Shafts Adjacent to Stopes with Caving Method and Filling Method and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (11) : 122 -132 .
井筒是矿山开采中重要的运输与通风通道,其稳定性直接影响到矿山生产的安全性与可持续性[1-3]。在矿山开采过程中,井筒周围岩体常遭受复杂的开采扰动,井筒稳定性会受到开采扰动的影响,可能导致井筒破坏,危及矿井安全[4]。因此,井筒稳定性分析及加固方案的制定对矿山安全至关重要。
井筒的稳定性受多种因素影响,国内外学者对此进行了大量研究[5-7]。赵旭林等[8]建立了全矿三维数值模型,模拟了矿体开采充填过程中的竖井井筒变形和应力发展规律,并通过判别标准验证了深部开采对井筒稳定性的影响在容许范围内。刘建博等[9]采用多种耦合方式构建矿区三维模型,研究了矿体回采过程中的井筒变形、应力和塑性区变化,并通过实时监测验证了井筒稳定性。汪小平等[10]分析了井筒围岩稳定性的主要影响因素和变形破坏机理,建立了金川二矿区1#矿体的有限元模型,模拟了采充过程,并通过与现场监测数据对比验证了数值模拟的可靠性。陈勋等[11]对某金矿的动态开采过程进行了模拟,获得了井筒围岩位移、应力分布和塑性区特征,为井筒加固提供了依据。张向东等[12]将软岩斜井井筒的安全风险因素划分为支护条件和环境条件,建立了安全评价模型,并结合实测数据进行定量评价。费鸿禄等[13]基于勘探、测试和室内力学试验,分析了浅埋大采空区回采过程中井筒的稳定性,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件研究了井筒的应力和位移变化规律,为回采过程中维护井筒的稳定性提供了支持。
本研究构建了崩落法采场、充填法采场及相邻井筒的三维数值模型,系统分析了不同开采方式对井筒稳定性的影响。结合矿山实际工程背景,提出了一种适应回采条件的井筒加固方案,为矿山开采过程中维护井筒的安全提供了科学依据和技术支持。
某铜镍矿主要开采矿体为1#矿体,矿体赋存标高为+1 000 m~+511 m。矿体呈不规则脉状,平面投影总长795 m,最大倾斜深度442 m,最大幅宽150 m,整体走向为330°,倾向北东,倾角70°。矿山初期采用崩落法回采,其中710 m中段的21线至23线使用有底柱分段崩落法,18线至20线则采用无底柱分段崩落法。由于崩落法开采区域的矿岩条件较差,采场结束后形成了较大的塌陷区,并且该区域存在较长的闲置期。目前,开采范围内的塌陷情况尚不明确。此外,在+710 m~+830 m标高之间,仍存在大量矿石资源,初步估算压矿量为300~400万t。1#竖井与采场的位置关系如图1所示。由图1可以看出,1#竖井与各个采场距离较近,导致井筒出现了一定程度的破坏。若继续回采该区域内的矿石,可能会加剧竖井的破坏。为了充分回采该区域的留存矿石资源,并确保矿山安全稳定运营,需要对井筒破坏因素及其稳定性进行详细分析。
1#竖井井筒周围的岩体主要由辉长岩、铜镍矿体和沉凝灰岩组成。现场地质调查表明,矿体与上盘岩体的稳定性优于下盘岩体。通过汇总不同分级方法的分析结果,最终确定了该铜镍矿的岩体综合分级。上盘岩体的评级为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,岩体质量从良好至中等不等;矿体的评级为Ⅱ~Ⅳ级,质量从良好至较差;下盘岩体的评级为Ⅲ~Ⅴ级,质量从中等至差。下盘岩体主要受沉凝灰岩层状构造和层理发育的影响,内部节理裂隙较为发育,导致岩体质量较差。
在710 m中段22线附近,矿山曾进行崩落法开采试验并采出一定量矿石。此后,井壁区域逐渐出现不同程度的变形和破坏。随着开采推进,1#竖井的破坏范围不断扩大,出现井筒变形、开裂、掉块及部分罐道梁托台损坏等现象。现场调查发现,标高+904 m至+895 m的井筒段存在3道环形深沟,其中一处较大深洞高0.7 m、深1 m、宽1.5 m。标高+854 m至+838 m的井筒段则出现2处较大破损,表现为开裂和掉块。东侧破裂面纵跨4道梁(12 m),破损最大宽2 m,脱落严重;西侧破裂面纵跨5道梁(16 m),破损最大宽1.5 m,主要以竖向开裂为主。为应对这些问题,矿山采取了钢板+管缝锚杆结合的加固方式、锚网喷支护以及架设井圈等措施,并对壁后空洞区域进行了注浆修复。
大量研究表明,井筒稳定性的主要影响因素可归纳为5个方面:地质因素(岩层性质、节理裂隙、地下水)、应力因素(水平、竖直应力)、井筒设计因素、施工因素(井筒施工质量、外部扰动)以及其他因素[14](温度、腐蚀等)。结合1#竖井的围岩地质条件、周边区域的开采现状及历史破坏情况,分析发现导致1#竖井破坏的主要因素是井筒周围岩体的特性及邻近区域的开采扰动。
(1)井筒围岩地质条件。1#竖井上部位于杂岩体,中部穿矿体,下部为沉凝灰岩。下盘沉凝灰岩岩性评级为Ⅲ~Ⅴ级,质量较差,受层理和节理裂隙的影响,岩体质量差。在初始掘进时,井筒穿越矿体区域遇到破碎带和构造透镜体,稳定性差,常发生片帮现象。因此,局部围岩地质条件差是影响井筒稳定性的内在因素。
(2)井筒周围的开采扰动。1#竖井周边的矿体开采扰动是井筒破坏的诱因。井筒周围采用下向进路充填法开采,部分区域试验了有底柱和无底柱崩落法开采。井筒距有底柱崩落法采场约45 m,距无底柱崩落法采场较远。由于开采后未充填,矿岩条件较差,岩体发生大面积位移并影响井筒,活化破碎带并造成位移,从而影响井筒的稳定性[15]。井筒距充填法采场约32 m,充填浆料需水化并承压形成支撑,但其滞后性导致周围岩体应力重分布,形成高应力区,使岩石发生破坏[16]。
本研究基于矿山提供的地质数据,构建了1#竖井井筒及其周围开采现状的三维地质模型(见图2)。模型涵盖地表、沉凝灰岩(下盘)、辉长岩(上盘)、矿体、井筒及其邻近的崩落法采场和进路充填法采场。进路充填法采场的布置严格遵循矿山实际生产情况,进路断面尺寸为4 m×4 m。整体模型尺寸为1 600 m×1 500 m×540 m,包含85.95万个网格单元。
根据对1#竖井井筒稳定性影响因素的初步分析,本研究采用对比试验法,模拟计算6种不同方案(见表1)。方案一代表1#竖井井筒及其周边开采区域的现状,对方案一的数值模拟结果与1#竖井井筒当前破坏情况进行对比,以验证数值模拟模型及相关参数的可靠性。通过对比不同方案的计算结果,进一步分析各影响因素对井筒稳定性的影响。
根据研究范围内典型岩样的岩石物理力学参数测试结果,并结合霍克布朗准则进行参数折减,最终得到的矿岩体的物理力学参数,见表2。崩落法开采区域的松散岩体力学参数参考相关文献中的取值[17]。
图3展示了开采现状的模拟结果。从图3(a)可以看出,崩落法和充填法采场对井筒围岩位移的影响范围为+824 m至+631 m,井筒最大位移约92.1 mm。图3(b)显示,3种采场位移范围相互连接,最大位移达到293.98 mm。充填法采场的位移较大,原因在于充填体强度较围岩弱,充填体起到了转移应力的作用,导致充填采场的总位移处于较高的水平[18]。相比之下,崩落法采场的位移较小,因模拟中已考虑放顶工作,顶板围岩已崩落、并充满空区,从而限制了位移。图3(c)和图3(d)显示,开采结束时井筒出现部分破坏,破坏标高分别为+835 m和+754 m。井深270 m以下(+730 m标高)未出现破坏,这是因为岩体下盘为沉凝灰岩,具有较好的岩体条件,能够抵御采场的影响。模拟得出的1#竖井井筒破坏情况与现场调查结果基本一致,验证了模型的可靠性,为后续方案模拟分析提供了基础。
图4展示了井筒开挖后的模拟结果。从图4(b)可见,井筒围岩发生变形,最大位移为46.68 mm。根据变形位移判据,此时岩体处于稳定状态。在横剖面处最大位移处截取纵剖面A-A进行分析。图4(b)显示,井筒围岩的变形主要集中在+720 m至+820 m标高段,这是由于该段井筒穿越了岩体质量较差的矿体。图4(d)显示,井筒掘进完成后,除井底外,其他区域未出现塑性区分布,表明尽管+720 m至+820 m段发生了较小的位移变形,但井筒整体仍可保持稳定,未发生破坏。
图5展示了无底柱崩落法采场放顶和充实的模拟结果。从图5(a)可以看出,无底柱崩落法采场的围岩发生了较大范围的位移,最大位移值约为98.87 mm,采场围岩出现破坏,并且有向深部扩展的趋势。从图5(b)可以看出,井筒围岩的最大位移为48.9 mm。与方案二中1#竖井井筒围岩的变化进行对比,可以得出结论:无底柱崩落法采场对井筒的稳定性影响较小。图5(c)显示,由于无底柱崩落法采场的采空区放顶后,采空区内部的岩体松散,无法有效阻止围岩的进一步破坏,该采场区域形成了完整的塑性区,并且出现了塑性贯通现象。图5(d)显示,井筒周围并未出现明显的塑性破坏区,进一步验证了无底柱崩落法采场的开挖和放顶活动对井筒稳定性的影响较小。
图6展示了有底柱崩落法采场放顶与充实的模拟结果。由图6(a)可知,有底柱崩落法采场的围岩发生了较大范围的位移,最大位移约为101.21 mm,且围岩发生了破坏。这表明采场开采过程中,围岩的变形较为显著。图6(b)显示,井筒围岩的最大位移为53.5 mm。与方案二中的井筒围岩变化相比,可以得出结论:有底柱崩落法采场对井筒稳定性的影响较大。特别是在图6(c)和图6(d)中,井筒周围(标高+799 m至+740 m)出现了拉伸塑性破坏区和剪切塑性破坏区,进一步证实了井筒周围一定范围内发生了塑性破坏。这一现象表明,有底柱崩落法采场的开采活动对1#竖井井筒的稳定性产生了较大的影响,导致了围岩破坏和塑性区的形成。
图7展示了崩落法采场同时开采和放顶充实的模拟结果。从图7(a)和图7(b)可以看出,采用两种崩落法采场的围岩发生了较大范围的位移,并且这些位移相互连接,造成采场围岩剧烈破坏,最大位移值约为126.34 mm。同时,井筒局部围岩的稳定性也受到了一定的影响,最大位移值为73.9 mm。根据图7(c)和图7(d)中的塑性区分布情况,井筒围岩的横向塑性区分布范围相较于单独采场开采时明显扩大。这表明无底柱崩落法采场对有底柱崩落法采场造成的井筒破坏起到了促进作用,导致了更大范围的塑性破坏。因此,通过对比方案三和方案四的模拟结果,可以得出结论:两种崩落法采场的生产活动叠加对井筒稳定性的影响更为显著,破坏程度更大。
根据矿山生产实际情况,下向进路充填法采场共分三层回采,采场从710 m和830 m中段同时向下开采,采用进路隔二采一的方式回采并及时充填。图8显示了进路充填法采场的模拟结果。由图8(a)和图8(b)可知,随着开采进行到第三层,采场围岩位移显著增大,位移峰值达到147.63 mm,井筒最大位移为58.2 mm。由图8(c)和图8(d)可知,随着开采层数增多,塑性区分布范围扩大。前两层开采对井筒影响较小,但第三层开采时,多个进路采场的叠加效应导致井筒(标高+758 m)出现剪切塑性破坏,表明井筒稳定性受到较大影响。这一分析结果表明,随着进路充填采矿法开采的持续进行,井筒稳定性会受到较大程度的影响,尤其是当多个进路采场的开采活动叠加时,对井筒造成的破坏逐渐加重。第三层采场的开采活动是导致井筒稳定性显著下降的关键阶段,进一步加大了井筒围岩的破坏风险。
不同方案的井筒最大变形值如图9所示。从图9可以看出,与仅井筒开挖相比,进路充填采矿法开采引起的扰动对井筒最大变形值的影响程度最大,其次为有底柱崩落法开采引起扰动,无底柱崩落法开采引起的扰动对井筒变形的影响最小。这一规律与采场到井筒的距离相关,因无底柱崩落法采场距离井筒最远,扰动难以传递到井筒,因此对井筒的影响最小。而当崩落采场同时回采时,井筒的影响更为剧烈,最大位移较仅井筒开挖时增加了58.31%。这表明在后续回采过程中,应避免各中段同时开采,以提高井筒的稳定性。
造成1#竖井井筒壁破坏的主要原因是井筒周围岩体的质量较差和周边矿体开采引起的扰动。为防止在后续矿体回采过程中井筒发生二次破坏,从而影响矿山正常生产,需要对1#竖井井筒进行加固。目前常用的竖井井筒加固方法包括井圈加固法、注浆加固法、卸压槽法和套筒加固法[19]。不同加固方法的基本原理及其优缺点见表3。
结合1#竖井的变形破坏情况及原因,考虑到帷幕注浆加固技术能够充分利用现有的采准工程施工帷幕孔,不需要新开设巷道,且施工全部可在现有巷道内进行,避免了进入井筒作业,因此,建议采用帷幕注浆加固方式对1#竖井进行加固。
根据井筒外侧40 m范围内的岩体可作为保安矿柱的圈定结果,确定帷幕注浆的范围为井筒外侧40 m的圆柱体岩层,结合当前矿山采准工程的布置,初步方案为在826 m标高的盘区充填回风巷和770 m中段采准巷道分别施工下向孔进行帷幕注浆。826 m标高处的注浆孔深度约为51 m,770 m中段的注浆孔深度约为60 m。设计注浆参数为:帷幕上限设为826 m标高,下限为710 m标高,注浆孔孔径为100 mm,注浆材料采用单液水泥浆,水灰比范围为1∶0.8~0.8∶1,注浆压力为0.5~1.5 MPa。拟采用自上而下的分段注浆方式。1#竖井的帷幕注浆加固方案如图10所示。
本矿在帷幕施工中采用自上而下分段注浆法,通过反复充填和堵塞注浆段,以达到预期的加固效果。每次注浆前,首先进行约10 min的压水试验。通过压水试验,能够冲洗注浆孔隙、检查裂隙导通情况,进而确定浆液的凝固时间及其参数。压水试验完成后,按注浆比例搅拌浆液,并在注浆泵的控制下调节注浆压力和升压速率。具体的工艺流程如图11所示。
此次帷幕注浆加固工程在826 m标高处施工9个帷幕孔,单孔深度约为50 m;在770 m中段施工6个帷幕孔,单孔深度约为60 m。帷幕孔深度共计约810 m,按照浆液扩散半径5 m计算,总需浆液约532.3 m3。估算帷幕注浆工程的总费用为123.35万元,工期为62 d。竖井加固后,周边生产环境保持稳定,未出现任何安全隐患,生产活动顺利进行。加固措施有效保障了竖井的稳定性,对周围工作区域的安全生产未造成任何不利影响。
依据某矿山的地质情况,以及该矿开采1#竖井附近的矿体所产生的扰动,探讨了1#竖井井筒稳定性的影响因素,并结合采用不同采矿方法时的井筒破坏数值模拟结果,分析了不同开采方案对井筒稳定性的影响程度。结合该矿的实际情况,提出了适合的井筒加固方案。研究得出的具体结论如下。
(1)引起井筒破坏的主要原因是该竖井穿过的岩体地质条件差和开采活动造成的扰动叠加效应。通过对历史开采过程及当前开采条件进行数值模拟分析,验证了所采用的数值模拟方法的可靠性和准确性。
(2)进路充填采矿法开采引起的扰动对井筒最大变形值的影响程度最大,其次为有底柱崩落法开采引起的扰动,无底柱崩落法开采引起的扰动的影响程度最小,特别是当崩落采场同时进行回采时,开采扰动效应的叠加使井筒的变形更加显著。此外,在进路充填采矿法采场回采过程中,多层进路采场的开采扰动效应重叠,也会导致井筒稳定性显著下降。因此,在后续开采过程中,应避免在该区域进行多采区同时开采。
(3)在综合考虑该矿山的现有工程条件的基础上,针对标高+710 m至+830 m中段井筒附近矿体的开采过程中可能面临的井筒破坏风险,为1#竖井设计了帷幕注浆加固方案。方案设计采用直径为100 mm的注浆孔,以单液水泥浆为注浆材料,水灰比范围为1∶0.8~0.8∶1,并设定注浆压力为0.5~1.5 MPa。该加固方案有效增强了岩体稳定性,减少了井筒周围岩体的变形与破坏风险,保障了该矿山1#竖井在后续开采过程中的安全。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
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2025年第45卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-01
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
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    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.西乌珠穆沁旗银漫矿业有限责任公司,内蒙古 锡林郭勒盟 026217
    4.西藏华泰龙矿业开发有限公司,西藏 拉萨 850200

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张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
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