Article(id=1322164622552056765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158210647, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158210647, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158210647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158210647, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164546295410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158192465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158905697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167537857573862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167537861768167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164622757577662, articleId=1322164622552056765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Fly Ash-Based Foam Concrete and Its Industrial Application in Mine Filling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the filling demand of upward drift filling mining method in the broken rock area of a gold mine in Luoyang, fly ash-based foam concrete was used to fill the goaf. The slump test and uniaxial compression test were carried out to explore the influence of fly ash content on the compressive strength of filling body, and the cementitious mechanism of fly ash based foam concrete was analyzed. The results show that the foam concrete can control its flow state through the foaming rate (wet bulk density), and the slump values of the slurry with different cement contents are controlled between 24 cm and 27 cm. At this time, the slurry has a good flow performance and no bleeding phenomenon. Whether fly ash is added or not, the strength of foam concrete specimen can meet the strength requirements of upward drift filling mining method, but the costs of foam concrete materials can be reduced by 46.7% by adding fly ash, and fly ash-based foam concrete has a good application prospect. The fly ash optimizes the pore structure by generating C-S-H gel and ettringite to improve the later strength of the filling body. In the industrial test of foam concrete, the total volume of goaf is 525 m3, the costs of filling materials are about 55,000 yuan, and the comprehensive filling cost is 42 yuan/t. The filling slurry has good leveling and no bleeding, and the strength of filling body is consistent with the indoor test values. The industrial test of filling has achieved the expected effect and solved the urgent problem of mine filling production.

, authors=Xingchang ZHONG, authorsList=Xingchang ZHONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164626083660747, articleId=1322164622552056765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土试验研究及矿井充填工业应用, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决洛阳某金矿矿岩破碎区域上向进路充填采矿法的充填需求,采用粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土充填采空区。开展了坍落度试验和单轴压缩试验,探究粉煤灰掺量对充填体抗压强度的影响,并分析了粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土的胶凝机理。结果表明:泡沫混凝土可以通过发泡率(湿容重)控制其流动状态,不同水泥掺量的料浆坍落度值均控制在24~27 cm之间,此时料浆流动性良好,且无泌水现象;无论是否添加粉煤灰,泡沫混凝土试块强度均能满足上向进路充填采矿法的强度要求,但添加粉煤灰可使泡沫混凝土材料成本降低46.7%,粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土具备较好的应用前景;粉煤灰通过生成C-S-H凝胶和钙矾石优化孔结构,提高了充填体后期强度。泡沫混凝土现场工业试验累计充填空区体积为525 m3,充填材料成本约5.5万元,综合充填成本42元/t,充填料浆流平性好、无泌水,充填体强度与室内试验值一致,充填工业试验达到了预期效果,解决了矿山充填生产的燃眉之急。

, authors=钟兴昌, authorsList=钟兴昌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

钟兴昌(1988—),男,福建龙岩人,工程师,主要从事矿山采矿生产技术管理工作。E-mail:

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钟兴昌(1988—),男,福建龙岩人,工程师,主要从事矿山采矿生产技术管理工作。E-mail:

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钟兴昌(1988—),男,福建龙岩人,工程师,主要从事矿山采矿生产技术管理工作。E-mail:

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Experimental results of slurry slump

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水泥掺量/(kg/m3)发泡率/%料浆湿容重/(kg/m3)坍落度/cm
3007548824.2
4006763324.4
5005877924.9
6005092525.5
700421 07126.7
), ArticleFig(id=1322164630521234410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164622552056765, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

料浆坍落度试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水泥掺量/(kg/m3)发泡率/%料浆湿容重/(kg/m3)坍落度/cm
3007548824.2
4006763324.4
5005877924.9
6005092525.5
700421 07126.7
), ArticleFig(id=1322164630609314795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164622552056765, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Uniaxial compressive strength of foam concrete with different cement contents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号水泥掺量/(kg/m3)料浆湿容重/(kg/m3)单轴抗压强度/MPa充填成本/(元/m3)
1 d3 d7 d28 d
1300487.500.000.050.060.09132
2400633.330.080.220.380.61176
3500779.170.341.051.402.02220
4600925.001.182.53.074.24264
57001 070.831.413.223.925.60308
), ArticleFig(id=1322164630693200876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164622552056765, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同水泥掺量的泡沫混凝土单轴抗压强度

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序号水泥掺量/(kg/m3)料浆湿容重/(kg/m3)单轴抗压强度/MPa充填成本/(元/m3)
1 d3 d7 d28 d
1300487.500.000.050.060.09132
2400633.330.080.220.380.61176
3500779.170.341.051.402.02220
4600925.001.182.53.074.24264
57001 070.831.413.223.925.60308
), ArticleFig(id=1322164630785475565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164622552056765, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Uniaxial compressive strength of foam concrete under conditions of different cement and fly ash contents

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序号水泥掺量/(kg/m3)粉煤灰掺量/(kg/m3)单轴抗压强度/MPa充填成本/(元/m3)
1 d3 d7 d28 d
14002001.182.393.047.06196.0
23003000.391.232.364.14161.6
32403600.290.901.553.58141.6
41804200.200.611.061.88121.2
51204800.070.370.801.38100.8
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不同水泥和粉煤灰掺量条件下泡沫混凝土的单轴抗压强度

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序号水泥掺量/(kg/m3)粉煤灰掺量/(kg/m3)单轴抗压强度/MPa充填成本/(元/m3)
1 d3 d7 d28 d
14002001.182.393.047.06196.0
23003000.391.232.364.14161.6
32403600.290.901.553.58141.6
41804200.200.611.061.88121.2
51204800.070.370.801.38100.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322164630990996463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164622552056765, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Material costs of pure cement filling under different strength requirements of filling body

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充填体强度要求/MPa水泥掺量/(kg/m3)材料成本/(元/m3)占比/%综合材料成本/(元/m3)
46002646.2516.5
0.8~1.050022030.0066.0
0.2~0.340017663.75112.2
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不同充填体强度要求下纯水泥充填材料的成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填体强度要求/MPa水泥掺量/(kg/m3)材料成本/(元/m3)占比/%综合材料成本/(元/m3)
46002646.2516.5
0.8~1.050022030.0066.0
0.2~0.340017663.75112.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322164631129408497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164622552056765, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Material costs of filling material containing cement and fly ash under different strength requirements of filling body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填体强度要求/MPa水泥掺量/(kg/m3)粉煤灰掺量/(kg/m2)材料成本/(元/m3)占比/%综合材料成本/(元/m3)
4300300161.66.2510.1
0.8~1.0240360141.630.0042.5
0.2~0.36054080.463.7551.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322164631200711666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164622552056765, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同充填体强度要求下水泥+粉煤灰充填材料的成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填体强度要求/MPa水泥掺量/(kg/m3)粉煤灰掺量/(kg/m2)材料成本/(元/m3)占比/%综合材料成本/(元/m3)
4300300161.66.2510.1
0.8~1.0240360141.630.0042.5
0.2~0.36054080.463.7551.2
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粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土试验研究及矿井充填工业应用
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钟兴昌
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(11): 105-112
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (11) : 105 -112
粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土试验研究及矿井充填工业应用
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钟兴昌(1988—),男,福建龙岩人,工程师,主要从事矿山采矿生产技术管理工作。E-mail:

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钟兴昌(1988—),男,福建龙岩人,工程师,主要从事矿山采矿生产技术管理工作。E-mail:

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钟兴昌
作者信息
  • 洛阳坤宇矿业有限公司,河南 洛阳市 471000
作者简介:

钟兴昌(1988—),男,福建龙岩人,工程师,主要从事矿山采矿生产技术管理工作。E-mail:

Experimental Study on Fly Ash-Based Foam Concrete and Its Industrial Application in Mine Filling
Xingchang ZHONG
Affiliations
  • Luoyang Kunyu Mining Co., Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25
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为解决洛阳某金矿矿岩破碎区域上向进路充填采矿法的充填需求,采用粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土充填采空区。开展了坍落度试验和单轴压缩试验,探究粉煤灰掺量对充填体抗压强度的影响,并分析了粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土的胶凝机理。结果表明:泡沫混凝土可以通过发泡率(湿容重)控制其流动状态,不同水泥掺量的料浆坍落度值均控制在24~27 cm之间,此时料浆流动性良好,且无泌水现象;无论是否添加粉煤灰,泡沫混凝土试块强度均能满足上向进路充填采矿法的强度要求,但添加粉煤灰可使泡沫混凝土材料成本降低46.7%,粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土具备较好的应用前景;粉煤灰通过生成C-S-H凝胶和钙矾石优化孔结构,提高了充填体后期强度。泡沫混凝土现场工业试验累计充填空区体积为525 m3,充填材料成本约5.5万元,综合充填成本42元/t,充填料浆流平性好、无泌水,充填体强度与室内试验值一致,充填工业试验达到了预期效果,解决了矿山充填生产的燃眉之急。

泡沫混凝土  /  粉煤灰掺量  /  上向进路充填采矿法  /  抗压强度

In order to solve the filling demand of upward drift filling mining method in the broken rock area of a gold mine in Luoyang, fly ash-based foam concrete was used to fill the goaf. The slump test and uniaxial compression test were carried out to explore the influence of fly ash content on the compressive strength of filling body, and the cementitious mechanism of fly ash based foam concrete was analyzed. The results show that the foam concrete can control its flow state through the foaming rate (wet bulk density), and the slump values of the slurry with different cement contents are controlled between 24 cm and 27 cm. At this time, the slurry has a good flow performance and no bleeding phenomenon. Whether fly ash is added or not, the strength of foam concrete specimen can meet the strength requirements of upward drift filling mining method, but the costs of foam concrete materials can be reduced by 46.7% by adding fly ash, and fly ash-based foam concrete has a good application prospect. The fly ash optimizes the pore structure by generating C-S-H gel and ettringite to improve the later strength of the filling body. In the industrial test of foam concrete, the total volume of goaf is 525 m3, the costs of filling materials are about 55,000 yuan, and the comprehensive filling cost is 42 yuan/t. The filling slurry has good leveling and no bleeding, and the strength of filling body is consistent with the indoor test values. The industrial test of filling has achieved the expected effect and solved the urgent problem of mine filling production.

Foam concrete  /  Fly ash content  /  Upward drift filling mining method  /  Compressive strength
钟兴昌. 粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土试验研究及矿井充填工业应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (11) : 105 -112 .
Xingchang ZHONG. Experimental Study on Fly Ash-Based Foam Concrete and Its Industrial Application in Mine Filling[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (11) : 105 -112 .
洛阳某金矿的资源丰富,其矿床蕴藏金、银、铜、铅等稀贵金属和有色金属资源。目前,矿山主要开采金矿和银矿,采用地下开采方式,采矿方法以浅孔留矿法为主。经多年开采,矿山浅部资源接近枯竭,为保障生产的正常接续和扩大生产规模,该矿山正着手开发深部资源,计划将矿山产能提升至90×104 t/a。矿区深部矿体倾角介于40°~80°之间,矿体厚度为0.2~1.65 m,属倾斜至急倾斜极薄矿脉,针对部分矿岩稳固性较差的区域,拟采用上向进路充填采矿法进行回采。然而矿山充填系统尚未建成,为解决采充矛盾,保证采矿工业试验顺利开展,决定采用轻质泡沫混凝土充填空区,以保证上向进路充填采矿法的顺利进行。
泡沫混凝土具有节能、环保和工艺技术成熟等特点,技术层面较普通水泥增加发泡技术,其内部存在大范围孔洞结构。目前,中外学者对泡沫混凝土技术的工程应用展开了大量研究。BOKE等[1]采用南非F级粉煤灰、氢氧化钠和新型发泡剂次氯酸钠,在90°C下成功合成了发泡地质聚合物,研究结果表明,该聚合物在轻质防火隔热材料、内墙或天花板瓷砖等领域具有良好的应用前景。姜立帅[2]介绍了制备轻质泡沫混凝土的工艺流程和应用方法,并通过实例将轻质泡沫混凝土用于道路工程中,取得了良好的经济效益。黄志超等[3]在无砟轨道路基新型填料研究中发现,玄武岩纤维泡沫混凝土作为路基填料时,通过纤维增强与多孔结构的协同作用,可显著提升动强度、阻尼比和动模量,有效均匀扩散列车荷载,而且高速行车工况下,路基表面最大沉降仅0.3 mm,且振动响应在高频荷载作用下恢复迅速,为新型路基设计提供了兼具力学性能与环保效益的解决方案。WATABE等[4]在机场跑道的特殊路段使用了轻质泡沫混凝土,工程实践中证明轻质泡沫混凝土的低弹减震优势比较明显。LEE等[5]探讨了泡沫混凝土应用于地下管道回填的适用性,同时对泡沫混凝土与河流疏浚土材料的性能进行了对比评估,结果表明,泡沫混凝土在地下管道回填中能显著降低土压力和管道变形。邓飞[6]在深厚层软土路基处理中,创新性地采用了泡沫混凝土技术,成功解决了空间受限条件下软土路基的沉降及填筑压实问题。卢正等[7]创新性地将盐渍土掺入泡沫混凝土用于路基回填工程,该技术既实现了开挖废土的资源化利用,又凭借泡沫混凝土优异的保温隔热性能,显著提升了新疆寒旱地区路基的抗冻融耐久性。杨慧等[8]通过开展有无泡沫混凝土减震层的浅埋偏压连拱隧道振动台模型对比试验发现,泡沫混凝土凭借内部孔隙结构的波能折射反射机制与材料自身的塑性变形能力,对隧道非偏压侧(左洞)的加速度响应及全隧道衬砌应变呈现显著抑制效果,试验结果证明泡沫混凝土是一种需结合工程偏压条件与地震动特性进行差异化设计的自适应减震材料,其孔隙耗能与变形吸能的双重机制为浅埋偏压隧道抗震提供了新的技术路径。马旭等[9]将一种新型泡沫混凝土应用于煤矿采空区回填,该材料具有质量轻、流动性强、成本低且强度适中的特点,能够有效解决传统水泥胶结混凝土充填中水泥掺量高(占成本的30%~60%)的问题。此外,泡沫混凝土在沿海软基、地板隔热层和军事等[10-12]领域亦有应用。
综上可知,尽管泡沫混凝土在多个领域得到了广泛应用,但在矿山充填尤其是非煤矿山中的应用研究仍较为有限。本文首先开展坍落度试验,探索不同水泥掺量条件下,泡沫混凝土料浆达到膏体状态时的基础数据(发泡率和湿容重);随后开展不同水泥掺量、不同的粉煤灰掺量的强度配比试验,并结合采矿方法推荐充填配比、计算充填成本;继而利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)手段,研究分析粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土胶凝机理;最后通过工业试验验证粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土的实际充填效果。
泡沫混凝土试验相关材料包括粉煤灰、水泥、发泡剂等。粉煤灰取自洛阳当地火力发电厂的一级粉煤灰,胶凝活性高,单价为100元/t。水泥采用洛阳当地水泥厂生产的P•C 42.5水泥,单价为440元/t。发泡剂为绿林重工出品A型发泡剂,出厂价13元/kg,发泡剂∶水=1∶60。
通常采用坍落度试验测试充填料浆的稠度,评价充填料浆的流动性能[13]。随着坍落度增大,料浆流动性能明显改善,但相同灰砂比条件下的强度亦会相应降低[14]。固定水灰比为0.5,探索不同水泥掺量条件下,泡沫混凝土料浆达到膏体状态(坍落度为24~27 cm)时的基础数据(发泡率和湿容重),为泡沫混凝土输送提供依据,表1为料浆坍落度试验结果。
通过调整发泡率,不同水泥掺量(300~700 kg/m3)的料浆其坍落度均稳定在24~27 cm的膏体料浆所需流动性区间内,且测试过程中无泌水现象。随着水泥掺量增加、发泡率降低、湿容重升高,坍落度呈微增趋势(24.2~26.7 cm),表明料浆在固体相(水泥)占比提升、密度增大的情况下,仍保持良好的膏体流变性能———既具有足够的流动性以满足输送要求(如泵送时的连续流动、无堵塞),又因坍落度未过度增大(避免泌水、离析)而维持均匀稳定的膏体状态。
这一特性体现了料浆流动性的可控性(通过发泡率实现不同水泥掺量下料浆的流动性精准调控)与工程适应性,在“流动性强度密度”耦合优化中,为充填工艺(如管道输送、采场充填)提供了较大的参数调节空间,确保料浆在输送过程中流动均匀、稳定性高,同时为后续强度配比试验(水泥掺量影响强度)和输送参数设计(如泵送压力、管径匹配)奠定了基础。
综上,料浆的膏体流动性特征(坍落度为24~27 cm,无泌水,流动状态稳定)不仅验证了发泡率调控对流动性的有效控制,更反映了其在采矿充填工程中具有“可输送、易扩散、保稳定性”的优势,为工艺优化提供了直接的数据支撑。
通过对不同水泥添加量、不同的粉煤灰掺入量的充填体强度进行检测,得到试块强度数据,并以此探究不同配比试块的强度变化规律。
试验仪器包括:水泥发泡机、数显电子压力试验机、标准养护箱、量程为20 kg和500 g的电子天平、游标卡尺、70.7 mm×70.7 mm×70.7 mm的试模等。
(1)水泥掺量对泡沫混凝土单轴抗压强度的影响。
固定水灰比0.5,水泥添加量设置为300~700 kg/m3,调整发泡率使泡沫混凝土料浆达到膏体状态,共设计5组配合比试验,测试每组配合比试块1d、3d、7d、28d等4个龄期的强度,共计60个试块,每组试块取平均值。单轴压缩试验数据见表2,结果分析如图1所示。
综合表2和图1可知,不同水泥掺量的泡沫混凝土各龄期强度差异明显,总的来说,试块强度随水泥掺量增加而增大;水泥掺量为300~400 kg/m3时,试块空隙过多,质量轻,强度增加缓慢;水泥掺量为500 kg/m3以上时,试块空隙明显减少,强度增加迅速。5组试块强度均可满足上向进路充填采矿法的要求,但水泥用量较大时,充填材料成本较高。
(2)粉煤灰掺量对泡沫混凝土单轴抗压强度的影响。
固定水灰比和干容重(水泥+粉煤灰)分别为0.5和600 kg/m3,料浆湿容重为925 kg/m3,考察不同粉煤灰掺量(120,300,360,420,480 kg/m3)下的试块强度变化规律。测试泡沫混凝土试块的1 d、3 d、7 d、28 d强度,单轴压缩试验数据见表3,结果分析如图2所示。
综合表3和图2可知,固定干容重600 kg/m3,当水泥的掺量逐渐减小,粉煤灰的掺量逐渐增加时,各龄期试块强度逐渐减小;干容重固定600 kg/m3,不同粉煤灰掺量条件下,试块3 d为强度0.37~2.39 MPa,7 d强度为0.8~3.04 MPa,28 d强度为1.38~7.06 MPa,充填成本为100.8~196.0元/m3,充填体强度均满足上向进路充填采矿法要求,成本合理。
前期工程地质调查显示,该金矿部分区域矿岩破碎,矿体平均厚度为0.6~1 m,矿体倾角为60°~80°,研究拟采用上向进路充填采矿法,中段高度40 m,分层高度2~2.5 m。采空区全部采用胶结充填,采场第一分层采用高强度胶结充填,设计充填体强度为4 MPa,其他分层底部充填体的强度为0.2~0.3 MPa,顶部胶面层厚度为0.5~0.8 m,充填体强度为0.8~1.0 MPa。依据表2试验结果计算采场充填材料成本,结果见表4,依据表3试验结果计算采场充填材料成本,结果见表5。
上向进路充填采矿法采用纯水泥泡沫混凝土充填时,综合材料成本为194.7元/m3,添加粉煤灰后,即采用粉煤灰+水泥进行泡沫混凝土充填时,综合材料成本为103.8元/m3,材料成本下降90.9元/m3,下降幅度为46.7%,表明采用粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土充填技术上可行,经济上合理,具备较好的应用前景。
利用X射线衍射(XRD)对粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土水化产物进行分析[15-16],结合扫描电镜(SEM)对其微观形貌进行观察[17],分析粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土胶凝机理。
根据表3的试验结果,选取粉煤灰掺量分别为300 kg/m3、360 kg/m3、420 kg/m3和480 kg/m3的4组试块进行XRD和SEM微观结构分析,试样编号分别为F1、F2、F3和F4。
试验使用德国某公司的X射线衍射仪,设置扫描范围20°~80°,步数选择0.15 s-1。各试样的XRD图谱如图3所示。
由图3可以看出,各试样主要晶相有5种,分别是C-S-H、Ca(OH)2、钙矾石(AFt)、CaCO3和SiO2。其中C-S-H和钙矾石(AFt)是水泥水化最终产物,Ca(OH)2是水化中间产物,4个试样中Ca(OH)2特征峰均不明显,表明泡沫混凝土水化较充分。在掺入粉煤灰的条件下,泡沫混凝土水化反应机理为:粉煤灰中活性SiO2和活性Al2O3与水泥水化产物Ca(OH)2发生二次化学反应,生成低碱度C-S-H凝胶和钙矾石。此反应滞后于水泥初期水化反应,但能持续优化胶凝材料结构,提高充填体后期强度并减少游离Ca(OH)2对界面的弱化作用。
本小节利用扫描电镜对泡沫混凝土的微观形貌进行观察,进一步研究粉煤灰对泡沫混凝土充填体强度的影响机理。使用扫描电子显微镜拍摄粉煤灰泡沫混凝土试样的微观结构图片,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,泡沫混凝土的孔结构大幅改善,孔结构分布更为均匀,且结构内部的有害孔隙占比降低。
为了更加直观地观察泡沫混凝土试样内部的微观形貌与产物,用SEM电镜继续放大100倍来观察泡沫混凝土的微观结构。图5展示了10 μm下各试样的微观形貌特征。
从图5可以清晰观察到,F1和F2试样中形成了细密的针叶状钙矾石(AFt)产物,这些产物以有序的方式紧密排列在孔壁外表面,形成了良好的界面过渡区。F3试样的凝胶结构呈现出高度致密的排列特征,与部分晶体相互交织,形成了稳定的网状结构,这种结构整体性能稳定。相比之下,F4试样中存在大量未反应的矿物颗粒,这些颗粒的粒径分布不均匀,表明部分粉煤灰尚未完全发生水化反应,这可能与配比参数或养护条件有关。
生成的AFt晶体倾向于在孔壁的光滑表面定向生长,并在孔隙内富集,最终形成高纯度的AFt发育区。这种独特的结构特征显著增强了孔隙结构对外部荷载的抵抗能力,提高了材料的抗压性能。同时,气孔被晶体包裹形成封闭的球体结构,这种结构特征显著降低了孔隙间的连通性,从而有效提高了泡沫混凝土的密闭性能。这些球体结构充当了泡沫混凝土的骨料,通过应力传递,能有效改善材料的力学性能。
粉煤灰因其较大的比表面积和良好的火山灰活性,在水泥水化过程中发挥了重要作用。其活性主要源于富含的SiO2和Al2O3活性颗粒,这些颗粒能够作为晶核,促进未反应颗粒参与水化过程。这一机制不仅加速了水化反应速率,还显著增加了水化产物的生成量。水化产物与水泥浆体反应生成C-S-H凝胶和AFt晶体,这些产物能够有效填充连通孔隙,弥补大孔、连通孔和微裂缝等结构缺陷。随着孔隙的逐步填充,泡沫混凝土致密性得到显著提升,从而促进了材料强度的持续增长。此外,粉煤灰还能促进水泥的二次水化反应,进一步增加水化产物,密实泡沫混凝土的孔隙,提高材料的耐久性和长期性能。
通过调研泡沫混凝土使用现状[9,18-20],考察相关设备,结合某金矿井下实际生产情况,提出充填采场现场制浆,通过管道泵送泡沫混凝土到空区的充填工艺,工艺流程如图6所示。
选用发泡混凝土设备KH-20,该设备由主机(包括气泵、发泡器和混合器等)、搅拌机和上料机组成。其工作原理是利用软管泵将水泥混合浆泵送至混合器内,同时由发泡器将泡沫推至混合器内与水泥混合,然后利用软管泵及增压器辅助将泡沫混凝土输送至目的地。充填设备流量为20 m3/h,输送水平距离300 m,垂直高度80 m,配套电机总功率30 kW,总质量1.5 t,设备整体外形尺寸(长×宽×高)为6 m×0.9 m×3 m。
试验采场位于270 m中段10~14线之间,矿体平均品位为6 g/t,平均厚度为0.8 m,矿体倾角为60°~80°,采场设计尺寸(长×宽×高)为50 m×1.4 m×40 m,采用上向进路充填采矿法,分层高度为2.5 m。为保障人员通行与充填作业,于采场下盘脉外布置人行充填井,并贯通至310 m中段联通。充填硐室选址在310 m中段邻近试验采场的穿脉巷道内,具体位于试验采场的东南侧,距脉外运输巷道约10 m。通过扩挖反井钻机硐室形成充填硐室,充填硐室标高+310 m(地表标高为+990 m),硐室尺寸(长×宽×高)为10 m×2.1 m×3 m。
270 m中段试验采场充填工业试验历时3个月,共充填3个分层,累计充填空区体积为525 m3,累计消耗粉煤灰256 t,消耗水泥66 t,充填材料成本约5.5万元,综合充填成本42元/t。充填料浆流平性好、无泌水,充填配比计量准确,充填体强度与室内试验值一致,充填工业试验达到了预期效果,为上向进路充填采矿法的顺利实施提供了有力支撑,解决了矿山充填生产的燃眉之急。在全尾砂充填系统建成之前,该充填工艺将在全矿推广应用。
本文从矿山采矿充填面临的实际难题出发,借鉴其他行业成熟工艺技术,以室内试验为基础探索满足上向进路充填采矿法要求的充填配比,通过添加粉煤灰达到大幅降低充填成本的目的;通过电镜扫描和X射线衍射等手段分析了粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土的胶凝机理;最后通过工业试验验证充填效果。通过试验研究和实践,得出如下的结论。
(1)泡沫混凝土可以通过发泡率(湿容重)控制其流动状态。固定水灰比为0.5,不同水泥用量的料浆坍落度值在24~27 cm之间,此时料浆流动性良好,且无泌水现象。
(2)无论是否添加粉煤灰,泡沫混凝土试块强度均能满足上向进路充填采矿法对充填体强度的要求,但添加粉煤灰可使泡沫混凝土材料成本由194.7元/m3降至103.8元/m3,显然粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土充填技术上可行,经济上合理,具备较好的应用前景。
(3)XRD和SEM分析结果进一步表明,粉煤灰掺量的增加,会大幅改善泡沫混凝土的孔结构,使试块孔结构分布更为均匀,减少结构中的有害孔隙。
(4)泡沫混凝土现场工业试验历时3个月,共充填3个分层,累计充填空区体积525 m3,充填材料成本约5.5万元,综合充填成本为42元/t,充填料浆流平性好、无泌水,充填配比计量准确,充填体强度与室内试验值一致,充填工业试验达到了预期效果,解决了矿山充填生产的燃眉之急。

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2025年第45卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20
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    洛阳坤宇矿业有限公司,河南 洛阳市 471000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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