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Article(id=1322164632291226304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731600000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158212968, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158212968, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158212968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158212968, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164546295410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158192465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158905697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167537857573862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167537861768167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164632479969985, articleId=1322164632291226304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Determination of the Safety Pillar Thickness and Prediction of Dangerous Slopes for a Mine in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To determine the safety pillar thickness and predict dangerous slopes for a mine in transition from open-pit to underground mining, numerical simulation was conducted based on Rhino and FLAC3D software to analyze the safety pillar thickness, the reliability of the mining method, and the slope safety factor after the completion of underground mining. Firstly, the underground mining method was selected based on the occurrence characteristics of the orebody, then, a simplified stope model was established according to the selected mining method, and a relatively conservative safety pillar thickness was determined. Subsequently, the stope was further divided through refined modeling to verify the reliability of the selected mining method. Finally, the potential dangerous slopes were identified using the strength reduction method, and the slope safety factor after the completion of underground mining was determined. The results show that a 30 m thick safety pillar can ensure safe production during underground mining. After the completion of underground mining, the panel remains generally stable, and the selected mining method is reasonable and reliable. The slope safety factor after underground mining is 4, and the relatively dangerous slope is located on the northern side of the central part of the final pit boundary.

, authors=Xiangqin WANG1, Yi YOU1, Jinchao DUAN1, 2, Yi HUANG1, authorsList=Xiangqin WANG, Yi YOU, Jinchao DUAN, Yi HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinchao DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164636573610714, articleId=1322164632291226304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某露天转地下矿山保安矿柱厚度的确定和危险边坡预测, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了确定某露天转地下开采矿山的保安矿柱厚度和预测露天危险边坡，基于Rhino和FLAC3D软件，对该矿区的保安矿柱厚度、采矿方法的可靠性和地下开采结束后边坡的安全系数开展了数值模拟研究。首先，根据矿体赋存特征选择了地下开采的采矿方法，然后根据采矿方法对盘区进行简化建模，并确定相对保守的保安矿柱厚度。随后进一步以精细建模的方式划分盘区，确定选定的采矿方法的可靠性。最后再通过强度折减法搜索相对危险边坡，并确定地下开采结束后露天边坡的安全系数。结果表明，30m厚的保安矿柱可以保证地下开采的安全生产；地下开采结束后盘区整体上处于稳定状态，选择的采矿方法合理可靠；地下开采结束后边坡安全系数为4，相对危险的边坡位于最终境界中部的北侧。

, authors=王祥钦1, 尤祎1, 段进超1, 2, 黄毅1, authorsList=王祥钦, 尤祎, 段进超, 黄毅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=段进超, authorNote=

王祥钦（1999—），男，广东湛江人，硕士，工程师，主要从事岩石力学方面的研究。E-mail：

, correspAuthorsNote=
段进超（1979—），男，河南平顶山人，博士，正高级工程师，主要从事采矿工艺与岩石力学方面的研究。E-mail：
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王祥钦（1999—），男，广东湛江人，硕士，工程师，主要从事岩石力学方面的研究。E-mail：

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王祥钦（1999—），男，广东湛江人，硕士，工程师，主要从事岩石力学方面的研究。E-mail：

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Physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型密度/（t/m3）单轴抗压强度/MPa单轴抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/（°）
风化层2 45017.601.1021.50.241.2032
矿体2 65045.502.5051.20.202.8044
围岩2 50032.301.9040.00.222.1038
充填体2 1802.720.261.80.250.3128
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岩体的物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型密度/（t/m3）单轴抗压强度/MPa单轴抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/（°）
风化层2 45017.601.1021.50.241.2032
矿体2 65045.502.5051.20.202.8044
围岩2 50032.301.9040.00.222.1038
充填体2 1802.720.261.80.250.3128
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某露天转地下矿山保安矿柱厚度的确定和危险边坡预测
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王祥钦 1 , 尤祎 1 , 段进超 1, 2 , 黄毅 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(11): 62-70
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (11) : 62 -70
某露天转地下矿山保安矿柱厚度的确定和危险边坡预测
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王祥钦1 , 尤祎1, 段进超1, 2 , 黄毅1
作者信息
  • 1.长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司，湖南 长沙 410019
  • 2.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院岩石破裂与失稳研究所，辽宁 沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
段进超（1979—），男，河南平顶山人，博士，正高级工程师，主要从事采矿工艺与岩石力学方面的研究。E-mail：
作者简介:

王祥钦（1999—），男，广东湛江人，硕士，工程师，主要从事岩石力学方面的研究。E-mail：

Determination of the Safety Pillar Thickness and Prediction of Dangerous Slopes for a Mine in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining
Xiangqin WANG1 , Yi YOU1, Jinchao DUAN1, 2 , Yi HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Nonferrous Metallurgy Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410019, China
  • 2.Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25
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摘要
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为了确定某露天转地下开采矿山的保安矿柱厚度和预测露天危险边坡，基于Rhino和FLAC3D软件，对该矿区的保安矿柱厚度、采矿方法的可靠性和地下开采结束后边坡的安全系数开展了数值模拟研究。首先，根据矿体赋存特征选择了地下开采的采矿方法，然后根据采矿方法对盘区进行简化建模，并确定相对保守的保安矿柱厚度。随后进一步以精细建模的方式划分盘区，确定选定的采矿方法的可靠性。最后再通过强度折减法搜索相对危险边坡，并确定地下开采结束后露天边坡的安全系数。结果表明，30m厚的保安矿柱可以保证地下开采的安全生产；地下开采结束后盘区整体上处于稳定状态，选择的采矿方法合理可靠；地下开采结束后边坡安全系数为4，相对危险的边坡位于最终境界中部的北侧。

露天转地下开采  /  保安矿柱厚度  /  采矿方法  /  相对危险边坡  /  数值模拟

To determine the safety pillar thickness and predict dangerous slopes for a mine in transition from open-pit to underground mining, numerical simulation was conducted based on Rhino and FLAC3D software to analyze the safety pillar thickness, the reliability of the mining method, and the slope safety factor after the completion of underground mining. Firstly, the underground mining method was selected based on the occurrence characteristics of the orebody, then, a simplified stope model was established according to the selected mining method, and a relatively conservative safety pillar thickness was determined. Subsequently, the stope was further divided through refined modeling to verify the reliability of the selected mining method. Finally, the potential dangerous slopes were identified using the strength reduction method, and the slope safety factor after the completion of underground mining was determined. The results show that a 30 m thick safety pillar can ensure safe production during underground mining. After the completion of underground mining, the panel remains generally stable, and the selected mining method is reasonable and reliable. The slope safety factor after underground mining is 4, and the relatively dangerous slope is located on the northern side of the central part of the final pit boundary.

Transition from open-pit to underground mining  /  Safety pillar thickness  /  Mining method  /  Relatively dangerous slope  /  Numerical simulation
王祥钦, 尤祎, 段进超, 黄毅. 某露天转地下矿山保安矿柱厚度的确定和危险边坡预测. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (11) : 62 -70 .
Xiangqin WANG, Yi YOU, Jinchao DUAN, Yi HUANG. Determination of the Safety Pillar Thickness and Prediction of Dangerous Slopes for a Mine in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (11) : 62 -70 .
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0　引言
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露天开采因其经济性和安全性而受到青睐，但随着矿体赋存形态的变化和开采深度的增加，剥采比增大，需要将开采方式从露天向地下转变或联合开采。在这一过程中，地下开采活动将对上覆岩层、地表及境界内的边坡产生影响，可能造成地表开裂、变形及塌陷以及边坡失稳等后果[1]。
矿山地质条件复杂多变，灾难的发生往往是多种因素耦合作用的结果[2]。众多学者针对不同工况下露天转地下采矿和露天地下联合开采的致灾因素展开了广泛研究。保安矿柱的厚度直接关系到境界内的边坡稳定。赵尔丞等[3]利用数值模拟研究了爆破振动对露天转地下预留的60 m厚度保安矿柱稳定性的影响。潘震[4]、贾穆承等[5]借助理论计算、数值模拟等手段给出了两座露天转地下矿山的保安矿柱厚度推荐值。邓岁伟[6]通过数值模拟，提出了安沟钼矿境界保安矿柱的优化方案。吕冠颖等[7]借助FLAC3D进行模拟，发现随着水平隔离矿柱厚度的减小，矿柱内位移、应力和塑性区均呈增大趋势，覆岩稳定性降低。杜逢彬等[8]利用FLAC3D和强度折减法进行研究，发现隔离顶柱的安全系数随顶柱厚度的减小而降低，且在顶柱厚度较小时，隔离顶柱的安全系数劣化加剧。不同的采矿方法以及同种采矿方法的参数不同时，不仅会直接影响到地下巷道、采场空区的稳定，也很可能诱发边坡失稳。耿加波等[9]利用MatDEM软件研究了房柱法开采扰动对采场覆岩和露天边坡的影响，发现覆岩的岩移面积和岩移动能均较边坡的更大。王磊等[10]利用FLAC3D模拟研究了不同回采方案下的地表变形值变化规律。朱建国等[11]利用数值模拟研究了机械化留矿法开采后的采场稳定性。强度折减法已成为计算边坡安全系数的成熟方法。许多学者利用多种数值模拟软件和强度折减法研究了不同工况下的边坡稳定性，搜索相应的潜在滑移面，并提出边坡防治方案[12-15]。边坡的安全系数可以作为地下开采方案设计中边坡稳定性的重要依据。
本文以国外某铜钴矿为背景，针对开采深部原生矿的需求，利用FLAC3D软件对地下开采可能影响安全生产的几个关键方面展开研究，包括保安矿柱的厚度、边坡安全系数以及地下开采和充填的方案，这些都是关乎露天边坡和地下空区稳定性的重要因素或评价指标。
1　矿区工程地质和研究背景
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国外某矿区的地貌以波状低山为主，海拔标高从1 518 m降至1 110 m，最大绝对高差达到408 m，而相对高差通常在200 m左右。该地区的年均降雨量约为1 150 mm，年内降雨量分布不均，主要集中于每年11月至次年4月的雨季，这段时间的降水量占全年总量的85％以上。矿区内的主要采矿区域地下水广泛存在。历史记录中无地震发生。矿床及其围岩由多种岩体构成，包括白云岩、页岩、角砾岩、粉砂岩、石灰岩和砂岩等，这些岩体展现了不同的层理、角砾化和风化蚀变特征。风化层的厚度在5~50 m之间变化。
该矿体埋藏不深，但矿体形态呈U形，分南北两个矿区回采，当前北矿区的露天开采由于剥采比偏大已停产。但为实现矿山的降本增效，需开采该矿体深部的原生矿，因此，由露天转地下开采是该矿的必然选择。根据矿体的赋存状态和厚度，选择了分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法，具体的参数为：盘区长度为105 m，阶段高度为50 m，顶柱为5 m，连续间柱为7.5m。以该矿床北部矿区为例，以选定的采矿方法进行三维地质建模和数值模拟，并对露天转地下开采的地下采矿方法、保安矿柱的厚度和边坡稳定性进行深入分析。
2　数值模型和模拟方案
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采用AutoCAD、3DMine以及Rhino等三种方式递进地建立研究区域的三维地质模型。建模参数为：风化层厚25 m，顶柱厚5 m，间柱宽7.5 m，盘区长度为105 m。为简化建模和降低模拟难度，每个盘区内仅划分6个矿块。利用高精度三维现状地表图得到地表模型。该矿区最终境界最大垂直高度大于300 m，属于2级高边坡，边坡角38°，属于2级斜坡。在矿体模型中沿走向每50 m取一个垂直剖面，利用断面图重构矿体并利用Rhino划分盘区、顶柱、间柱、矿块。最后通过网格剖分工具Griddle对曲面模型进行精细化网格剖分，构建出三维地质网格实体模型。
数值计算网格模型包括风化层、围岩、矿体，矿体包括30 m厚的保安矿柱、顶柱、间柱、矿块等部分。模型中有7个长顶柱、45个间柱、276个矿块，共330个组，187 523个单元，94 941个单元节点。模型尺寸为4 341 m×1 937 m。模型中围岩的网格尺寸在5~80 m之间，由地表到围岩底部边界逐渐变大；矿体的网格尺寸则普遍在5~20 m之间。数值模型如图1所示，其中，由于截图视角、矿体倾角和矿体走向等原因，导致图1中显示的保安矿柱厚度大小不一。
利用摩尔－库伦本构模型进行数值模拟计算，约束模型四周和底部的边界，顶部边界为自由边界。通过命令流实现对每一个矿块、顶柱以及间柱的编号命名，实现精准的回采及充填，进而模拟分析地下开采结束后的围岩稳定性。自900 m中段从下向上开采，盘区内矿块隔一采一，充填后再隔一采一。为简化计算，盘区内仅划分6个矿块，单个盘区分三次回采及充填。本次模拟中，对矿块回采及充填共进行120次模型求解。为简化计算，将900 m中段以下的矿体默认为围岩，不参与本次模拟。通过监测地表变形来分析下部回采对境界内地表的影响。
该矿区水文地质勘探程度不足，参考邻近矿区的岩体物理力学参数进行数值模拟，具体参数值见表1。
3　保安矿柱数值模拟结果分析
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参考邻近的已开采矿区留设的25 m厚保安矿柱，验证预留30 m保安矿柱的合理性。通过简化盘区的回采及充填来优化复杂的地下开采流程。通过数值模拟，分析预留保安矿柱的塑性区、位移和应力分布。
3.1　塑性区分析
各个盘区回采结束后，塑性破坏区的分布如图2所示。
地表浅部区域仅在模拟开采过程中发生剪切破坏，模拟结束后处于稳定状态。沿境界走向方向取垂直剖面，如图2（b）所示。该剖面区域的1 000 m中段的矿体回采，导致模拟结束时局部岩体仍处于剪切破坏、张拉破坏状态，如图2（c）的红色和紫色部分（颜色标识见电子版）所示，但也不会出现大范围垮塌，而临近地表的区域，没有出现贯穿至地表的连续塑性破坏带。从塑性区的角度，30 m厚的保安矿柱可以保证边坡不发生失稳破坏，但采矿方法的回采方案需要进一步优化。
3.2　位移变形分析
将自重阶段产生的位移初始化后，仅地下开采活动导致的围岩变形如图3所示，图3选取的剖面位置与图2的一致。地表产生的最大变形位于最终境界东区有地下开采活动的对应区域，最大变形值约为1.47 cm。地下岩体的最大变形值约为1.9 cm，较大的变形发生于矿体回采区域的顶部。结合地表和剖面的位移云图可知，地下开采造成的境界内边坡变形处于较低的范围。
为进一步验证深部矿体回采对地表变形的影响程度，在图3所示的边坡较大变形区域设置4个位移监测点，观测地下开采活动对地表变形的影响。地表位移监测结果如图4所示，计算至1 500步左右时，距境界底部80~130 m深的900 m中段开采结束，此时的地表位移值约为0.45 cm。随着向上回采，地表的位移值逐渐增大，但增大趋势较平缓，最大值仅接近1.5 cm。根据这个趋势，900 m中段以下的地下开采不会导致境界内边坡发生较大的变形。
3.3　应力分析
模拟计算结果表明，最大压应力位于900 m中段的局部间柱，应力值约为12 MPa，不会引起压缩破坏。在云图中将压应力赋值为0，突出显示拉应力，如图5所示。由图5可以看出，地表最大拉应力发生在境界底部，最大值为1.53 MPa，周围有局部的拉应力集中。于此处取垂直剖面，分析地下保安矿柱区域的应力集中。根据模拟结果，简化盘区（即单次回采造成的空区过大）后的回采会引起保安矿柱附近岩体出现较大范围的拉应力集中，说明需要进一步优化采矿方法的回采参数。
结合塑性区、最大位移云图以及拉应力云图综合分析可知，存在局部塑性破坏区，但未贯穿至地表，境界内边坡变形不大，虽然有较大范围的拉应力集中，但30 m厚的保安矿柱仍可以保证境界内边坡在地下开采扰动下不会发生失稳破坏。
4　盘区精细化建模及模拟结果分析
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4.1　简化建模的不足
矿山地下开采情况复杂，简化矿体的各个盘区的建模，可以大幅度减小建模和模拟的工作量，但局限性也很明显，无法说明地下采矿工程结构的稳定性。为此，分析了简化建模后的矿体区域的塑性区、顶、间柱的剪应力和拉应力模拟结果。为了便于观察，将迭代过程中产生塑性破坏的单元颜色改为“none”的颜色。盘区简化建模后的模拟结果如图6所示，盘区隔一采一，盘区内分6矿块，进行3次回采和充填，开采活动导致东侧矿体出现大范围的剪切和拉伸类塑性破坏，顶柱和间柱出现明显的剪应力集中，且范围较大，顶柱出现较小范围的拉应力集中。根据该模拟结果，为简化建模工作，取图6黑色框区域进行盘区的精细化建模，研究地下开采时岩体的稳定性。
4.2　精细化模型和回采充填顺序
对1 000 m中段和1 050 m中段的部分矿体进行精细化建模，如图7所示。
每个中段4个盘区，共8个盘区。根据设计的采矿方法，每个中段分两个分段回采，单个采场爆破宽度为15 m，即单个盘区划分为14个采场。另外划分2条长顶柱和6条间柱，共计123个组，268 738个单元，129 230个单元节点。模型尺寸、模型网格尺寸、岩体力学参数以及使用的本构模型保持不变。
模拟方案总体不变，仅由单盘区的3次回采并充填改为5次回采并充填。1 000 m中段的第二阶段回采充填全过程如图8所示，其中图8（f）表示本次两个盘区已经充填结束。
4.3　模拟结果分析
针对设计的采矿方法，仅分析盘区的顶柱、间柱和充填体的塑性区和应力集中情况，本次模拟结束后的模拟结果如图9所示。由图9可以看出，塑性区主要分布在充填体和1 050 m中段的顶柱，但结合最大剪应力和最大拉应力云图可以发现，充填体处于低应力状态，可以认为充填体处于稳定状态。而顶柱中有局部区域处于破坏或高应力状态，需要加以支护和监测。
结合图6，并对比相应的塑性区、最大剪应力云图和最大拉应云图，可以看出采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法开采时，大部分区域不发生破坏，对局部破坏加以控制后可以保证安全生产。图9中间柱和顶柱的剪应力虽相比图6有大幅降低，但仍有明显应力集中。另外，顶柱存在较大范围的拉应力集中。因此，在回采过程中应采取措施防止间柱和局部顶柱发生破坏，并加强稳定性监测。
5　相对危险边坡预测
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边坡的安全系数是分析边坡是否发生失稳破坏的一个重要指标。强度折减法将边坡的安全系数定义为使边坡刚好达到临界破坏状态时，对其强度参数进行折减的程度。故而，借助FLAC3D软件，以强度折减法进行边坡模拟，求解边坡安全系数和搜索该矿区地下开采前后潜在的相对危险边坡，并采取预防措施。
5.1　地下开采前后安全系数对比
所用模型如图1所示，采用摩尔－库伦本构模型进行模拟，岩体力学参数见表1。
使用强度折减法搜索相对危险边坡，通常通过位移云图、应变增量云图、位移矢量云图和安全系数来确定边坡的危险区域和危险程度。地下开采前后的位移云图如图10所示。经过多次折减后，地下开采前后的最大位移均位于境界内的中部北侧边坡，相对危险范围基本一致，说明该矿区的相对危险边坡主要由境界内的地形控制。边坡的安全系数仅从4.81降低至4.00，说明预留的保安矿柱能较大程度地减小地下开采活动对边坡的影响。另外，仅从安全系数来看，该矿区边坡即使经过地下开采，仍能保证足够的稳定性。
5.2　地下开采后相对危险边坡预测
经多次折减得到的地下开采后的最大应变增量云图如图11所示，应变增量导致中部北侧边坡形成一个大范围的贯穿带，应变增量最大值位于境界底部。于应变增量最大值处取垂直剖面分析边坡内部岩体，如图12所示。最大应变增量位于北侧边坡底部，最大位移位于北侧边坡中下部，结合两种剖面云图可以发现，该矿区境界内中部北侧中下部边坡的表层岩体先发生破坏，而后牵引周围岩体滑落垮塌，最终导致总体边坡[16]发生失稳破坏，破坏模式为弧形破坏。但安全系数为4.00，结合对最大应变增量的剖面云图分析可知，边坡发生大范围失稳的可能性较低，应将边坡监测的重点转至局部边坡角较大的路间边坡和台阶边坡。
由于地质资料相对匮乏，本次模拟并未考虑地下水位、雨季的集中降雨、可能存在的不利于边坡稳定的软弱带、局部台阶、地下开采对边坡岩体造成的损伤以及其他隐蔽致灾等因素，且用以模拟的境界为初步设计境界，实际境界的最终边坡角可能会更大，实际的安全系数则很可能会更低。但根据模拟结果、边坡的现状，以及考虑到下部矿体开采的影响等因素，在后续地下开采过程中，布置边坡雷达、安装GNSS接收器等边坡监测设备，或者利用三维激光扫描、INSAR、分布式光纤技术等[17-18]技术，实时监测边坡的稳定性，以保证边坡和矿山生产的安全。
6　结论
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针对某矿区露天转地下开采的方案，利用FLAC3D对与地下开采相关的保安矿柱厚度、采场回采顺序以及顶、间柱厚度和地下开采结束后边坡的安全系数等方面展开了模拟研究，并得出了以下结论。
（1）通过建立简化的盘区模型，模拟分析了保安矿柱的稳定性。研究结果表明，露天矿境界底部附近的岩体出现较大范围的拉应力集中区，但没有贯穿至地表的塑性破坏带，地表最大变形值约为1.47 cm，说明30 m厚的保安矿柱可以保证边坡不会发生失稳。
（2）根据模拟结果，地下开采结束后盘区整体上处于稳定状态，选择的采矿方法总体上能够保障地下开采的安全生产，但在回采阶段需对间柱和顶柱的稳定性进行监测，防止间柱和顶柱发生失稳破坏。
（3）地下开采结束后，矿区边坡的安全系数达到了4.00，说明30 m厚的保安矿柱和合理的采矿方法可以保证境界内边坡的稳定。相对危险边坡是位于最终境界中部的北侧边坡。
基金
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  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2903900)
文献
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2025年第45卷第11期
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  • 接收时间：2024-11-15
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-15
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2903900)
作者信息
    1.长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司，湖南 长沙 410019
    2.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院岩石破裂与失稳研究所，辽宁 沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

段进超（1979—），男，河南平顶山人，博士，正高级工程师，主要从事采矿工艺与岩石力学方面的研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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